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• •• • 

• • • • 

• • • • • 
• • • • 



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•• • • 



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THE 



ANTIQUARY: 



A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY 

OF THE PAST 



■•i^-*- 



Instrucied by the Antiquary times^ 
He musty he is^ he cannot but be wise. 

Troilus and CressidA; Act ii. sc. 3. 



I » » 



VOL. IV. 



JULY— DECEMBER. 



London: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row. 

New York : J. W. BOUTON. 

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ARMORIAL CHINA..'. 



JLtL. 




The Antiquary. 



i\^,^ 



JULY, 1881. 




armorial Cbina. 

By George W. Marshall, LL.D. 

AM not sesthedc enough to pose in 
an attitude of admiration in front 
of a plate or pot of the most 
precious old blue ; the finest group 
of Chelsea figures has no charm for me, and 
I can see no more beauty in Wedgwood, 
Spode, Worcester, and Japanese, than in the 
common crockery which adorns my kitchen 
dresser. I |iave no pretence to be sufficiently 
learned to point out from the paste or paint- 
*^ ing the factory from which a teapot emanated, 
N or even to guess the date of a saucer out of 
which Dr. Johnson might have imbibed his 
tea. I neither know nor care about old 
crockery, except in so far as the few speci- 
mens of it to be obtained serve to illustrate 
heraldry and genealogy, of which so-called 
" gentle sciences " I have some knowledge. 
Like most persons afflicted with a hobby, I 
have a taste for collecting such things as 
bear upon it, and hence I have formed a 
rather extensive collection of old bowls, 
cups, plates, mugs, and teapots, adorned 
with the arms of their former possessors. 

Having thus confessed my ignorance of 
the history of pottery and porcelain, by way 
of introducing myself to my readers, I pro- 
ceed to point out my reason for thinking 
that a careful study of the armorial bearings 
found on old china would not be an alto- 
gether uninstructive pursuit to those who are 
interested in ceramic art 

The custom of painting arms on china 
probably arose about 1700, or a litde later. 
I am not acquainted with any specimens to 
which an earlier date than 1720 can be 
safely assigned. At this time the fashion 
had, however, become popular among the 
wealthy London citizens who traded with 

VOL. IV. 



the East Indies, acnd^lienc^, no doubt, we 
find that all the earliesl-^f^eeimens are of 
oriental porcelain. The* ipinufafture of 
armorial china in this country .iBoes , not 
appear to have begun earlier thaij-'.^tTjo, 
From 1760 to 1800, there seems tcT-have 
been a rage for this method of marking tlie.' 
ownership of all kinds of china in domestic 
use. I have numerous articles, from a tea 
cup to a punch bowl, emblazoned with 
arms. After 1800 the drawing of the arms, 
from a herald's point of view, became exe- 
crably bad, and by 1820 the rage had died 
away. 

The chief use of a collection of armorial 
china is, that it enables us to fix approxi- 
mately, and sometimes very nearly, the date 
at which a particular piece of ware was 
manufactured. This knowledge attained, I 
imagine that those well acquainted with the 
peculiarities of the paste, glaze, and paint- 
mg, of different china-works, would be able 
to tell, with much greater certainty, the par- 
ticular factory at which the ware was made, 
than they could without such an important 
clue. 

For example, it is a common notion that 
a great proportion of china painted with 
arms was made at I^westoft, where a china 
factory was established in 1756, and much 
apparently oriental ware has the credit of 
having been made there ; now, if from the 
heraldic bearings upon a particular piece it 
can be shown that it must have been made 
previous to the year 1756, however like the 
paste, glaze, or decoration, might be to 
Lowestoft china, the arms would be conclusive 
evidence that the china on which they were 
painted was not made there. We learn the 
date at which arms were painted in several 
ways. If the arms of the owner are impaled 
widi those of his wife, or her arms are 
{)laced on a shield of pretence, the ware 
must have been made after the date at which 
the marriage took place, and before that at 
which either of the parties died. If the 
coat be a quartered coat, the china must have 
been made after the right of the bearer to 
the quartering accrued ; if it bears the badge 
of a baronet, or the coronet and supporters 
of a peer, after the title was conferred ; or 
it may be that some difference, such as a 
knight^s helmet, an order, a mark of cadency, 

B 



'ARMORIAL CHINA. 



• • 






. ' V ■ ^«, ' 

or a knowledge. c^'jtKe* date at which the 
coat was gnu^od^teay enable us to identify 
the pardcul^ 'u^vidual for whom it was 
mado, Ir^avuig ascertained when he was 
l)oAr,ajidrWhen he died, it is easy to arrive 
^\w approximate date of the piece. But 
.moYe thw this, the modes of tricking 
changed so much between 1700 and 1800, 
that there is very litde difficulty in saying 
from the tricking, or to speak less technically, 
drawing of the arms, within twenty years, at 
what date they must have been painted. 

In order that my meaning may be made 
perfecdy clear I will illustrate it by describing 
some specimens now before me. 

Teapot, Oriental. Arms : — Quarterly^ 

1 and 4, Azure a fess indented Ermine between 
three lions' heads erased Or. Fellows. 

2 and 3, Argent, two barbel haurient respec- 
tant Sable. Coulton. On an escutcheon 
the Ulster badge. 

John Fellows, of Carshalton, sub-governor 
of the South Sea Company, was created a 
Baronet 20th of January, 17 18-19, and died 
26th of July, 1724, x./., when the Baronetcy 
became extinct This teapot was therefore 
made between these dates, and is the earliest 
specimen to which I can attach so undis- 
putable a date. 

Mug. Oriental. Arms: — Gules, on a 
fess Argent between three boars' heads Or, 
a lion passant Azure. Gough. Impaling^ 
Gules, a chevron between tluree hinds Or. 
Hynde. Crest. A boar's head Argent 
pierced by an arrow Gules. 

Harry Gough, M.P. for Bramber, and 
an East India Director, married in 17 19, 
Elizabeth, daughter of Morgan Hynde. He 
died in 1751, leaving issue, Richard 
Gough, F.S.A. (the celebrated Antiquary), 
to whom this mug belonged, together, 
with a large oriental service of the same, 
some painted in colours, and some in blue 
with similar arms. This service was made in 
the East, and portions of it still remain 
among the descendants of Mrs. (Richard) 
Grough's family. From the trickmg of the 
arms, the date appears to be about 1720, 
soon after Mr. Gough's marriage, which is 
also more probable than nearer the period of 
his death. 

Plate. Oriental. Arms : — Quarierfyy 
I and 4, Gules, two chevrons Ermine between 



three eagles displayed Or ; 2 and 3, Azure, 
two chevrons Or between three goats' heads 
erased Argent Parsons. Impaling^ Vert, 
on a chevron Or, a star between two cinque- 
foils Gules, Crowley. 

Crest. A leopard's face Gules, sur- 
mounted of an eagle's leg erased Or. 

Humphrey Parsons, twice Lord Mayor of 
London, married in 17 19, Sarah, daughter of 
Sir Ambrose Crowley, Kt, and died M^rch 
21, 1740-41. 

Bowl. Lowestoft? Arms: — Gules, a 
bezant between thrbe demi-lions rampant 
Argent, with six quarterings. Bennet, Earl 
of Tankerville. On a skidd of pretence^ 
Gules, a lion rampant Argent, on a chief Or, 
three martlets Azure. Colebrooke. 

Crest. A double scaling ladder Or. 

Supporters. Two lions Argent, crowned 
Or, and changed on the shoulder with a 
bezant. 

Motto. De bon vouloir servir le Roy, 

Charles, fourth Earl of Tankerville, married 
October 7, 1771, Emma, daughter and co- 
heir of Sir James Colebrooke, Bart. He died 
in 1822. From the tricking of the coat, 
which is finely painted, this bowl must have 
been made about the date of Lord Tanker- 
ville's marriage. It is of very similar character 
to the well-known "Wilkes and Liberty" 
bowls, mentioned by Mr. Chaffers as of 
Lowestoft make. 

Mr. Chaffers gives in his " Marks and 
Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain," 
p. 636, a list of mottoes and inscriptions 
on Lowestoft porcelain, mostly taken from 
armorial specimens. His descriptions are, 
however, so careless and inaccurate that 
perhaps little reliance can be placed on 
his assertions — €,g., he describes a tea-ser- 
vice painted with the arms of Wilson, and 
motto Sincerity^ as having a lion rampant in 
the arms, and a demi-lion rampant for the 
crest (it should be a wolf)y and ascribes the 
coat to Sir T. Maryon Wilson. Sir T, 
Maryon Wilson succeeded to the Baronetcy 
in 1798, and, putting aside the absence of 
the Ulster hand in the coat, the design is 
hardly of so late a date. The china with the 
motto, Generoso germine germOy is attributed 
by Chaffers to "Wilton, a Suffolk family," 
whereas it bears the coat of Branthwaite. 
What the following example of his heraldic 



ARMORIAL CHINA. 



talent may be intended to represent must 
for ever remain a mystery. " Azure of two 
boars' heads, or a helmet and bezant" ^ 

Arms were sometimes, but not often, 
painted on delft. Argent, two chevrons Azure, 
between three trefoils Vert, De Cardonnel. 
Impaling^ Argent, two bars Azure. Crest, 
a goldfinch; occur on a delft plate in my 
possession. This coat was granted in 1773 
to the family of De Cardonnel, of Chirton, in 
Northumberland. This shows that the plate 
was made after 1773, and the tricking is rude 
for that period ; but at what factory it was 
made I am quite unable to hazard an opinion. 
I have one or two specimens of arms on delft 
of an earlier date. 

A Plate of oriental ware, with the arms of 
LowTHER, Earl of Lonsdale, shows that 
the manufacture of china in the East went 
on concurrently with its manufacture in this 
country. The arms are : Or, six annulets, 
three, two, and one, Sable. Crest. A dragon. 
Supporters. Two horses Argent, each gorged 
with a chaplet proper. Motto. Magisiratus 
indicai virutn. The shield is surmounted by 
a Viscount's coronet. The first carl was 
created Baron and Viscount, 24th May, 1784, 
and died 24th May, 1802. He was succeeded 
by his cousin. Sir William Lowther, who was 
created Earl of Lonsdale, 7th April, 1807. 
The date of this plate is therefore between 
1784 and 1807. 

It is, I believe, a common (pinion that 
china was sometimes made in the East, 
and sent over to be painted with arms in this 
country. I very much doubt the correctness 
of this opinion. If there be any ground for 
it, a plate in my collection, which appears to 
be of oriental ware, and to have been painted 
on the glaze, may serve as an example, and is 
more than ordinarily ouiovis because of its 
early date. 

Arms: — Sable, a fess chequy Or and 
Azure, between three bezants. On a shield of 
pretence^ Sable, two wings conjoined Argent 
Crest. A stork argent Supporters. Two 
falcons, wings elevated, beaked, membered, 
and belled Or, and gorged with a chaplet of 
red-roses proper. Mono. Amitie. 

The shield b surmounted of a baron's 
coronet. These are the arms of Thomas 
Pitt, with those of his wife, Frances Ridgway, 
daughter and heir of the Earl of London- 



derry, on a shield of pretence. He was created 
baron in 1719, and in 1726 Earl of London- 
derry. The date of this plate is, therefore, 
between 1719 and 1726. He was uncle to 
William Pitt. 

A dish, with blue border, coarsely made 
(probably Lowestoft), has the arms of James, 
third Duke of Chandos. Argent, on a cross 
Sable a leopard's face Or, with quarterings^ 
supporters, crest, coronet, and motto 
Maintien le droit ; and on a shield of pretence, 
quarterly one and four. Argent, two chevrons 
between three human legs Azure, two and 
three. Gules, three conies Argent This is the 
coat of his second wife, Ann Eliza, daughter of 
Richard Gamon, to whom he was married, 
June 21, 1777. He died September 29, 1789. 
The date of this piece is therefore ascertained 
within twelve years. 

I could cite many other instances of arms 
which enable us to fix th 4 date when the 
china on which they are painted was 
made. I hope, however, I have said enough 
to show that my case is made out The 
manufacture of armorial china was not con- 
fined to the East or to Lowestoft— it was 
made at all our well-known potteries. As a 
general rule it was not marked ; but I have 
a sufficient number of marked specimens to 
prove this assertion correct. I give a few as 
examples. 

SwANSE^ Marked, Swansea. This mark 
was used circa 1815. I have it on an oval 
dish, with the arms of Parker, Earl of Maccles- 
field. Gules, a chevron Or between three 
leopards' faces Argent, with crest, supporters, 
and motto, Sapere aude. The fourth earl suc- 
ceeded in 1795, ^^^ clic^ ^^ 1842. The arms, 
&c., are in the worst style of heraldic art. 

Wedgwood, so marked. Arms of 
Ramsey. Argent, an eagle displayed Sable, 
charged on the breast with a white rose 
proper, in chief a fleur-de-lis of the second. 
Impaling^ Argent, three bends Gules, on a 
canton Azure a spur Or. Knight. Motto : 
Ora et labora, I have seen portions of an 
oriental service of this pattern, and conclude 
that this must have been made to match it. 

