hi, caesar was every single connection mapped out shows the geopolitical reality. the on the board is what makes things the way they are mapped out, navigating a changing world. now on youtube, the whole life on earth is based on a versatile chemical elements. carbon, depending on how it's adams bond to each other. it can be as hard as diamonds or soft is graphite. when carbon bonds with oxygen 50 comes gaseous world wide. it's these carbon dioxide emissions that we need to reduce. that's because the colors and photo lift gas is considered the main cause of global warming. and that is the 2nd weather patterns everywhere, from the polar forest in the north to the amazon in the south.

the many faces of carbon coming off on tomorrow today dw science magazine, the faces from the depths of human history, 2000 bureau calling instead of in this from the world to for the 1st time. and the modem will, for archaeologist called us desilva, the one positive aspect of the terrible drought pitching the amazon f as in my eyes . and yeah, there's more face image is revealed, the culture of the early amazon in people's gene was i think this, the roots are in the forest with the basis for the survival as far as you read. and that's still true of many people here today, a fox that has become painfully clear. the largest drainage basin in the world is going through the less drought since reco keeping the gun. the difference between rainy and dry seasons has never been so dramatic. to alice from the house,

the capital of the state to them. as soon as the city council has sent these villages help in the form of clean drinking water, there were no roads to the village of jumped on it. and now boats can only come so far as the waters have receded elder and i see so far there has to design to guess which kind of stance l. the band finishes sets off in 40 degree heat over the hills that in the past just clear the water line. what was once a wide lake area has been reduced to a few rivulets. each family has received, fortunately to is a will to. we join the sea, so an domingos, even with the smooth, flat bottom votes everyone uses here. it's getting hot, even hot. it's and make progress. inevitably, we get stuck on times to try a different channel. we turn over the engine and move back

a little but at some point there's no other choice. we have to get out to the lights and the load domingos headphone alone taking the heavy kind of as to the house. you'll collect slater or you. i'm also still out the roof. i resolve the street here. well, it's the carpet that connects us. where is that? here in our region, the river is everything without it, when nothing. or even in the dry season, the river normally laps right up to the steps. this drinking water is only enough for a few days, but when it's time to make another run, i may not be able to get out of you, even with the smallest of boats guarantee. as soon as you go, it's hard to hear today than it's ever being before carlo take way possible. you could only battery it in the shade with lots of code, walton or that that worries us directly i'm worried about on late broken problem. lar. if the fish die out there will no longer be able to fish the lake is essential

for laza. it says you all along the fixture dying because the overall more to count of sold enough oxygen on the regions. well, no river gulf in this on farming. well i the more than a 100 died and they to say, researches were initially puzzle because dolphins where you've got post mortem dissections showed the high water temperatures, which topped 59 degrees seem to cause the dolphins to suffer a stroke. for climate researches like aram does that a, it's more evidence of unpredictable consequences caused by disturbing the amazon's complex ecosystem that more mo, high and low voltage phases on normal in the m as in region. that's not the problem . what worries us climate researches is that these phenomena of becoming more frequent on more extreme may have circled this bill, knew whether phenomenon,

which because every few years is currently exhaustive aging these effect. but the main cause is the destruction of the rain forest. where would you live? will marford you only know is driving moisture from here to the southern atlantic and from on top of spies. more 50 for a station, which means there's less water evaporating from trees. was the consequences on less rain? brutal hate drift with temperatures reaching 44 degrees associated this spot gets not, continues. the consequences will be catastrophic. are available from the 40 meg shaw and that will impact the whole world. he said this because the amazon rain forest ability to store and vaporize vast amounts of water helps regulate the global climate. as usual board is always talk about apple and rivers matches of water that evaporates above the forest and then these north and south, thus keeping the global climate and balance fast because water vapor buffers. intense radiation from move on deforestation means that less water evaporates speed