Derby. Plate with Arms of Collinson 
impaling Sowerby. Argent, on a fess Azure, 
between a squirrel mordant in chief, and 
three battle-axes in base proper two mullets 
Or. Impaling^ Barry of six Sable and Gules, 

B 2 



ARMORIAL CHINA. 



on a chevron between three lions rampant. 
Argent as many amulets of the second. 
Crest. A squirrel, as in the arms. Motto. 
Resptce finem, 

C. S. Collinson, of the Chauntry, near 
Ipswich, married April. 30, 1803, Maria, 
daughter of John Sowerby. 

This has the crown # and D used from 
1 780- 1830. 

A small plate with the arms, and ten 
quarterings of Sir Roger Gresley, Bart., 
impaling those of Coventry with four quarter- 
ings, in right of his wife, Sophia Catherine, 
daughter of the 7th Earl of Coventry, to 
whom he was married June 2, 1S21. He 
died in 1837. This is marked with Bloor's 
mark (a crown within a circle, on which is 
printed " Bloor Derby"), used about 1830. 

Worcester. A mug with the arms of the 
Earl of Essex, the painting of which is un- 
finished, is marked O, I presume, a Wor- 
cester mark. I have also a bowl, < with a 
square Chinese mark very similar in character 
to some given by Chaffers as Worcester 
marks. Specimens of arms painted on what 
I believe to be Leeds, Chelsea, and Bow are 
among my collection, but being immarked I 
do not feel competent to express an opinion 
about them. 

The armorial china fashion was not 
peculiar to England ; plenty of specimens of 
foreign manufacture may be picked up in the 
antiquity .deaiars' shops in Paris,, and other 
continental towns. Some of them closely re- 
semble the ware made in this country, and 
perhaps they were so made ; but in others 
the difference in the style of painting, for 
instance those decorated with a peculiar 
pink shell border, are clearly the production of 
some foreign pottery. Many foreign pieces 
are of fine t%g shell, apparently Japanese. 
English arms are rare on this kind of china. 
A few years ago when some half-dozen 
persons were known by the London dealers 
to be collecting specimens of armorial china 
(I speak advisedly, for I do not believe there 
are more than half a dozen, if so many, 
collections of this class of china), it entered 
into the mind of some person or persons, 
that specimens might be advantageously 
forged. The dealers were so ignorant of 
heraldry that they would not be likely to 
detect the fraud, and so were, in my 



opinion, the collectors. In the course of 
a few months the dealers' shops were flooded 
with the fictitious articles, all, I believe, the 
work of the same man. Unfortunately for 
him he was entirely ignorant of the laws ^of 
heraldry,^ and consequently exposed his trick 
at once to those who knew good blazon firom 
bad. Having apparently found out that 
designing original coats was beyond his 
capability, he took to reproducing those 
already well known. His method was ingeni- 
ous ; having taken an old piece of china, he 
erased with acid sufficient of the design to 
admit of painting on it the fictitious device, a 
plan well calculated to mislead the unwary pur- 
chaser. Having apparently succeeded by 
this means in deceiving some of the dealers, 
he next tried painting the whole thing, de- 
coration and all, on new porcelain. The 
plate known as the '' Pompaidour Plate " was 
one of the most successfiil forgeries per- 
petrated. This is a plate of foreign make, with 
pretty pink shell border, and has the Arms : 
— Azure, two fishes between three estoiles 
Or. Crest. A demi-otter proper, collared Or. 
The whole service was, I believe, a few years 
since in the hands of a Lofodon dealer. Some 
of it fell into the hands of the Paris 
marchands d^antiquitisy and one of them, 
more learned than the rest, knowing that 
Madame de Pompadour was a Madlle.'PoissoDy 
and seeing that the arms werethose of Poisson, 
asserted tSiat the coat was that of Madame de 
Pompadour, and that consequently the service 
must have belonged to Uiat distinguished 
lady. Unfortunately for this ingenious theory 
the arms are those of a man. Had the service 
been made for Madlle. Poisson, the spinster's 
lozenge would have contained the coat, and 
not the warrior's shield I High prices were 
soon obtained for plates, as much, and more 
I am told, as 120 francs, the actual value 
being about 10 francs. It is some years since 
I have seen any new forgeries, and I hope 
that form of the art of armorial china painting 
is dormant, if not extinct. 

Arms painting on china has ceased to be 
in fashion, and the few modem specimens we 
meet with, chiefly of Worcester manufacture, 
are sad parodies on the carefully executed 
trickings of the last century. They are not 
likely to be of any interest to the heralds or 
china collectors of the century to come. 



SARNARUfS INN, HOLBORN. 



]5amar&'0 3nn, 1>olt>om. 



I^HIS veritable relic of Old London, 
which, in part, escaped the Great 
Fire, has lately been sold, and will 
shortly be demolished. Known 
originally as Mackworth's Inn, from having 
been the residence of Dr. John Mackworth, 
who was Dean of Lincoln in the reign of 
King Henry VI., it was afterwards leased by 
his successor and the Chapter (as an endow- 
ment for the services which were to be 
celebrated over his grave in the Cathedral) 
to a gentleman named Lionel Barnard, from 



Liberties." In more recent years it became 
celebrated as the last abode of Peter 
Woulfe, who, surviving Dr. Price, of Guild- 
ford, may fitly be termed the last of the 
Alchemists.* That singular being — singular 
in each sense of the word — lived into the 
beginning of the present century. Sir Hum- 
phry Davy has left us a description of 
the home, the personal appearance, and 
eccentricities of the philosopher, whose 
seclusion and researches were unbrightened 
by any of the cheeifvilness which, as Ed- 
mrds, his old s^oolfellow, nfUvely told 
Dr. Johnson, he had found to effectually 
discourage all continuance in the one or 




whom it received the name it now bears. 
The repose and solitude that invest its three 
courts are typical of the mystery which hangs 
over its fortunes. The history of Barnard's 
Inn is involved more or less in obscurity. 
One or two facts, however, are definitely 
ascertained. Rebuilt in 1510, soon after the 
accession of Henry VIII. to the throne, it 
was constituted an Inn of Chancery, being 
attached to Gray's Inn. During the reign of 
Queen Elizabeth as many as fourteen de- 
pendent Inns had gathered around the great 
Inns of Court, like Colleges around a Uni- 
versity, and Barnard's then formed one of 
"the bouses of the Chancery within the 



prosecution of the other. Here he died as 
he had lived — solitary ; whatever secrets he 
may have discovered remained secrets to 
all the world besides. Desolate and other- 
■ See, however, the account ei*tn in A Ptneiial 
Tour ttnmgh the U»iltd Kut^dom, by Sir Richard 
Phillips, of a visit made by him in the fear 1838, to a 
Mr. Keliennan, at Lilley. b village midway between 
Luton and Hitchin. Kellemiui claimed to have dis- 
covered the art of making gold, and the lablimc alkahest 
(or universal solvent), the "fixing" of inerciuy, and 
the " blacker than black" of Apollonius 7Viun»- He 
laboured under the delusion that every Government 
in Europe was in leasue to obtain posMlsion of his 
secret by force. In the course of toe interview he 
quoted Wuulfe, amongst other aulhoritics, in justifi- 
cation of his pursuits. 



BARNARiyS INN, HOLBORlT. 



wise forgotten has been this little Inn for 
generations jput, but it was a brave place in its 
dajF. Tradition still lingers, with whispering 
voice, around its isolated quadrangles of the 
once youthful Andenta, of their nine Com- 
panions with the Principal at their head. 
The Companions, elected by the Principal 
and the Ancients, enjoyed the privilege of 
countless dinners in the HalL The Ancients 
had an additional title to the receipt of 
certain "little fees," whilst the Frincipol, as 
master of the revels, had no graver respon- 
sibilities cast upon him than lay in keeping 
his sinaU society within the easy limits of a 
moderate de- 
corum. 

The Royal 
Commission 
which sat in 
1854 on an in- 
quiry into oni 
Lms of Court 
and Chancery, 
failed to elicit 
any evidence 
of material im- 
portance in re- 
spect of the an- 
tecedents of 
Bamard's Inn 
01 its posses- 
s o r s. No 
students, it was 
stated, bad ever 
belonged here ; 
but trds does 
not agree with 
what Stow tells 
as, or, indeAl, 
with the subsequent admission that during the 
latter portion of the seventeenth century a 
reader in Law would occasionally come over 
ifromGray'sInn. Butthelibrarywasanerwards 
sold, as consisting of " a few old books which 
were of no use ;" and all traces of earlier con- 
didon or 'constitution of the Inn rapidly dis- 
appeared. A treasurer and a secretary, it is 
true, res|>oaded to the call to go before the 
Commission. But they had little story to 
tell other than that the account books of the 
Inn covered a period datmg from more than 
three hundred years ago ; and that the pro- 
pet^ was held under a lease renewable every 



fourteen years at a fine of £f\*f». Their 
rent-roll then brought in an mcome of the . 
annual value of about ;f 1000. 

Turning out of Holbora opposite FunuvaTs 
Inn, through an insignificant though substan- 
tially built gateway, over which appear the 
date and letters i7s8,P.R.W., we walk along 
a narrow passage into the fiist and outer court, 
with a brick archway at its south-eastern 
comer. This court has for its southern side 
the archway and diminutive Hall of red brick 
which are ^own in my sketch. The Hall, 
as will be observed, has a very plain eleva- 
tion, and is unusually well lighted with side- 
latticed win- 




however, a pleasing interior, fitted and 
decorated in the customary manner, and 
adorned with portraits of King Charles 
II., Lord Burghley, Lord Verulam, the 
Lord-Keeper Coventry, and Lord Chief 
Justice Holt. Its dunensions do not ex- 
ceed a plan of about thirty-six feet by 
twenty feet, with a height of thirty feet. The 
coats of arms of past Prmdpals, in 
st^ed glass, ornament the side windows. 
But a high wall, which shuts off its northern 
side, and a hideous yellow brick structure 
forming its entrance from the south, greatly 
disfigure the exterior of the Hall. Beyond 



BARNARDS INN, HOIBORN. 



the middle and smallest quadrangle, which is 
almost wholly occupied by the yellow brick 
entrance to the Hall, is a larger court, having 
at its south-eastern comer the Jacobean 
buildings represented in my other drawing. 
The Alchemist lived in the second floor 
chambers of the staircase No. 2. The 
muUions above the windows, with the over- 
hanging upper story and two bays on the 
right are very picturesque. A large tree 
stands equidistant from the three entrance 
doorways. There are buildings of a more 
modem age on the westem side of this, the 
furthest court from Holbom, and they also 
have trees planted before their doors. Charles 
Dickens, in Great Expectations^ indulges in 
a few characteristic strokes of humour at the 
expense of Bamard's Inn, but his pleasantry 
is applicable to scores of places that have 
been suffered to fall into neglect and decay. 
Here, as elsewhere, his graphic pen seems to 
me to miss the trae genius loci. 

W. E. MiLLIKEN. 




Bndent nDisconceptiona of 
3ntcrval0 of ICfmc* 



ERY one knows that Julius Csesar 
instituted the bissextile cycle, and 
ordained it to consist of four full 
years ; and that upon his death, 
before the first cycle had been completed, 
the Roman Pontiflfs, upon whom the ob- 
servance of the institution devolved, sup- 
posing that the last year of every cycle 
should also be the first of the next (thus 
counting one year in each cycle twice over) 
practically reduced the period to three years, 
and caused a disanangement of the ordinance, 
which lasted for thirty-six years; imtil, at 
length, upon the mistake being discovered 
and compensated, it was restored to due 
observance by Augustus Csesar. But it has 
not, I think, been recognized that Julius 
Caesar himself was induced by a similar 
.misconception to reckon both termini of an 
interval mclusively — just as though the mile- 
^stones at both ends of a mile were to be 
considered as parts of the mile : and this 
misconception on Caesar's part, is, no doubt, 



the trae explanation of the supposed error 
in the text of his Commentaries, which 
attributes the occurrence of high tide in the 
English Channel twice in the space of twelve 
hours — ^bis accidit semper horaram XII 
spatio (De Bello GaJlico/i\\, 12) — translated 
by Golding 300 years ago *'the rysyng of 
the tydes which ever happened twice in 
twelve houres space." Editors are, as a rale, 
too prone to solve difficulties of text by 
altering what they cannot explain, and in 
this case they have altered Caesar's XII to 
XXIV ] but they have not done so without 
question, for Julius Celsus remarked respect- 
ing it, " numerus XXIV est emmendaiio 
recentiorum nullius codicis auctoritate fulta.** 
Now, in point of fact, the tide may aiter all 
be said to flow twice in twelve iunar hou^s, 
provided the moming and aftemoon tides 
be included in the same interval — although, 
of course, if repeated in series, an error 
would result, in the aggregate, similar to that 
of the Pontiffs. 

This misconception has affected the 
estimation of intervals down to comparatively 
recent times. It has caused the Olympiad 
quadrennial to be reckoned at five complete 
years — notably in the dates of some books 
in the i jth century. In a book, for example, 
the Epistles of PhalariSy mentioned by Mr. 
Blades in his interesting article, " The First 
Printing Press at Oxford," in the January 
number of The Antiquajiy, the date he 
assigns to it is 1485, but that date is 
curiously expressed in five-year Olympiads 
as follows : — 

Hoc opusculum in alma universitate Oxoniae a 
natali Christiano ducentesima et nonagesima septima 
olympiade feliciter impressom est. 

And there is another example in a book 
printed at Venice in 1472, which date is ex- 
pressed in this way : — 

A nativitate Christi ducentesima nonagesima quinta 
olympiadis anno li. Idus VII Decembris. 

And what renders this last example 
specially noteworthy, is, that it is affixed to 
a volume containing the Epigrammata of 
Ausonius, an author who consistently esti- 
mated the Olympiad 2X four years only—* 
thus he says of his father in his eighty-eighth, 
year : " Undecies binas vixit Olympiades," 
and again in the Epicedium after his father's 



8 



ANCIENT MISCONCEPTIONS OF INTERVALS OF TIME. 



death he states his age to have been ninety 
years. 

Anotlicr misconception, still more glaring, 
existed with respect to the Roman week, the 
termini of which were called nundinae, and 
as those termini were both included in the 
reckoning, the week was supposed to consist 
of nine full days, whence the name. But 
the remains of Roman Calendars have been 
found with the eight first letters of the 
alphabet prefixed one to each day of the 
Roman week precisely as the seven dominical 
letters are prefixed to oiur own seven-day 
week. And yet Macrobius believed in aU 
the nine days, and enumerated them literally 
-— *' Octo quidem diebus in agris rustici opus 
facerant nono autem die intermisso rure 
Roman venirent 

Even to this day trinundinum is defined in 
Latin Dictionaries as '^spatium dierum viginti 
septem " — ^being just the same error as if three 
of our own weeks were accounted twenty-four 
days by giving two Sundays to each week. 

Now Caesar's double tides in twdve hours 
was obviously the same misconception as the 
Roman week of nine days, and, like it, was 
caused by including both termini in the 
interval. It was the conventional error of 
the time, and it is more than doubtful 
whether, if Caesar had expressed himself 
with more strict accuracy, he would have been 
understood by those for whom he wrote. 

I might have elaborated these discrepancies 
more fully, but that my principal object is to 
show that the text of the Commentaries 
ought to be explained, as being in conformity 
with the prejudice of the time, rather than to 
be arbitrarily altered to suit our own more 
strict ideas : a brief foot-note, '^ both tides 
being includtdi^ would be a sufficient ex- 
planation. A. £• Brae. 

Ouerosey. 



■V|<#)|l^^Ml|l> 



ZTbe first parliament in 
Hmerica (1619). 



lAPTAIN GEORGE YEARDLEY 
was chosen Govemor of Virginia 
in the autumn of 1618 in the 
place of Lord De la Warr, who 
bad died in Canada^ and be bad orders to 



7?^^ 



StrX 



depart immediately thither with two ships and 
about 300 men and boys. So wrote John 
Pory to oiur Ambassador at The Hague, when 
he also told him that the greatest difficulties 
of that Plantation had been overcome, and 
that the people there were beginning to 
enjoy both commodities and wealth. John 
Chamberlain, one of the greatest news- 
writers of that day, speaks contemptuously 
of Yeardle/s appointment, calls him ^a 
mean fellow," and says that the King, to 
grace Yeardley the more, knighted him at 
Newmarket, '* which hath set him up so high 
that he flaunts it up and down the streets in 
extraordinary braveiy, with fourteen or fifteen 
fair liveries after him." 

The new Governor meets, however, with 
greater justice from the historian Bancroft, 
who tritely remarks that from the moment of 
Yeardley's arrival in Virginia, dates the real 
life of the Colony. Sir Geoige Yeardley 
arrived there in April, 1619, <md brought 
with him Commissions and Instructions from 
the Virginia Company for tibe better estab- 
lishing of a Commonwealth there. He made 
ProclSimation that those '' cruell lawes" by 
which the ancient planters had so long been 
governed were now abrogated, and that they 
were to be governed by those " free lawes" 
under which his Majes^s subjects lived in 
England. It was also granted that a General 
Assembly should be held once yearly, which 
was to be composed of the Governor and 
his Council, with two Burgesses from each 
Plantation, to be elected by the inhabitants 
themselves, and this Assembly was to have 
power to make and ordain whatsoever laws 
and orders should by them be thought good 
and profitable for their subsistence. 

In accordance with these Instructions, 
Governor Yeardley sent his sununons all 
over the country as well to invite those of 
the Council of Estate, that were absent, as 
also for the election of Burgesses, and on 
Friday, July 30, 16 19, the first Parliament 
ever held in America, assembled at James 
Cily. 

Beverley, the early historian of Virginia, 
denies that there was any Assembly held 
there before May, 1620. Stith gives an 
account of it, though he was unable to find 
a record of its prpceedings, so that he errs a 
little in the date. No traces of it were met 



THE FIRST PARLIAMENT IN AMERICA (1619). 



with by Jefferson and Hening, and those 
who followed Hening believed it no longer 
extant The historian Bancroft himself, in 
the early edition of his great history, quoting 
Heningy says this Assembly was held in 
yune^ 161 9. Indeed, until about thirty 
years ago, when a record of the proceedings 
was discovered in H.M. State Paper Office, 
it was given up as hopelessly lost 

The " reporte of the manner of proceed- 
ings" of this Assembly was sent to England 
by John Pory, the Secretary and Speaker, a 
familiar name in the history of Virginia, to 
Sir Dudley Carleton, at that time English 
Ambassador at The Hague, to whose energy 
and marvellous powers of letter-writing and 
news-gathering we are indebted for many 
historical details which, but for him, would 
have been lost to us. 

The first published notice of the existence 
of this State Paper occurs in the Proceedings 
of the Annual Meeting of the Virginia His- 
torical Society in 1853. It is printed in full 
in the New York Historical Collections for 
1857, with an introductory note by Mr. 
Bancroft, and also as a Senate document 
(extra) of Virginia in 1874; but these are 
consultable only by a favoured few, whereas 
the proceedings of this first Parliament in 
America are surely of sufficient universal his- 
torical interest to be circulated among the 
many. 

This document is now preserved among 
the Colonial State Papers in H. M. Public 
Record Office. It comprises thirty pages, 
and may be abstracted as follows : — 

• 

A reporte of the manner of proceedings in the 
General Assembly, conventcd at James City in Vir- 
ginia, July 30, 1619, consisting of the Governor, the 
Counsell of Estate, and two Bui^^^esses elected out of 
cache Incorporation and plantation, and being dis- 
solved the 4th of August next ensuing. 

First Sir George Yeardley, Knight, Governor and 
Captaine General of Virginia, having sente his sumons 
all over the country, as well to invite those of the 
Counsel! of Estate that were absente as also for the 
election of Burgesses, there were chosen and ap- 
peared— 

For James Citty . . . I f ^P.^- ^^^Uij^l" ^9?^«"' 
•^ ^ ( Ensigne William Spcnsc. 

For Charles Citty . . . } ^"^^X Sharpe, 

^ \ Samuel Jordan. 

For the Citty of Henricus j Thomas Dowse, 
' \ John Polentine. 

For Kiccowtan . . . 



For Martin Brandon, 
Capt. John Martin's Plan- 
tation 

For Smythe's hundred . 

For Martin's hundred 

For Argal's Guifte . . 

For Flowerdieu hundred . 

For Capt. Lawne's Plan- 
tation 

For Capt Wattle's Plan- 
tation 



Mr. Thomas Davis, 
Mr. Robert Stacy. 

i' Capt Thomas Graves, 
Mr. Walter Shelley. 
i Mr. John Boys, 
} John Jackson. 

Mr. Pawlett, 

Mr, Gourgainy. 

Ensime Rossingham, 

Mr. Jefferson. 
( Captain Christopher 
< Lawne, 
( Ensigne Washer. 
5 Capt Warde, 
( Lieut. Gibbes. 



iCapt. Wm. Tucker, 
William Capp. 



It will be seen that the Assembly con- 
sisted of twenty-two Burgesses who were 
elected to represent three cities, three hun- 
dreds, four Plantations, and one " Gift," and 
they met in the Choir of the Church, "the 
most convenient place they could find to 
sit in." 

The Governor being seated, those of the 
Coimdl of State sat next him on either side 
except the Secretary, who was appointed 
Speaker, and sat right before the Governor, 
Sir George Yeardley, John Twine, Clerk of 
the Assembly, being placed next the Speaker, 
and Thomas Pierse, the Sergeant standing 
at the Bar 

to be ready for any service the Assembly should com- 
mand him. But for as muche as men's afiaires doe 
little prosper where God*s service is neglected all the 
Burg^ses tooke their places in the Quire till a prayer 
was said by Mr. Bucke the Minister that it would 
please God to guide and sanctify all our proceedings 
to his own glory and the good of this plantation. 

All the Burgesses were then entreated to 
retire into the body of the Church, and 
before they were fully admitted, they were 
called in order and by name, and so every 
man (none staggering at it) took the Oath of 
Supremacy, and then entered the Assembly. 
The Speaker then took exception to Capt. 
Ward, his plantation being *' but a limb or 
member '' of Capt Martin's plantation, and 
said there could be but two Burgesses for all, 
so Capt. Ward was commanded to absent 
himself. Other " obstacles removed," the 
Speaker delivered in brief (his ill- health not 
allowing him to *' pass thro' long harangues ") 
the occasions of their Meeting ; he r^d the 
Commission for establishing the Council of 
State and the General Assembly, the Great 
Charter or Commission of Pnvileges, and 



10 



THE FIRST PARLIAMENT IN AMERICA (1619). 



the Orders and Laws sent out of England. 
These last were divided into four books, and 
two Committees of eight Members each 
were proposed "not to correct or control 
anything therein contained, but only in case 
we should find ought not perfectly squaring 
with the state of this Colony." When these 
Committees were appointed " we brake up 
the first forenoon's Assembly.'* 

Every day's proceeding of this General 
Assembly is carefiiUy entered in detail^ 
Various petitions were presented and dis- 
cussed — the instructions given by the Coun- 
cil in England to several Governors "as 
might be converted into laws " were debated. 
Laws against idleness, gaming, drunkenness, 
excess in apparel, and on a variety of other 
subjects, were enacted. Orders for the 
planting of com, mulberry, silk, flax, hemp, 
and aniseed, were established, and resolu- 
tions on other matters were passed. 

On Sunday, August 1, 1619, the entry is 
only one line, "Mr. Shelley, one of the 
Burgesses, deceased." But the sultry days 

' of August had arrived, the season was one 
of the hottest hitherto known in that southern 
climate, the Governor was not well, the heat 
had overcome many of the Members, and 

. so, on Wednesday, August 4, 

by reason of extreme heat both past and likely to 
ensue and by that means of the alteration of the 
healths of divers of the General Assembly, the 
Governor, who himself also was not well, resolved 
this day ^ould be the last of this first session. 

Thus ended the first and last Session of the 
first Parliament in America. The Speaker 
was commanded by the whole Assembly to 
present their humble excuse to the Treasurer, 
Council and Company in England, 

for being constrained by the intemperance of the 
weather and the falling sicke of diverse of the Bur- 
gesses to break up so abruptly before they had so 
much as put their laws to the ingrossing. 

The Governor, Sir Geoige Yeardley, then 
prorogued the Assembly until the first of 
March 1620, "and in the mean season 
dissolved the same." 

W. Noel Sainsbury. 



^•v.^9v"<»H' 




Sbafteepeare anb 6Ioucedter<« 

sbire. 

By W. P. W. Phillimork, M.A, B.C.L. 

PASSAGE firom Shakespeare's play 
oi King Henry IV.^ in which Davy 
is made to say to Justice ShaUow, 
''I beseech you, sir, to countenance 
William Vizor, of Wincot, against Clement 
Perkes of the hill," and which is quoted by 
Mr. Hales in his article, "With good fat capon 
lined," in the March number of the Antig^uary^ 
deserves a note of explanation in this maga- 
zine, as the real significance of the allusion to 
Vizor and Perkes, though pointed out in one 
or two local books, seems to have escaped 
the attention of most Shakespearian writers. 
Mr. G. R. French, indeed, has noticed the 
reiference to Perkes in his " Shakespereana 
Genealogica," but only to infer from it that 
the poet was accustomed to take his local 
colouring from the people and places he was 
familiar with in Warwickshire. The fact, 
however, that the scene is fixed by the poet 
in Gloucestershire, and the introduction of 
these two names together, makes it almost 
certain that Shakespeare refers to Dursley in 
that county. " Wincot," or rather " Woncot," 
as some readings have it, is evidently a rude 
attempt to represent phonetically the local 
pronunciation of Woodmancote, a hamlet 
or suburb of Dursley, and " the hill" is yet 
the name by which Stinchcombe Hill on 
the other side of the town is pre-eminently 
known in the neighbourhood. Moreover, it 
is said that a family of Perkis was anciently 
possessed of a messuage on Stinchcombe 
Hill, and it is certain that the Vizars (or as 
the name is now spelt, Vizard) have been a 
leading Dursley family from Shakespeare's 
time to the present day. Arthur Vizar, gent, 
whose tomb, dated 1620, still exists in 
Dursley churchyard, was bailiff there in 16 12, 
four years before the poet's death. We can 
hardly doubt, therefore, that Shakespeare in. 
this passage does allude to the Dursley 
Vizards, and from the very uncomplimentary 
way in which Justice Shallow speaks of 
William Vizor, it may be inferred that the 
poet had some personal spite against the 
Vizard of his time — either Arthur Vizar, 



SHAKESPEARE AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 



11 



above mentioned, or perhaps some relative 
named William. 