. also, the drawing season is starting earlier in any of in the amazon. so the water disappears, foster leaving ship stranded for weeks or even months on end with a safe hub or insight. tucked boat captain junior sees a soul to be able to make it, but he was wrong there, thought wichita, as we tried to make it out but help arrive late and the water level was dropped really fast. but not you send to me just a day since we were fighting the clock. time was all right, any interest the sample you with it before you? nothing you? until the warranty returns the comp time will have to remain in his boat to do to potential fees. so the west volume ross home would normally be floating in 10 meters of water. now he's not to dig a well and the rid of a to get water to live. while we use the water for washing up washing clothes shattering, we have chlorine then it's safe. for the p is accessed glands to be

a pitch risk valley is actually a tributary of the amazon. the growth still bears witness to the masses of both additive seats away from evaporated. the country on baltimore is 74 years old. lives from fishing. now he stranded and worried about god. that is the mo, the rain forest is cut down. the motive to go to get some drought is getting what has a home in front of mice. so the time being filed, a most fishing nets a serving a different purpose. the bed of the tribute treat is no a soccer field, and they'll touch pools instead of fish until the water returned north of the arctic circle, the permafrost is thawing due to the unusually warm temperatures. this is causing carbon dioxide to escape from the ground. the hot weather is also driving wild fires. huge areas of forest recently burnt in canada. will the forest ever grow

back? okay, so let's be careful here. viviana says there's been a lot of smouldering and there's a lot of holes in the ground. it's jennifer balance or leads us through what's left of the forest. even the earth, there's been scorched savagely by fire. so these like you can see how deep the burning has been into this. these are pete. this is all peace soil. instead of the neighbor greenforest the black spruce, there's just tried trunks after the 2023 wild fires. but the damage to the soil here is even more important most for us. and also the carpet is stored in the trees, but in this system is stored in the soil and we have 80 to 90 percent of the carbon in the system started below ground. and these beautiful pete soil set are when they're again, when they're what they're resistant to fire, but when they're dry they can be very, very flat level. fires are actually a natural part of the ecosystem here in this forest bordering the arctic circle.

but with conditions now dryer and hotter, the fires are becoming bigger and more frequent. you know, we have temperature is approaching 40 degrees here in the, you know, we're, we're in the, in the summer are taking our to, for each of us. so things that would not normally be fuel becomes fuel for the fire, and it means that the fire can access much more of the landscape and burned much larger areas. and there's nothing really to slow it down in 2023. can you the science, worst wildfire since record keeping began, the inferno was thought to have released 3 times as much c o 2 as the countries entire economy combined. this is a big concern of these nega fire years that will see these burial for us and canada and elsewhere around the world. moving from being really important sinks that buffer some of our own emissions to being sources of carbon to the atmosphere with global implications. for several years now,

more c o 2 has been released from canada as far as the intact forest areas are able to absorb from the atmosphere. bond surrender team have in research eco systems in the northwest territories for over a decade. the power process at about 90 centimeters, 10 centimeters, a saw. oh wow. it's the measure it. what depth the permafrost begins the far as the north of the arctic circle with their typical soils bearing lichens. mazda is in pete store around one 3rd of all the carbon worldwide. okay, that's more than twice as much the amount found in the atmosphere and c o 2 is sick, so it's vital that the carbon stays in the ground. like some of the most carbon rich files in the world happened in for l systems where we have this, this accumulation of losses. that just because of the cold wet conditions, the star tremendous amount of carbon. these are also places where we have files

that are frozen year round and so if carbon gets locked away and from the process even if even more um, more protected from being released fat this here, the scientists are investigating how big eco systems of the phone north are changing a tablet or breast hi, it's 7.3 black spruce trees actually need fire to reproduce and it has cold fits the heat of the fire that releases the seeds and the cones, but with more frequent and more extreme fires the cones now often char completely so that the spruce is, can't reproduce. back to the forest that burned in the fire is young. aspen trees are growing back in some places. boats are nose from previous experience that the forest recovers to varying degrees. sometimes it returns to what it was before the fire. um, so we call that resilience. sometimes the transitions to a different trace basis of the forest is still there, but it functions that

a different way. but where we see burning that's really severe or really frequent. these are places where we often see failure to return to for us with fire smoke during long afterwards, the fear is they could week night when temperatures rise again. these forests are in an incredibly large, you're the untouched wilderness bouncer says trying to fight the fires is impossible. you have access to the forest up here in the north. for the most part half here. the only solution to this, to this fire cycle is really rapidly drawn down our greenhouse gas emission surface. so in 2023, northern canada was 3 degrees celsius warmer than in pre industrial times. this trend could trigger a dangerous spiral disrupting carbon sinks around the arctic circle that have taken