In this instance people and places seem so 
clearly pointed at that it does appear as if 
Shakespeare occasionally satirized individuals, 
although this has been denied by some. 
Other evidence is not wanting to show that 
he was acquainted with Gloucestershire. The 
words of Northumberland in Richard IL 
are very appropriate, and bespeak a personal 
knowledge of this part of the county. 

I am a stranger here in Gloucestershire ; 
These high, wild hills, and rou^h uneven ways 
Draw out our miles and make uem wearisome. 

And a little further on Northumberland 
questions Harry Hotspur : 

How far is it to Berkeley ? And what stir 
Keeps good old York there with his men of war? 

And Percy replies : 

There standi the castle by yon tutt of trees. 

All who are acquainted with the glorious 
view from the top of Stinchcombe Hill will 
acknowledge that Shakespeare's allusion to 
" the castle" is an acciurate one, even at the 
present day. 

A local tradition even claims that Shake- 
speare once lived at Dursley, and " Shake- 
speare's Walk," near the town, is usually dted 
to prove the assertion. 

There are also indications which seem to 
suggest that Shakespeare may have had kins- 
men in Gloucestershire. Persons bearing 
the name formerly lived in and about Dursley. 
Mr. Blunt, in his Dursley and its Neighbour- 
hood^ notes the marriage of Thomas Shake- 
speare, weaver, at Dursley, in 1678, and the 
subsequent baptisms of his children ; that 
another Thomas had a " seat-place" in the 
church allotted to him in 1739; that Betty 
Shakespeare obtained "poo^s money" in 
1754 ; that James Shakespeare was buried at 
Bisley in 1570; and that Edward, son of 
John and Margery Shakespurre, was baptized 
at Beverston in 1619. Other Shakespeares 
have been long settled at Newington Bag- 
path, not far from Dursley, and claim a 
traditional kinship with their great namesake. 

All these places are within a few miles 
of Dursley. Moreover, the Hathways, or 
Hathaways, were in like manner connected 
with Gloucestershire. The name is frequentiy 
found throughout the seventeenth 'century in 



the registers of Cam, the next village to Durs- 
ley; and at Kingscote, not £u: from Newington 
Bagpath, Thomas Hathway and John Hath- 
way of Bulley were assessed " in goods" to 
a lay subsidy in 1571. The name also occurs 
in the Beverston registers, and is still to be 
met with in the neighbourhood. 

All these facts justify the conclusion that 
at some time Shakespeare visited Dursley, and 
became well acquainted with the district It 
is not unlikely that his marriage, in 1582, 
with Anne Hathaway, who was so much his 
senior, may have offended his Stratford friends, 
and compelled him to take refuge with his and 
his wife's kindred in Gloucestershire, some 
time between that date and his removal to 
London. Perhaps, too, as both families were 
near neighbours in Gloucestershire as well as 
in Warwickshire, there may have been some 
early relationship between them which after- 
wards brought about Shakespeare's alliance 
with the Hathaways. 

But enough, however, has been said to 
show the use of local knowledge to illustrate 
Shakespeare. 



VK«)"^9V'H«J 



flDelroae Wdbc^. 

|0 the Antiquary as well as to the 
readers of Sir Walter Scott, the 
ancient Abbey of Melrose must 
be one of the places of supreme 
interest in the Border Counties of Scotland ; 
and to lovers of the beautiful and the pic* 
turesque the venerable ruins of the ancient 
monastery and mother church cannot but 
possess peculiar charms. 

Situated in one of the delightful valle3rs of 
the south of Scotland, and surrounded by a 
district which has been famed for ages for 
cultivation, Melrose Abbey has played a not 
insignificant part in the history of the coun- 
try. At the time when it was founded the 
people of Scotland were in a state of almost 
total ignorance of learning, and it was in 
order to secure for his subjects the oppor- 
timities for education which they so much 
required, but had not hitherto attained, tha;t 
David I., in the twelfth century, built and 
endowed the many abbeys, monasteries, and 
other places of learning and religion that he 




12 



MELROSE ABBEY, 



did, Melrose Abbey among the rest This 
monarch, as sometimes happens with men 
who live, as it were, before their time, was 
much mismiderstood, misjudged, and even 
nicknamed for the provident care of his 
people's mental condition. But it is to him 
undoubtedly that the Scottish nation owe the 
first beginnmgs of their educational system, 
which has so much contributed towards 
making Scotland what it is ; and when we 
consider that in those times it was only in 
buildings such as Melrose Abbey that the 
learning of the country could be preserved, 
and where, therefore, those in search of know- 
ledge had to resort, surely David I. may no 
longer be styled the ''sore saint,'' but be 
accorded the honoiuable place he deserves 
of being the first great patron of learning in 
a country which has not failed to render to 
knowledge many noble services. 

It is thought that the ancient inhabitants 
of Scotland were worshippers of the sun. 
The circles of stones still to be found on 
some of the outlying islands in the north are 
supposed to have been places for worship and 
the rites of religion. Even yet, it is said, 
when a highlander meets another on the way 
to church he does not ask, '' Are you going 
to worship?" but — ^in Gaelic, of course — 
" Are you going to the stones?''* The first 
Christian teachers had to address themselves 
to these sun-worshippers, and St Cuthbert, 
the prior or head of the Abbey of Old Mel- 
rose in the seventh century, is related to have 
been one of the earliest pioneers of the Chris- 
tian doctrine amongst the villages where 
sun-worship was prevalent 

The Abbey of Old Melrose, a once cele- 
brated seat of learning and religious zeal, 
stood on a peninsula formed by the river 
Tweed, fully two miles eastwaid from the 
present well-known ruin ; but excepting the 
missions of its prior, St. Cuthbert, and that 
the inhabitants were Culdees, comparatively 
little important matter in its history is re- 
corded. 

The building on the site of the present 
Abbey of Melrose was begun in 1 136 under 
King David I. It was a distinct foundation 
of a new abbacy, and not a transference from 
the more ancient monastery ^t Old Melrose, 
which latter was carried on for many years 
* Wikon's Border History, 



separately, although it had ultimately to give 
way to its younger rival. This early edifice 
has now entirely disappeared. 

Amid the general darkness of the nation, 
bright lights occasionally shone forth. Thomas 
the Rhymer, the first purely English poet, 
and Michael Scot, philosopher and reputed 
wizard, flourished during the thirteenth 
century, and were intimately connected with 
Melrose Abbey. It is almost certain that 
both received a considerable part of their 
education at some abbey on the Tweed, and 
that their taste for culture was derived from, 
and nourished by, monkish teachers in one 
of those abbeys, most probably Melrose. 
Both the personages are still regarded by 
the borderers with peculiar veneration. 
Michael Scot, to whose traditional story the 
first two cantos of the "Lay of the Last 
Minstrel" owe so much of their impressive- 
ness, was a perfectly definite character, and 
although many imaginative stories are told of 
him, there is no historical doubt as to his 
having existed. 

The enterprising, yet often imfortunate, 
Edward II., in his last invasion of Scotland, 
met with disasters as annoying as they were 
unforeseen. Having been forced from want 
of supplies to retire from Edinburgh, his 
army marched through the valley of the 
Tweed towards the south. Their supplies 
having been cutofif by the Scotch, neither he 
nor his soldiers were in a mood to receive, 
without stem retaliation, any further insults. 
Near Melrose, where they had anticipated 
remaining in peace for a short time, the 
advance-guard were unexpectedly attacked 
by a band of Scots led by Lord Douglas, who 
killed a large number of Edward's military 
and compelled them to retire on the main 
army. One of the friars of Melrose having 
rather imprudently joined in the skirmish, 
the soldiers were incited to sack the abbey, 
and they did not leave it until most of the 
valuables had either been demolished or 
appropriated. The abbot was murdered, and 
a number of the defenceless old monks, infirm 
and blind, were also slain. The Southerners 
continued their way, leaving behind them 
blackened walls and sacrileged church pro- 
perty ; but the monks not long after bestirred 
themselves to get their abbey restored. It is 
considered that the building which was 



MELROSE ABBEY, 



13 



destroyed at this time was greatly inferior to 
the one erected immediately after this assault, 
and whose ruins now adorn the Tweed. The 
description of the older one is extant, but it 
is understood to have been a plain building 
without either style or ornament 

It is to the zeal and energy of King Robert 
the Bruce that Scotland owes the present 
buildings of St. Mary's Church at Melrose. 
Shortly after the destruction of the old abbey, 
he gave sums of money and made large 
grants of forfeited lands for the renewal, or, 
rather, re-erection of the building. As well 
as this, many presents were made by the 
surrounding inhabitants ; for although, as a 
rule, the Lowland Scot did not much frequent 
the Church in these times, still, it was to 
places such as Mekose that the religiously 
inclined turned, and it was there where the 
awful powers of the spiritual world were 
exercised. The bold borderer, therefore, 
even though he was often one who had been 
expelled, either from England or Scotland, 
for treason or crime, usually respected the 
quiet dwelling-places of the monks, and 
occasionally paid them visits to have his 
sins shrived, when his conscience grew too 
troublesome; and then he did not fail to 
bestow handsome presents on the priests. 
The monks, being possessed of sufficient 
funds, and being so liberally encouraged by 
the reigning sovereign, set about the work of 
re-construction of the abbey; and, as an 
appreciation of the aesthetic was not deemed 
by them inconsistent with the love of the 
Scriptures, they seem to have determined 
that their new monastery should be worthier 
of the name and fame of Melrose than either 
of the former ones were. 

When the older monastery was built, such 
erections in Scotland did not receive the at- 
tention they did at the period at which the 
newer one was projected, but the time was 
ripe for an abbey to be conceived and carried 
out which would be magnificent in its design, 
execution, and artistic effect. The Gothic or 
Pointed style of architecture, about the origin 
of which so much has been written, and 
which is still undetermined, was nearing the 
commencement of its decay, but was still in 
its splendour, and realized in this abbey a 
wonderful degree of charm which age and 
sacrilege have not been able to destroy, but 



have rather enhanced. This was the style in 
which the monks of Melrose decided to build 
their abbey, knowing the grand effects it was 
capable of producing as exemplified in Eng- 
land, but more especially as in France, for 
they had more communication with the latter 
country than with the southern part of the 
inland they lived in, even although they had 
frequently been under English rule. 

According to an inscription still d^ipher- 
able on the wall, the abbey was erected by 
one John Morvo, or Morow, who is thought 
either to have been Italian or French. The 
writing itself says he was bom in " Parysse,** 
but as this was probably engraven years after 
his death, not much reliance shoiild be placed 
on it The greatest likelihood is that he was 
a Scotsman of the name of Murray, and in 
those da3rs of spelling very much according 
to pronunciation, it may have been written as 
even still pronounced by many Scottish people 
— Morow. It is also conjectured by a recent 
writer that Melrose Abbey was executed by 
Scotsmen, who, though they knew some- 
thing of English and French art, were deter- 
mined to leave the mark of their own hands 
and minds on the building. And it is to this 
throwing the soul into their work — whoever 
they were does not signify — that helps to 
make the abbey of such interest to us, for 
we may still enjoy the shattered result of the 
work they were happy in the execution of, 
and gave their best efforts to produce. 

No chronicle exists telling the exact length 
of time that elapsed between the endowment 
of the abbey by Robert the Bruce and its 
final completion, but many years must have 
been spent in its erection. The change of 
style exhibited between different parts of the 
building points to the fact that the original 
design was considerably modified towards the 
termination of the building work. Whether 
or not the abbey was ever entirely finished 
cannot now be ascertained, but it probably 
was very nearly complete, if not altogether 
so. The present partly unroofed and bare 
remains of the building cannot give a good 
idea of its interior as it existed in its glory, 
but a lively imagination may fancy it peopl^ 
with kneeling worshippers murmuring their 
petitions as they count their beads, while the 
priest, clothed in all the grandeur of a high 
dignitary of tl^e Church of ]^ome, exalts thf 



14 



MELROSE ABBEY. 



Host for the adoration of the devout assem- 
bl^e. Or, perhaps, it'may still hear the echo 
of the solemn Te Deum sung on the great 
feast days, or of the evening hymn chimted 
forth by the dioir in the gathering dusk of 
the evening, when are 

Storied windows richly dight. 
Casting a dim religioiis light. 

Then it was that the Abbev of Mehrose 
was a power in the land. The abbot was 
always Uie friend and often the special 
adviser of the king in his difficulties. Th^ 
it was also that the result of David I.'s 
policy in giving so much land to the monks 
became apparent It is wellnigh certain 
that when this king, who was a wise and 
acute politician as well as a religious monarch, 
gave Uiese abbots the luxuriant valley of the 
Tweed and other fertile parts, he perfectly 
understood that he thereby secured immunity 
for many of his subjects and much of the 
best soil from plundering by his own people 
and from inroads by the enemy. The 
monks' possessions were respected for cen- 
turies, in time of war as well as during peace ; 
and it was, therefore, of importance that as 
much good land as practicable should be 
held by those who enjoyed such immunity. 
The inhabitants of these districts were also 
quite content to be under the rule of the 
monks. Under them they had prolonged 
peace and ample security. If they served a 
feudal lord they were liable to be called to 
fight on every possible occasion, while the 
servants of the Church, only for exceptional 
and under extraordinary circumstances, were 
requested to give their assistance. The 
more peaceable and wealthier class, therefore, 
considered themselves better to live under 
a monk than imder a secular landlord. 
Another reason why the fields on the borders 
were given to the monks was, that large 
towns could not securely exist near the 
borders, lying open as they would to the 
incursions of the enemy. Therefore, in many 
ways the monks were more able than others 
to get all possible good out of the land 

By the middle of the fourteenth century 
the abbey was nearly complete \ and then it 
appeared in all the freshness of a newly 
carved creation, with pillar and font, buttress 
and niche, vying with each other in variety 



and finish. Then the bells rang gladly over 
the rich valley and up the quiet mountain 
sides, calling to prayer the pious and to 
repentance those who had gone astray; 
Then the hundred inhabitants of the abbejr 
were busy with their charitable deeds and 
religious exercises, abbot and monk ful- 
filling their offices with -all the zeal of men 
who laboiu^ not for themseves, but that 
others might reap what they sowed, and 
while they were still inspired with the 
enthusiasm received fix>m dwelling once more 
in a building not unworthy their profession— 
the good of their fellow men. 

But these prosperous and happy times were 
not to last Years rolled on and the abbey 
was several times attacked and finally almost 
destroyed by the Southerners. The cause 
was just a repetition of its former troubles; 
the English, in 1544 apd 1^45, first pillaged 
the abbey and then gave it to the flames. 
Lords Surrey and Dacre had already attacked 
Melrose, but it was Lord Hertford and his 
officers. Sir Ralph Evers and Sir Bryan Latoun, 
who completed the work of destruction. 
Henry VIIL, in revenge for the opposition 
made to the espousal of the young and 
beautiful Mary, Queenof Scots, with has son 
Edward, sent an army to ravage Scotland. 
The commanders mentioned received instruc- 
tions to plunder and lay waste any buildings 
in the districts through which they passed ; 
and, coming to Melrose, they did not spare 
the residence of the now worldly monks. 
The abbey was entered and the church 
property destroyed ; the very tombs ^ere not 
spared, but fell a common prey with the 
other portions of the building. At the end 
of the year these leaders and their soldiers 
again returned, and though Melrose was so 
damaged that little more could be done to 
deface it, they set to work and destroyed the 
few remaining memorials of the dead, among 
them the monuments erected over the resting- 
places of the Dark Knight of Liddesdale 
and the Douglas of Otlerboume. These 
structures had been spared before, and it 
would have been well for the destroyers if 
they had let them remain, for the descendant 
of the Douglas, ''whose coronet often counter- 
poised the crown," took a terrible revenge, 
He gave battle to the English, and wholly 
defeated and mercilessly slaughtered the 



MELROSE ABBEY. 



IS 



men who had ventured to touch the tombs 
of his ancestors. The defeat only enraged 
the English king more, and the commander- 
in-chief. Lord Hertford, was sent the next 
year to take summary vengeance on the 
conquerors of the generals. He reached 
Kelso, about a dozea miles from Mekose, 
on September ii, 15(45, at which date he 
writes his sovereign that "To-morrowe we 
intend to send a good bande of horsemen to 
Melrose and Dryburgh to bume the same, 
and all the villages in their waye, and so 
daylie to do some exploytes." Tradition 
tells that the monks had rung their bells in 
defiant exultation as the army marched near 
them, which they thought would not halt to 
seek vengeance on a religious house, long 
sacred even to a brutal soldiery. But alas ! 
the day had now gone past for such immunity, 
and the venerable building was soon a greater 
heap of ruins than before. 

The often too-hasty partisans of the Refor- 
mation, bad as they were in destroying 
architectural beauties, would be unjustly 
accused if they had the destruction of 
Melrose added to their list of errors. Some 
years were still to pass ere John Knox was 
to begin to preach, and many years before 
his vehement harangues against Popery took 
effect by inflaming the people to overturn 
the altars, bum the pictures, and break in 
pieces the images. Oliver Cromwell also 
has been charged with bombarding the 
abbey from the hills; but the so-called 
cannon-ball marks are more like decaying 
stones than the result of the implements of 
war. 

The abbey was now completely ruined, 
but a number of the monks continued to 
inhabit the monastery until the Reformation. 
It is a matter of history that sixty renounced 
Popery at that period. As a consequence, 
nothing was done to repair the abbey, and 
it cannot have altered much since that time. 
Doubtless the surrounding inhabitants utilized 
the loose stones to build to themselves houses : 
as a matter of fact, erections are still pointed 
out which clearly contain pieces of the abbey. 
Only last year (1880) there died in Newstead 
an old lady, a descendant of a colony of 
French masons, who, after the building of 
Meb-ose Abbey, settled in Newstead, about 
a mile away. This Mary Bunyie, or Bunzie, 



owned a neat old cottage which was built, it 
is thought, almost entirely of stones taken 
from the ruins of Melrose Abbey. Notably 
the arch over the gate of her cottage is one 
which was formerly a part of the ruin, and 
which seems to have been transferred bodilv 
to where it now stands. This old lady, it 
may be mentioned, had in her possession a 
few pieces of old tapestry which were taken 
from the abbey at the Reformation. It is 
also asserted that great parts of the abbey 
were taken down to repair a mill, build a 
prison, and to erect a house, still standing, 
called the Priory. But we may believe that 
the loose stones would be first employed, and 
that not much of the standing portions were 
removed, although possibly the now entirely 
demolished western wall was extinguished at 
this time ; and if it were so, we know not how 
much beauty may be lost; but the main body 
of the church, and the part on which the 
architect, builder, and carver spent their 
utmost united strength, is fortunately still 
preserved. Here still we may study the 
evidences of the energy and aflfection of 
former times, when workmen laboured for 
love as well as for pay, and grudged not to 
give their highest thoughts to their produc- 
tions and all their mental power on their 
designs. 

The broken beauty of the fair abbey as it 
now exists, presents almost the same appear- 
ance which it did when the rough, unfeeling 
soldiers had finished their work of destruc- 
tion; save that the niches want tlie statues 
which were taken away by the stem hand of 
the Protestant Inside, the Reformers have 
almost as barbarously left their mark on the 
building in the huge coarse wall overshadow- 
ing the church, and hiding from view the 
consenting symmetry of the refined pillars 
which form the nave ; but the abbey, though 
handicapped in the race for beauty by this 
lamentable piece of masonry, can yet hold 
its own; for the eye instinctively turns to 
view the perfect purity of the complete 
design, to examine more closely the diversity 
of ornament on the columns, and to discover 
the entire keeping of the individual details 
with the breadth and beauty of the undivided 
whole. 

D. C. Thomson. 



i6 MISCELLANEOUS EXCHEQUER ACCOUNTS. 




nDfecelteneoue jgycbequer """^f^ ??iy one account, that of the subody 

^ ^ sent by Charles I. to his sister, the Queen of 

HCCOUnt0; Bohemia. 

From the ^^Pipi^ and ^^Auditr , ^hfe service was adminirtcied from '673 
^ to 1685 by the notonous William Chiffinch, 
|HES£ are a set of accounts which and was expressly defrayed out of the jointure 
few persons, perhaps, would care to of the late Queen Dowager, 
investigate, as they contain but An inspection of the accounts will show 
little personal or local information that Charles often put his mother's ibrtuoe 
of importance, except such as can be gathered to no very creditable uses, a large part being 
indirectly from the entries of prices. To the absorbed by the expenses of his mistresses, 
general historian and social economist, how- In 1673, ^ ^- Hennard was paid ^500 as 
ever, their value will appear far greater, since, the price of two suites of tapestry hangings 
like most other sources of information which for the Duchess of Portsmouth. In the 
are dull and unconnected of themselves, they following year ^780 is set down for a '^ free 
possess at least the merit of impartial truth- gift" to die Duchess of Cleveland. Nell 
fulness. Gwynne is more frequently mentioned. In 
When these1>are extracts have been dressed 1674, from the end of May till August, her 
with the historical significance due to the '' diet and other necessaries" whilst at Wind- 
periods or events to which they refer, it is sor cost ;^394 i4r. In the some year ji^'aSo 
hoped that they will present attractions to is also set down for '* diet" Cuiiously 
the curious which they certainly did not enough she seems to have retained a partiality 
promise in their original form. for oranges and lemons, and the sums ex- 

A * X c • 7 o pended on those fruits would once have set 

Agents for Speaal Services. j^^^ ^p handsomely in the trade. 

The accounts under this heading are of Other charges incun-ed on her behalf were 
a very mixed description, the earlier ones for the removal of five loads of her goods 
dealing chiefly with the payment of the from the water-side to her house*; for twenty- 
Sovereign's debts abroad by his resident two loads of dung for her new Windsor 
or special agents. These, in the case of garden, and as much as ;^3o for a private 
Henry VIII., were chiefly contracted in Ger- pump in the castle. 

many, and under Elizabeth in Flanders, or. Amongst Charles's expenses the most im- 

through her Flemish agents, in France. portant are those incurred in the purchase, at 

In 1547, 2,000 "kyntales'' of copper were various times, of lands and cottages roimd 
ordered from Flanders by the English Govern- Windsor, with payment of the rates due 
ment, the purpose for which the metal was thereon. We also find mention of the plant- 
required being hedged round with some ing that was being carried out along the new 
mystery, though probably connected with wall in Windsor gardens, with the salary of 
the debasement of the currency. the head gardener, ;^3o. ;j^Soo was paid 

At home, the expenses of the works at for the king's yacht, 7%e Charles^ and ^290 

Dover under Elizabeth will interest those more for her furniture and fittings, 

who have followed the details of that extra- In 1681 occurs the entry, "To sundiy 

ordinary undertaking in contemporary State persons, for watering the Ring in Hide Parke 

Papers. from iiij. to xxiij. Aprill" — ^12 35. Zd. 

Another account of the same reign refers A hogshead of claret, with twenty-two 

to the employment of the proceeds, in part, dozen bottles, corks and hampers, cost 

of estates confiscated after the rebellion of ;^i6 i2x. 

1569. Sir T. Gargrave was deputed to Amongst less strictly personal expenses, 
expend these in payment of coat and conduct ;if 4,000 was paid to E. Seymour, part of 
money, probably for the army under Sussex, jQ6^ooo due for his salary as Speaker, 
which crossed the Scotch Border early in As much as £s^^ ^Z^* ^'^^^s expended on 

1570. Plate, Prayer-books, Bibles, &c., for "the 
Between this tinie and the Restoration princess of Auranges chapell." 



P 



MISCELLANEOUS EXCHEQUER ACCOUNTS. 



17 



It is pleasing to note the gift of ;^ioo, 
** by H. M. Pleasure," to the ministers and 
churchwardens of St Saviour's, Southwark, 
to be distributed amongst " the poor water- 
men whose living depends on the river 
Thames." 

Chifhnch himself was lucky enough to 
get the arrears of his salary of ^220, as 
Keeper of the Royal Hawks,* paid up after 
his master's death. 

Ambassadors^ 6r*c. 

The first account in this set mentions the 
money gifts bestowed by Edward VI. upon 
certain foreign ambassadors, " by way of 
reward, at their departure from England." 
The Venetian Ambassador received as much 
as ;;^3oo, several Frenchmen from ;^i5o 
^o ;^2So, and the emissary of "Swethen" 

In 1620-1, James I. sent his Master 
Falconer, Sir Anthony Pell, with a present 
of four cast of hawks to his **good brother" 
the King of France.! Of these, " twoe caste 
of Hemes" cost ;^8o, and two of " Brooke 
hawkes" £(fo. In this case the cost of 
carriage just exceeded the value of the gift, 
^s £s^ w^s paid for four suits for the 
attendants, £12 for four horses, and £60 
for expenses by the way. 

It is amusing to contrast this modest 
offering to his "good brother," with the 
extravagant entertainment provided by the 
old king for the homeward voyage of " baby 
Charles" from Spain. 

As the subject is one of general interest, 
and the occasion of great historical import- 
ance, it may be useful to describe these 
preparations somewhat minutely. 

In 1623, the accountant, Nich. Payne, 
was appointed " to make provycon of fresh 
meatc, with many other provycons incidente 
thereunto, for the dyctt of the prynce his 
Hignes, the Spanishe ambassador, and sondry 
lordcs and others at sea, aboarde eighte of 
the kinge's majesties ownc shippcs and two 
pinnaces, sente thether for his Hignes' trans- 

'^ The representative of a still older institution — 
the Roynl Harper — had actually died of want. 

t Louis XIII. It will be remembered that this 
king was then in the hands of the favourite De Luynes 
—nicknamed the "bird-catcher," from hb skill m 
falconry. 