thousands of years to form the there is already too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. so what can we do? plants and trees are masters of absorbing c o. 2. with a the light, they fix the carbon and release the oxygen. so good plant photos, synthesis be imitated in the lab, and perhaps even accelerated professor to be a stub, has an ambitious goal. he wants to improve nature, or at least one of nature's most important process is. so i've just sent this is the process on which life on this base to, to mentally examine this kind of goals, claim that voters synthesize, doesn't work especially well. but ponds actually live with it quite happily. i yeah, but we humans always want more efficiency volume so that we can achieve more with less. and that was the incentive for us to say,

what more could we tease out with the system? well, even though it's not 3000000000 years to evolve, why hasn't it go back to? can i re thinking to predict on this thing? during photosynthesis light was it on carbon dioxide? what together to produce a simple call them compound, glucose plus oxygen. the glucose stays in the punch, enabling it to grow, while the oxygen is released into the what to be as of is interested in is the process of c o 2 fix ation. in this cycle concepts, this gets by one. so basically the question is, how can i capture c o 2 and convert it into useful compound, the kind of how can i can the inanimate carbon into something organic. when i'm being able to copy this fundamental principle, it's and we think it is actually what interests us in this whole matter in tennessee and it's like working far. so what if we could find solutions that nature has never tried? what is more oxygen a more carbon compounds could be produced using

a photo synthesis that's been optimized by humans. to do this, to be as a 1st time to take a closer look at how pump for defensive this works. it relies on base go an enzyme that's responsible for converting the com dioxide with mathis. for this got to convince that a rate of about 5 molecules of c o 2 is this function as you move. but what is the plan could absorb a 100 c o 2 molecules per 2nd to crude off names. so they began searching for an enzyme that was better, faster and more effective by trolling through research databases. and they found it in a back tv, and it's an enzyme that's involved in the citric acid cycle. it's called e. c. o. experiments have shown that e, c o is indeed much better than root biscoe those that converging c o 2 and building call them con pounds and it's less than 5 kill 2 birds with one stone. so we

reducing c o 2. but we're also generating a useful product that's more complex, the more date to adults. they've now developed a prototype. it's rather like enzymes swimming around and the liquid. the task now is to incorporate this new operating system into a living organism. it's all going to be equipped with the improved ability to bind c o 2 o d phones could extract carbon dioxide from the air and use it to produce large quantities of oxygen and valuable call them compounds. and can see if this could also revolutionize the chemical industry because i wouldn't need crude oil to synthesize chemicals. i could produce everything from c o 2 using light all the petra chemical products i want. that's the big vision. and so far initial results and that a bar a treat that very promising let us read. why are the,

do you have a science question? send it to us as a video, text or voice message. if we answer it on the show, we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. so come on. just ask this week's question comes from a viewer in mexico, the how important ards we use for humans. these are considered the 3rd most important live stock animal in agriculture, after pigs and cows. there are thought to be up 230000 species worldwide. we've been reading honey be used for thousands of years. species that are domesticated are known as wild bees. they include certain kinds of bumblebees. for example, these pollinate many crops and therefore play a key role in our food supply. in europe, 3 quarters of all cultivated plants depend,

guns be used for pollination. without them, fruit trees would only produce a quarter of their normal yields. incidentally, studies have shown time and again that the best pollinators are not honey bees. but while these one studied, looked over, 40 different prompt systems all over the world, from small scale fields to giant monro cultures. comparing colonization by honey bees with that of wild insect. the result showed that the same number of flour, visits by wild bees linked to harvest twice as high as when the flowers were visited by domesticated bees. despite that honey beast continued to draw most of our attention once back in the hive, the neck during falling, they collect is enriched with enzymes and packed into honeycombs. the sweet result is turned into products that are thought to be good for your health, such as honey. it's set to help with colds for sleep and blemish skin. but

while these are also in focus, researchers have studied the venom may produce. it contains an anti inflammatory compound that might be useful against cancer honey bee venom also contains this compound a, but it's a fits a stronger. so it also damages healthy cells. in a wild be species of variance was found that only works on cancer cells. that study also showed that b, them has grown more toxic in the course of evolution. and now it's time to look at pete bogs. pete lands provide valuable habitats for rare plants and animals, and can also store in nor less amounts of c o 2. but that's not the only thing that makes them so fascinating to scientists. a well known salt meto landscape on the baltic sea. it was an,