VOL. IV. 



portacon from Spayne ; whoe, with his traync 
of Englishe and Spanishe nobility, came to 
St. Andera on Friday, the la September, 
1623, and by meanes of foule weather laye 
abourde the Defyaunce that nighte. The next 
daye came aboarde the Prynce Roiall, and 
went noe more on shore. On Sunday his 
Hignes feasted the Nobility of Spayne that 
attended him from Madrid, and uppon Thurs- 
day followinge, beinge the 18th, sett sayle for 
Englande, and landed at Portesmouthe the 
fifte daie of October foUowinge." 

The estimate of the victusIUng was origi- 
nally formed to cover only fourteen days, 
though it will be seen that twenty-four were 
spent on the voyage. 

As a well-stocked cellar was held to be of 
the first importance, great care was taken to 
provide a choice, and, above all, a plentiful 
assortment, of wines. Of these, ten tuns were 
French, costing about ;i^2o a tun ; but there 
were also twenty gallons of red, one tun of 
Spanish, and a hogshead of Canary, besides 
an unmeasured quantity to fill up the casks 
before sailing. 

The wine for sixty dozen bottles cost ;^si, 
and may thus be considered equal to a tun. 
The process of bottling, however, was most 
expensive, costing nearly ^^ i o more. Accord- 
ing to this calculation, there were on board 
about 800 dozen of wine 1 

In addition, there were thirteen and a half 
tuns of beer, and thirty dozen of bottled beer, 
then, surely, a luxury, as the cost was 6^. 3^/. 
per dozen. 

Perhaps, considermg the task set them, the 
crews were wise in shipping on\y empty casks 
for water ; though certainly those who were 
responsible for these orders seem to have 
been unmindful of the fate which befell the 
crew of the Blanche Nef, 

The linen was such as might befit a prince, 
consisting of 108 yards of " tabling," at from 
7^. to loj. dd, a yard ; 350 yards of 
"towelling" and napkins, 180 yards of diaper, 
and thirty do^en ** course" napkins. 

" Sallets," composed of " olyves, capers, 
samphire, pickeld lemons and cowcumber," 
figured in proportion to the three hogsheads 
of vinegar, white and brown, that had been 
provided. 

There was also an unlimited supply of sweet- 
meats, conservesyambergris, ''sents," and other 

c 



i8 



MISCELLANEOUS EXCHEQUER ACCOUNTS. 



delicacies ; while the " spiceiye" alone, for 
the banquet at St Andeim, mentioned above, 
cost;^8i, including ^37 8j. for "oranges, 
lemons, and other frutes.*' i 

It is not to be supposed that the more 
substantial provisions were omitted, for they 
were supphed on even a more libml scale 
than the beverage. The following entries 
will give some idea both of their quantity 
and variety. Imprimis : 

Fifteen oxen, i8o sheep, eleven "veales," 
foiu: pigs ; with bacon, tongues, barrelled beef 
for roasting, and pickled legs of mutton. 

Amongst other dainties may be reckoned 
" twelve payre of vdders at vj//. the payre,"* 
eight pots of " mynced meate," a2o West- 
phalia **ganKms" at is. %d.j twenty-four 
barrels of anchovies, eleven pounds of 
''Bolonia" sausage, at $s. per pound. Of 
fish, there were sent fifty-five firkins of stur- 
geon, at 30X. ; ling, cod, " eeles i barrall — 
102J.," herrings, and "other sea-fish^" 

But, after all, the provision of game and 
poultry is the most astonishing. This com- 
prised " Three stagges and fower buckes from < 
the foreste of Dartmore," thirty-seven phea- 
sants at 7x. 10^. each, fifteen " partriches'* 
at only 7//., eleven dozen of " godwyttes and 
ruffes," and thirty dozen of quail. Two pea- 
cocks at 9X., and two peahens at 7x. Almost 
a thousand " capons," " hennesand pulletts," 
and '' chickinges," at ix. 6^., ii^/., and 4^. 
each respectively. Eighty-six turkeys at 
2s. id,, over a hundred geese and ducks at 
IX. $d. and 6//., and twenty-one couple of 
" rabbetts" at i id. per couple. There must 
be a mistake in the entry which mentions 
3,400 quarters of eggs at 2s. $d, per hundred ! 

Of vegetables there^ were "Artichokes, 
Cow-cumbers, Carretts, Tumeppes, and 
Cabages," with apples and sweet herbs. 

As though this were not enou^, there is a 
famous receipt, under the head of " Pastrye,** 
which is commended to the notice of modem 
yachtsmen : — 

"Beofe iiij'iLxxiii lbs., neates' tounges 
ccii lbs., xx^ salmons, veale, lambs' rar. 
Turkies twoe dozen, capons tiiree dozen and 
nine, Phesants dye^ geese tenne. Pigeons 
seven dozen and sixe ; withe rye and in^eate 

* This delicacy and some others mentioned below 
are quoted as especial dainties by a contemporary 
poet— Ben JO110O11, Akfymirt, it i« 



meale, sugar, sente and spices, larde, butter, 
egges, and o&er thinges for makinge of 
ccdxxxyxv colde baked meates to cany to 
sea." 

For such an expedition a small army of 
cooks, poultrymen, &c., was of course reaui- 
site; amongst whom may be mentioned a 
** tume-broche," and a " skowrer," neither ill- 
paid at IX. 6d. per day. The expedition 
sailed from Plymouth, which must for a time 
have borne a close resemblance to Leaden- 
hall Market, especially when we read of the 
*' hyer of iij houses and yeardes to kepe the 
poultrye together till the coming of the 
ships." 

The Earl of St Albans, as English ambas- 
sador to France in 1660, was compensated, 
amongst others, for expenses incurred during 
the Commonwealth. 

Large subsidies were sent to the Prince- 
Bishop of Munster in 1665 and 1666 as 
being " in confederade with His Majesty," 
and as " in relation to the Dutch warr." This 
money was raised in rather a discreditable 
manner, the original grant of Parliament 
having been absorbed, we may suppose, by 
the king's perscmal extravagances. Laige 
quantities of tin were bought up by the 
Crown, by means of its right of pre-emption, 
at low prices, and stored at Falmoudi till 
they could be pledged for a larger sum, 
thus reverting to a well-known expedient of 
Charles I., though perhaps a l^al one. 

We are not surprised to see the name of 
Chiffinch as accountant for the ^^68(^,750 
received by Charles II. " from y* ministers 
or agents of Lovis y^ French King pursuant 
to a Treaty formerly made, or some other 
agreement** Two-thirds of this sum were 
handed over to Clifford, who obtained a dis- 
charge for its employment. The rest was 
expoided in the usual manner. Laige sums 
were given to certain courtiers, induing the 
Dukes of York, Monmouth, and Buckingham. 
Nearly ;^3,ooo was paid to a French uphol- 
sterer. To the Duchess of Sutherland, " on 
her allowance," the king was '' pleased to 
give" ;^4oo. 

In Februaiy, 1672, we find "for a geoige 
sett with diamonds which was sent to y* 
Prince of Aurenge, ^400." 

Then, " for repairing Walsingham House 
for ye Lady Marshall, ^200." 



y 



MISCELLANEOUS EXCHEQUER ACCOUNTS, 



19 



The Earl of Sunderland managed to get 
hold of 3,oco guineas, but the rest was 
devoted to the repair of the parks, the keep 
of the deer, and to the use of the navy, in- 
cluding of course the king's yachts. 

Jn 1670 an agent was appointed to receive 
" that part of Her Majesty's portion which 
. hath been long in Arreare^ and which, upon 
the n^otiation of Sir R. Southwell'' (Envoy 
ExtracHdinary to Portugal in 1669), ''was 
adjusted, and agreed to be 659,093 cruza- 
does." The following is a good example of 
the confused wording of many of these 
entries : — 

'* The Crowne of Portugal being acknow- 
ledged to remaine due to his Maty, by the 
%^ instrument, signed and certified as afores'*,'' 
for 137,056^ cruzadoes. 

Attainders^ Forfeitures^ &*c. 

With two or three exceptions, these 
accounts refer to the fines levied from Popish 
Recusants, and to the compositions extorted 
from '* malignants** by the Commonwealth 
Committees.* 

The first account records the management, 
by a commission of the Crown, of the afOdrs 
of the Duke of Somerset, attainted. The 
''works" in progress at Sion House and 
Stroud Place received most attention, though 
a thousand sheep were sold on one of the 
duke's farms for ^xoo. 

Large quantities of lead were removed 
firom Stroud Place, and it reads like a retri-, 
bution upon the spoiler of City churches, that 
a large parcel of wainscoat oak, in the great 
hall there, should have been bought by the 
churchwardens of St. Bride's-Without It 
may be noticed, in passing, that one of the 
workmen at Stroud Place is designated as a 
" free-mason." 

A valuable emerald ring, belonging to the 
duke, came into the possession of the 
Bishop of Ely, being discovered in a " privie" 
at Sion House. The Bishop sold it to Sir 
Thomas Carey for ^1^15. 

At the commencement of the next reign 
we have another commission — that appointed 
to admii>i.ster the property of Lord Cobham, 
attainted for his share in the " Rye" plot 

The entries for the sale of cattle, &a, are 
particularly complete and interesting, giving 

* NotaUy that whidi sat in the Goldsmiths' ff q?l , 



a good idea of the value of stock on a well- 
worked Kentish or Surrey farm. 

The account (in the Audit) of the profits 
accruing from sales or leases of the Cobham 
estates should be interesting to local anti- 
quaries. 

The manor of Albury, Surrey, was held in 
fee-£arm by Sir E. Randall for the yearly 
sum of ^41 5x. *jd. 

The Chantry and Warden Luids, in the 
town of Bedford, were leased for ;^22 8^.: 
while 50J. was received firom Rochester 
Church, and 106s. Sd. from Rochester Bridge. 

Ickham Court was let to the Dean of 
Canterbury for jCi2o per annum, and Den- 
ton Farm to the Dean of Rochester for jCj2. 

Canterbury Park, in a dilapidated con- 
dition, for jCjs. 

Large quantities of building material were 
sold from Cobham Hall,* including " allo- 
blaster," black table-stone, cave stone, and 
four '^ colombes of rainite with bases and 
capitolls." 

The following are set down amongst the 
assets : — 

Charde and Chardeborough, sold to the 
Earl of Devonshure for ^500. The fee-farm 
of Cherbury, to the Earl of Hertford for the 
same sum. That of Albury, to the lessee 
for ;^i95. 

Perkes Place, and the chantry and warden 
lands in Bedford, to Mr. Paradyn for ;;£8oo. 

The manor of Cranbrook, in Newington, 
&C., valued at j£iio per annum, to Paul 
Baning, in fee simple, for ;;£i,43o. 

A tenement and lands in Greine, yearly 
value I02X., to the same for ;^ioo. 

Under ElizabeUi, heavy fines were inflicted 
for exporting bullion firom the realm, and for 
other offences against the penal statutes. 
The chief offenders seem in the present 
instance to have been the merchants of 
Devon and Cornwall, who were mulcted 
over ;;^2,ooo in three months. One gende- 
man, however, had the wit to defray the 
heavy fine demanded of him in French crowns 
and " pistolletts," the very day before the 
proclaxnation which forbade that practice, and 
thus the Government lost j£ss on the ex- 
change. 

The fines levied from Popish Recusants 

* Milo Rainford was in possession as *' Custos" hf 
letters patent 2 James I. 

C2 



20 



MISCELLANEOUS EXCHEQUER ACCOUNTS. 



were, as we know, not very rigorously exacted 
under James I. and Charles I. 

From 1627 to 1639 ^^ yearly revenue 
from this soiu-ce amounted, in the southern 
districts^ to ;;^4,ooo or ;;^S,ooo. 

It is here mentioned that this money is 
intended for the sole use of the navy. 

Later still, under the presidency of Went- 
worth, the law seems to have been enforced 
with far more severity in the northern coun- 
ties.* 

Two interesting local notices occur — one 
of the payment of ;^ioo, as a fine for recu- 
sancy, in 1596, by John Thynne of Long 
Leake, co. Wilts ; Uie other of a considerable 
sum demanded from Wm. Shearman, gent., 
of Fuller's Rents, par. St. Andrew's, Holbom. 

In these days the option ofa fine would be 
unavailing to most of the inhabitants of this 
quarter. 

A very curious copy of directions for 
collecting the revenues of Recusants is here 
preserved, and shows the enormous powers 
at the disposal of the Government were they 
inclined to avail themselves thereof. 

The following is an abstract of these in- 
structions, which are addressed imperatively 
to a Commission "appointed out of the Court 
of Exchequer" to "find out the lands and 
goods of Recusants." They bear the stamp 
of a vigorous hand, and one rather of a states- 
man than a lawyer. The last four clauses, 
together with the conclusion, appear again to 
have been added by another author, or at 
least in a different spirit, as it will be seen 
that they are far more arbitrary in their 
nature. 