a bulk similar to this one that insect expert to be his mind to madison station or discovery not long ago. ready instructions on that important i was traveling with a friend and brandenburg where i come from the choices we often hung. so beetles, then the weather was good and i saw some remain sparkling in the sun. it turned out to be a beetle. somebody took it with me when it's hans it clearly ident you find most people spacings in the field mice that were over 6000 of them in germany, exposing we knew it was old involved but we didn't know just highlighted us with ministry due to the low oxygen content and the amino acids in the soil decomposition happens very slowly in buckland, environments. it takes thousands of years for people to form less than a minute meter of new, solely on this deposited each year. so 10 meters of it represent 10000 years of history. this main soil samples can help to determine the age of the beetle.

professor of people in studies on houston does one test on site visit long, cuz i know signed in here at o. o'neill gotta meet with you in the office and possibly help me out. so best way to check if this sand and it is with your teeth is on the inside. you can sense it immediately when you eat something. if there's something it a crunch it live on. from pop you a, pete doesn't crunch and run this prove adult. you can see this is a very dive. this payment. jesus is made of purely organic material. it's written material from this vegetation. what's the month of the all of these? i think it's actually the samples of been taken to the borrower tree for a more precise analysis. so the south in the bay area, a local fan around the town of light time, also plays a key role. in touch pete lens are excellent. c o 2 rest appliance worldwide,

they cover less than 3 percent of the land, but they store twice as much carbon as old forests put together. the lifetime of moles is also a breeding ground to protect it goods. so that, so the more reason to preserve it was that to you for the slaves, all right, here is to buy for tech the climate and provide a great competent for wildlife and offer a recreational site for people to like many other pete and areas. however, the lifetime on moose was drained long ago to provide font, many types of grain only grow in dr. fields so dishes with dogs to remove the water in the lifetime and most conservation is now $1.00 to $10.00 the truck to re which the bulk of the price of admission the 2 years ago. for the last 12 years, they've been allowed to discharge water into it again. their home depot, we have a government mandate re watching because we know that dr. payton and box home,

the kind it wouldn't be by raising the water levels. we immediately stopped there emission. that's, that's the great thing about peyton's be watching. you defend this, all the taking water from the river. now attribute tree of the down need. ideally, the bulk should be kept flooded the whole time, but that's not part simple, yet. strict regulations govern how much water can be siphoned from waterways. what was the boston in summer in summer it's very hot and windy and the vegetation growth fund. so a lot of water evaporates, that means you have to keep talking it out. so i'm offering the working group is hoping to get permission to pump in even more walton about the changes already having an impact for locals like fama christy and maya requesting is forcing in to adopt a free mind as they used to be fields here where we've gone to potatoes or cone, but with requesting, so that's no longer possible. she saw a couple of movies. so he brought in water, buffalo, other raising animals,

wouldn't eat much of the people implants, and they would founder and up all the ground. more firm is realizing they need to change. so coming is always reaching a point where they can no longer phone these areas any other way. so they're looking for alternatives. my company keeps 20 buffalo on his 20 hector's, but so things to work. more firm is need to get on board. the problem is government funding for these changes is limited. meanwhile, back at the university of christ, filed and north germany to be his mind to enhance. you'll still not studying that will be don't. if i could vote, if we remove the remains from the beach on the and i tend to find them under a microscope using specialist literature because cooper student funds to be in touch when cases they can identify it as it can be taught. but honey, houston still wants to know how old it is using plum pulling every year,

more than $10000.00 pulling grains phone on every square centimeter of soil, or these opponents ariana, these content grains vary depending on which tree produce. then what it to you, it's a beach tree that's completely different part of grains than a bush. for example, this a different pollen prevails in every age because the vegetation has changed over them and then yeah, like the ice type. often the ice age, the only trees watch the butch and pint of this. it took thousands of years before the older all the alamo. the oaks came in. i saw none. so we found, out of this being told him, must have died and ended up in the bulk around 6000 to 6 and a half 1000 years ago as i was on ancient beetle preserved almost perfectly by the acidic environment of the people intact. folks grow very slow leak. that makes them a treasure trove. the layers of soil revealing how the climate has changed over the

last 10000 days. and that's all for this week and tomorrow today, d, w, science show. thanks for joining us and see you again next time. bye for now the

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