PreambU. 

Whereas it is apparent how good and profit- 
able a thing it is that the penal statutes should 
be put in force against professed Recusants, 
therefore this Commission has been appointed 
to that effect But, as such have been and 
may again be liable to errors of procedure, it 
has been thought expedient to issue the fol- 
lowing directions: — 

1. Inquisitions are to be registered, and 
tried by twelve jurors— of course " probi et 
legales homines" of the coimtry. 

2. Goods, when designated, are to be regis- 

* Vide Hallam, ist ed. i. p. ^x6. This may have 
. been owing to his jealousy of the Cottington faction, 
vide p. 532, note. 



tered at once by the sheriff or bailiffs, "that 
they be not purloined in the meantime/' then 
an mquisition shall be returned. 

3. To find how estates of convicted persons 
are seised in them. 

4. It will be sufficient to find that they are 
so seised. 

5. The nature and situation of the lands 
are to be ascertained. 

6. Exact specifications will be necessary. 

7. If holding by lease, the nature and length 
thereof. 

8. Any matter in doubt, or unfavourable to 
the Crown, not to be allowed, but referred to 
the Court of Exchequer. 

9. All who in any way hinder the work to 
be reported to the Court for pimishment 
according to the gravity of their offence. 

Conclusion, — Since many things cannot be 
specified, to use such despatch in H. M.'s 
interests as to deserve well of the same ; " and 
that all things be done for ye best advantage 
and profitt of His Majesty." 

During the Commonwealth, as may be 
supposed, the sums levied from Recusants 
were enormously increased, and to these are 
now added the compositions for Delinquents' 
Estates. 

From 1649, ^^c estates of John, Marquis 
of Winchester, were administered, amongst 
others, by one Robert Wallop, as a compen- 
sation for his losses during the war — ^by Act 
of Parliament. They are charged, however, 
with sums in favour of the State. 

From 1649 to 1653 the fines of delinquents 
in the four Northern counties amounted to 

;^3 7,000. 

From 1650 to 1655, the profits on the 

lands of Recusants in the county of Lincoln 
were ;^33>ooo. 

In 165 1 ;^35o,ooo, and in i652;^8oo,ooo, 
were raised from the sale of delinquents' 
estates by the process of " doubling," which 
is explained in the roll. Of this ^200,000 
jvas devoted to the navy. It is only just to 
observe, however, that at this time many 
noble Royalists and widows of Cavaliers were 
in receipt of handsome pensions from the 
Government Thus, the Lords Powis, Ches- 
terfield, and Worcester each received from 
£z to £$ per week. Two men of literary 
note, Peter de Moulin, and Samuel Hartlib, 
the economist, held pensions of ;^ioo a year 



MISCELLANEOUS E^LCSEQUER ACCOUNTS. 



2t 



firom 1643 to 1653. The former, indeed, ill 
repaid this bounty by his virulent and cowardly 
attack upon the Republic, and we can only 
account for the continuance of his pension 
from the reputed willingness of his antagonist 
Milton, to conceal the real authorship of the 
•*' Regii Sanguinis Clamor." Though Hartlib 
is commonly said to have received ;^3oo, his 
pension is only mentioned here as ;;^ioo from 
the Lord Protector. 

What few accounts esdst of the fines levied 
from Recusants under Charles II. and James 
II., show them to have been as moderate in 
amount as might have been expected. 

Attainders and forfeitures crop up again in 
the years succeeding the rebellion of 1715, 
and these now include the confiscation of 
estates '' put to superstitious uses."* 




I?epfcw6v 



Voydni of the Elizabethan Seamen to America. . 
Thirteen Original Narratives from the Collection of 
Hakluyt, Selected and Edited, with Historical 
Notices, by £. J. Payne, M.A. (Lond(m : 
Thomas De la Rue & Co. 1880.) Small 8vo, 
pp. xxiv.-396. 

|N a well-appointed library there are few old 
books that retain the original freshness 
and charm which is to be found in the 
yolomes of Haklujrf s Voyagu and Vvj* 
€has*s Pi/grimei. These have, however, two 
disadvantages for the ordinary reader, in that they are 
both very expensive and rather voluminous. It was 
therefore a good idea of Mr. Pajrne to select some of the 
most important narratives, and to pl^ce them before 
modem readers in a handy form. The volume opens 
with the accounts of Hawkins's three vojrages, one main 
object of which was the selling of slaves. Then follows 
a record of the three vo3rages of Frobisher, who was 
the pioneer of Arctic exploration. The named of all 
the sailors whose voyages Mr. Payne records are 
household words, but none of the others attained to 
the fiaune enjoyed by Francis Drake, whom the editor 
is not afiraid to call a buccaneer. Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, Raleigh's half- brother, sailed for America in 
1583, and his is stated to be the first colonizing expe- 
dition which left our shores. Philip Amadas and 
Arthur Barlow were the discoverers of that part 
of America which Queen Elizabeth allowed to be 
called Virginia after her. Drake made his second 
voyage to America in 1585, and his armament was 
the greatest that had ever crossed the Atlantic 

* Notably the Bolingbroke estates, Bucklebury, 
Berks. The writer has been through the interesting 
litigation which arose respecting these in 1719. 



Thomas Cavendish went on two voyages in 1586 and 
1 59 1, and the account of R.aleigh*s umortunate expe- 
dition to Gruiana completes the volume, which con- 
tains much valuable information respecting the English 
vojrages to America from 1562 to 1595. We hope 
that this excellent little book will have many readers, 
and that, when these readers have finished it, ^ey 
will turn to the original collections for more of a like 
character. 



Eastern Proverbs and Emblemt illustrating old Truths, 
By the Rev. J. Long. (London : Triibner & Co., 
1881.) 8vo, pp. XV.-280. 

The old truths are those found in the Bible, and 
the author has gathered from more than a thousand 
volumes the popular philosophy of Indians, Chinese, 
Persians, Turks, and other Eastern peoples to illus- 
trate those so fiuniliar to us alL Although we all 
allow that much is to be learnt from proverbs, it is 
not so easy to arrange them in a satisfactory manner, 
and most compilers have to fall back upon the alpha- 
betical order. By Mr. Long's method the difficulty 
is to a certain extent overcome, although probably a 
more religious character is given to these sayings 
than they would otherwise bear. It is, however, very 
instructive to notice how little originality there 
appears to be in these expressions of popular thought. 
Almost identical ideas occur among the most widely 
divided peoples. The Turkish, '' In washing a negro 
we lose our soap;" the Tamul, " Though he wash 
three times a day, will the crow become a white 
crane ?'' and the Veman, " If you take a bear-skin and 
wash it ever so long, will it instead of its naked 
blackness ever become white ?*' form excellent illus- 
trations of the better known "Can the Ethiopian 
change his skin, or the leopard his spots ?" (Jeremiah 
xiiL 33). The Arab says : " It is hard to chase and 
catch two hares," and the modem Greek pairs off 
with " two water-melons cannot be carried under one 
arm.'' The Russian '* Man plans, but God fulfils" is 
merely a paraphrase of the English " Man proposes 
but God disposes." With regard to the importance 
of his subject, Mr. Long remarks, " Orientalists are at 
last recognizing the truth that proverbs are as deserv- 
ing of their research as coins and inscriptions ; and 
that whereas the latter refer chiefly to kmgs and the 
upper classes, proverbs throw a light on the dark 
recesses of social life, on arc h aisms, old customs, 
history and ethnology," and again — 

** Proverbs were before books — they come from the 
great books of Nature and common sense — from powers 
of observation, not blunted by book-cram ; hence 
among the proverbs in this book, though principally 
eastern, there are venr few that are not intelligible to 
the European mind.' 

The following explanation of the expression of 
heaping coals of fire on an enemy's head (Proverbs 
XXV. 22) is worthy of quotation : " Metal is difficult to 
melt placed on the top of a fire of burning coals ; it 
may be placed at the sides, still no melting; but put 
the coals on the top or head of the vessel, and the 
metal soon flows down in a stream. So yourenemjr's 
hostility to you may be softened by kindness in every 
way; as fire to the metal, so kindness to an enemy." 

we have said enough to show that this book is full 



22 



REVIEWS. 



of interesting mfttter, and that it te a vahiable addition 
to the literature of proverbs. 



The First andSicond Battles ofNewhsryaneltkeSieigi 
of Donnington CadU during the Civil IVar, A.D. 
1643-6. By Walter Money, F.S. A. (London s 
Simpkin, Marshall k Co. Newbury: W. J. 
Blackct. 1881.) 8vo, pp. xii.-2i6. 

That troubled period in our annals, when the two 
great parties of modem times took their origin, must 
always have a living interest for Englishmen. One 
truth of this is prominently brought before us in the 
dedication of this book, for it is insctibed to the Earl 
of Carnarvon, who is a leader of the Conservative 
party, and also represents ancestors who took a pro- 
minent part in the great Civil War. Here, however, 
is one of the main difficulties in the wav of our gettii^ 
true history, for writers are too apt toncfit the battl^ 
of to-day when relating the battles of the past. Mr. 
Money very justly complains that the subject of his 
book has not hitherto been treated with due attention 
to its importance. There is some excuse for the his- 
torian of a long period, as it is hardly possible for him 
to visit all the localities about which he writes. Mr. 
Money has this special knowledge. He writes t " Bom 
under the shadow of the grey walls of Donnington 
Castle, near which my ancestors dwelt, durii^ tht 
occurrences of these stirring events, I have naturally 
felt a special interest in anything that concerns the 
varied fortunes and associations of the old fortress, 
which figures so prominently in these local, but at the 
same time national, transactions." The result of tiiis 
natural interest has been that the author has product 
a book which is a definite addition to our knowledefe 
of the two battles of Newbury. Each battle is faSy 
described, and is illustrated with a plan of the position 
of the troops, and in the appendixes we have fuller 
accounts of^ the details, biographical notices of the 
officers, lists of the sequestrators of the estates of 
•'Delinquents, Papists, Spves, and Intelligencers" 
for the county of Berks. The book is folly illustrated 
with photographic copies of portraits of the chief men 
on both sides of the memoraole straggle. 



Chrmticles and Stories of the Cretoen Dales, By. J. H. 
Dixon, LL.D. ; with an introduction by the Rev. 
Robert Collyer, of New York. (London: Simp- 
kin, Marshall & Co. Skipton : Edmondston & Co., 
1881.) Sm. 8vo, pp. xiii.-472. 

Dr. Dixon's Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of 
the Peasantry of England has long been known to 
all lovers of ballad literature as a most delightful work 
of one who wrote too little. The author had the 
somewhat rare power ofgathering up oral traditions 
overlooked by others. These chronicles and stories 
were orimnally contributed to a monthly magazine, 
publishea at Skipton, and Messrs. Edmonston deserve 
our thanks for issuing them in a book form, so that 
they may have a more extended circulation. Legends 
and traditions of this beautiful district of Yorkshire 
are interspersed with anecdotes of celebrated men. 
One of them is interesting as connecting Craven 
Buildings, Drary Lane, with the Craven dales. 
William Craven, of Appletreew^ck, was a pauper lad, 



and took the name of the district from which he 
His joum^ to London was a successfol one, and in 
due course he became Lord Mayor, and was knighted. 
He was a woifhy, and did not forget his origin. In 
i6ia he repaired and beautified the <^ parish cfanrdi, 
an event waidi was recorded in thefoUowing remark- 
able verses : 

'* This chuith of beauty, most repaired, tinM so bright, 
Two hundred pounds did coste Sir William Craven, 

Kn^t. 
Many odier works of charitie, wheteof no mention 

here, 
Thie tokens of his bcrantie in this parish did appcare. 
The Dlace of his nativitie in Aopletieewick is scene. 
And late of London dtie, Lord Mayor he hath beene. 
'Vhe care of this work, so beautiful and faire. 
Was put to John Topham, clcik, by the late LcmnI 

Mayor 
Of that femoos dtie of London so brighter 
By Sir William Craven, that bountifuiKnighte. 
Bome in this parish at Appletreewidc towne. 
Who regardea no coste, so the work was wdl done.** 

It is said that instead of jf 200 Sir William actually 
expended >^6oo, but this sum included the bmlding of 
the churchvard wall and the erection of the wick-gate. 
The son of the old tradesman entered the army, and 
in due course was created Baron of Hampstead 
Marshal, and Earl of Craven, and is supposed to have 
married the unfortunate Queen of Bohemia, sister of 
Charles I., whose cause he had warmly espoused. 
The memory of his fine old house in Dnuy Lane is 
kept alive by the name of Craven Buildings. Through 
a certain topographiod connection we are led from 
the Craven family to Eugene Aram. Sir William 
Craven erected and endowed the Grammar School at 
Bumsall, and in that school the fiimous murderer wai 
once an usher. The anecdotes of celebrated men are 
linked on to relics of folk-lore in a way that we can- 
not do more than indicate in a short notice. There 
is a curious account of the Rev. Benjamin Smith, B.D. , 
a half-nephew of Sir Isaac Newton, and Rector of 
Linton. The Grammar School at Peresfield Wharfe 
was haunted by a goblin named " Old Pam." Mr. 
Smith was in me luibit of writii^ his sermons in the 
schoolroom, and on one occasion he was soundly 
cuffed by "Old Pam*' in the dark. In revenge Mr. 
Smith left some bralidy on the master's desk, the bait 
took, and next time he visited the school " Pam" was 
discovered in a drunken state and fiercely attacked. He 
was said to have been killed outright, but anyway he 
came to life again, and is said still to haunt the place. 
Dr. Dixon did on the 26th of October, 1876, and his 
book was abruptly concluded. The Rev. Robert 
Collyer, of New York, gives his recollections of the 
author, and adds some amusing anecdotes of his own — 
as that of the Cmven Clerk who commemorated the 
Bishop's visitation with a new version of the Psalm — 

*• Ye little hilb why do ye skip. 

And wherefore do ye hop ? 
Is it because that ve have come 

To see my Lord Bishop ? " 



REVIEWS. 



n 



Tk4 P^ems of Master Francis VUlon, of Paris^ now 
first dome into English Veru in the Original Forms, 
by John Paynb, author of "The Masque of 
Shadows," " Intagtios," <* Songs of Life and 
Death," "Lautrec," " New Poems," &c (Lon- 
don : Reeves & Tomer. 1881.) Small 8vo» pp. 
sen.- 15a 

It has becQoie a byword that genius is cnratici but 
althoo^ many aathors have been bohemians it is not 
often Uiat we lutve to seek a true poet among the 
dangetoos dasses. Villon was sometning more than 
a bohemiant for he was a leader among a gang of 
thieves. Ahhoagh his reputation as a citisen most 
have been very low, his reputation as a poet has 
always stood high. He was bom in 1431, and before 
1542 more than twenty-seven editions of his poems 
were published. Clement Marot calls him "Le 
premier po^te Parisien," and Francis I. knew him by 
heart Little was known of the personal histoiy of 
Villon until the year 1877, when Mons. Longnoa 
published his " ifiitude Biogniphique," but now mere 
are sufficient details and hmts to allow of Mr. Payne's 
wilting a valuable and tolerably foil account of the 
poet's doings. Still Mr. Pavne r^^ts that there is 
not more to td^ The nets are shortly these : 
Fhmf ois de Montcorbier was bom, as before stated, 
in 14^1, probablv at some viUage near Paris ; little 
more is known ot his parents than that his fether died 
when he was young, and that his mother suffered 
"bitter anguish uid m^y sorrows" on account of 
his turbulent career. The name by which he is 
known was that of his patron, Guillaume de Villon, a. 
respectable ecclesiastic, who apparently adopted him 
at an early age. He entered the University of Paris 
about 1446, and was admitted to the Baccalaureate in 
Mardi 1450^ and became Licentiate in Theology, of 
Ecclesiastical Law, and Master of Aits in the summer 
of 145a. From tMs time until 14^5, when he had to 
fly, in cofiseouence of having killed a man in a brawl, 
nothing is known of his histoiy. After this his 
career of crime commenced, he passed his time in the 
company of the thieves and vagabonds who infested 
the neighbourhood of Paris, uid became a leader 
amon^ mem. In 1456 he wrote his Lesser Testament, 
in which the names of some of these more than doubt- 
fiil characters are roistered. In 146 1 he was ar- 
rested for a crime said to have been the theft of a 
lamp from the parish church of Baccon, near Orleans, 
and condemned to death. He suffered much in a 
horrible dungeon, but was released when Louis XI. 
came to the throne. At the age of thirty, when he 
wrote his Greater Testament, his debaudieries had 
told upon his constitution to such an extent that his 
life was of little value to him, and as nothing is 
heard of him after I461 it is supposed that he must 
have died about that time. Mr. Payne's introduc- 
tion, wluch contains these particulars and more, gives 
a striking and valuable picture of the disjointed state 
of society in France when that country Was being 
consolidated. That ViHon was a true poet no one 
who reads a page of his writing can doubt. There is 
a strength and directness in every line that contrasts 
remarkably with the>ordinary writing of his time, and 
his associates are gibbeted in his two Testaments with 
ooosiderable impartiality. Mr. Pa3me is so well known 
as a master in poetry that it goes without saying that 



be has done justice to his original, but he has done 
more than this. He has so thoroughly entered into its 
spirit that we read on without feeling that we have 
a translation before us. Although the love of his 
mother and the never failing-kindness of his patron 
were not sufficient to draw Villon from his evil 
courses, his heart was not so dead as to forget them ; 
of the first of them he writes in his Greater Testth 
ment : — 

" I give the ballad following 

To my good mother, — ^who of me 
(God knows 1) hath had much suffering, — 

That she may worship our Ladie : 

No odier refuge can I see 
To which, vrhen stricken down by dole, 

I may for help and comfort flee ; 
Nor yet my mother, poor good soul !" 
Of the patron we read : — 

** Item, to Guillaume de Villon, — 

My more than father, who indeed 
To me more love and care hath done 

Than mothers to the babes they feed ; 

Who me for many a scrape hath freed. 
And now of me hath small liesse, 

I do intreat him, bended-kneed. 
He seek not now to share my stress." 

We cannot give any adequate idea of Villon's genius 
from quotations, and our readers must go to the book 
itsdf, but may just allude to a pow^dd picture of 
a churchward, where high and low, rich ancf poor, are 
laid, which commences thus : — 

'* Here silence doth for ever reign : 

Nothing it profiteth the dead 
On beds of satin to have lain 

And drank from gold the vine-juice red 

And lived in glee and lustihead. 
Soon all such joys must be resigned : 

All pass away, and in their stead ^ 

Only the sin remains behind." 

Mr. Payne was well-advised when he decided to 
appeal to a larger circle of readers than that for 
which he prepared the limited issue of 187S, fbr we 
cannot doubt but that many will wish to possess this 
dainty volume. 



(\Hn 



nDeetinod ot antiquarian 
Societie0. 

METROB^LITAN. 

Society of Antiquaries.— May 12, Earl 
OF Carnarvon, President, in the Chair.— Mr. 
Cheales exhibited tracings of some wall-paintings at 
Friskney Church in Lincolnshire. — Mr. Park Harrison 
exhibited a slate tablet, found in a shingle house at 
Towyn among other ancient remains, covered with 
scribblings, which appear to represent urns, hatchets, 
baskets, and other utensils, and, Mr. Harrison 
suggested, might be the inventory of someone's pro- 
perty. — Mr. Clements Markham exhibited a silver 
tazxa from Arlingtcm Church. 



24 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



May 19.— Mr, W. C, BoRLASE, M.P., Vice-Presi 
dent, in the Chair. — Lord Arundel of Wardour exhi- 
bited a charter of William de Briwere, in the reign of 
Kin? John, bearing a seal with a design of a merwoman 
suckling a merchild. — Mr. Rivett Camac exhibited a 
collection of spindle-whorls and votive seals fotmd in 
Buddhist ruins in North-west India. — Mr. R. S. Fergu- 
son exhibited a fine specimen of a British Bronze torque 
found at Carlisle. — Mr. Myddleton read a Paper upon 
the Coptic churches in Old Cairo, illustrated by plans 
of the church of Abou Serget. 

Anthropological Institute. — ^Tuesday, May 
24. — Major-Gen. A. Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., President, 
in the Chair. Mr. £. H. Man reeul a Paper on " The 
Arts of the Andamanese and Nicobarese. He stated 
that they are divided into at least nine tribes, linguisti- 
cally distinguished, and in most, if not all, of these 
there are two distinct sections — ^viz., inland and coast 
men. In many mental characteristics affinity to the 
Papuans would appear to exist ; and the standard in 
social and marital relations is shown to be far higher 
than could be expected from a race so entirely outside 
the pale of civilization. The previous accounts of 
their laxity in this respect are now proved to be 
erroneous. They have no forms of reli^on, or ideas 
of worship ; and, though they have faith in a Supreme 
Being, the Creator, their beUef in the Powers of Evil 
is much more strdngly developed. The habitations 
of the eight tribes oi Great Andaman are of three 
varieties, partaking almost invariably of the nature of 
a simple lean-to ; while those of the remaining tribe, 
J^wa-(da), are somewhat similar in form to the huts 
erected by die Nicobarese. The rights of private pro- 
perty are recognized and respected ; there also appears 
to be a fair division of labour, and perfect equality 
between the sexes in their social intercourse. — Dr. 
Allen Thompson, F.R.S., read a paper on "Some 
Bone Necklaces from the Andaman Islands." Several 
of the specimens exhibited were constructed entirely 
of human bones, while some were composed of bones 
of various animals, and others were partly made up 
of pieces of coral. — Mr. J. Park Haxrison, ex- 
hibited an incised slate tablet and other objects from 
Towyn. 

ARCHiEOLOGiCAL INSTITUTE. — June a. — Lord 
Talbot de Malahide, President, in the Chair. The 
Rev. W. J. Loftie read some notes on "Recent 
Discoveries among the £g3rptian Pyramids." Mr. J. 
Park Harrison read a paper on " Incised Figures upon 
Slate, and other Remains, from Towyn, Merioneth- 
.shire." — Capt. E. Hoare read a Paper on some early 
tiles from Stanhoe and the ruined church of Barwick- 
in-the-Brakea, Norfolk.— Mr. W. Thoxn^n Watkin 
sent a Paper on " Roman Inscriptions Discovered in 
Britam in 1880." This is Mr. Watkin's eighth supple- 
ment to Dr. Hubner's volume of Britanno-Roman 
inscriptions. and his fifth annual list.— Mr. J. H. Parker 
called attention to some photographs of a remarkable 
series of wood-carvings m the cnurch of Trull, near 
Taunton, dated 1560^ which represent ecclesiastical 
dignitaries and officials in " unrefoimed " vestments. — 
Mr. W. Gam exhibited a plan and contributed notes 
on earthworks at LAxton and Egmanton, Notts. — Mr. 
Loftie exhibited a very fine series of scarabs, bearing 
kings' names. — Mr. Harrison sent a collection of 
antiquities, some as late as the seventeenth century, 



from Towyn. — Mr. Watkin exhibited a photograph of 
the great statue found last year at York, and gaTe 
reasons in his Paper for suggesting that Britannia may 
be here represented. — Mr. G. Joslin laid before the 
meeting a rubbing from the inscribed Roman altar 
lately found at Colchester. — ^The Rev. A. Porter pro- 
duced a fine Roman cameo, an Indian sardon3rx, found 
in the late Mr. Davis's garden at York, and represent- 
ing a youthful fawn. — ^Mr. O. Morgan exhibited a 
drawing of a beautiful Roman tesseuated pa^nement 
lately uncovered at Caerwent, and drew attention to 
its remarkable characteristics of the various fish of the 
district being represented upon it, the salmon and the 
eel being very apparent. Mr. Morgan also exhibited 
a c<mteau de chasse of the unusual length of nineteen 
inches, apparently of the sixteenth century. — ^Mr. F. 
Rudler sent a human vertebra with a flint arrow-head 
embedded in it. This highly interesting relic was 
found by Mr. Madge in a burial-mound near Copiapd^ 
ChUi. 

British ARCHiEOLocicAL Association. — May i8. 
—The Rev. S. M. Mayhew in the Chair.— The farther 
discovery of Roman articles in King's Arms Yard was 
announced by Mr. R. E. Way. — An ecclesiastical 
seal was exhibited by Mr. W. S. Smith. — Mr. L. 
Brock described a mould for casting pilgrims' signs 
recently found in Liquorpond Street. — ^The Chairman 
exhibited two remarkable figures in oak found in 
London, and several other objects of Saxon and later 
dates. — Mr. C. Sherbom described a dagger whidi, 
from its inscription, was one of those used b^ the 
twenty-five men who banded themselves together to 
avenge the murder of Sir E. Godfrey in 1678. — ^Mr. 
W. Myers exhibited a large collection of antiquarian 
objects. Among these were a gold zerf from Zanzi- 
bar, a gold statue of Bramah, some Irish ring money, 
a fine series of Egyptian articles, worked cones from 
Cissbury, and many flint instruments from Thebes and 
from Gouma in the desert. — A Paper was then read by 
Dr. Rhine on certain figures of wood, confessedly of 
remote antiquity, which have been found in Britain, 
Brittany, &c., at various periods. 

June I. — Earl Nelson m.the Chair. Mr. R. Blair 
described further discoveries at the Roman station, 
South Shields, and the Rev. Dr. Hooppell an 
inscribed tile found at Lincoln. — Mrs. R. Clay ex- 
hibited a gold beetle from Yucatan, said to live 
to a fabulous age. — Mr. Loftus Brock exhibited 
a great number of Greek and Asiatic headless 
penates in illustration of the custom still prevalent 
of destroying the heads when discovered, to pre- 
serve the finders, as* they suppose, from the evil 
eye. — Mr. H. Prigg described a Roman ring with an 
intaglio found at Bury St. Edmunds. — Mr. J. Brett 
reported the discovery of other Roman articles at Can- 
terbury, some of which were exhibited. — The Rev. S. 
M. Mayhew described a fine collection of glass vessds 
illustrative of the manufacture of that material from 
comparatively recent times backwards to a remote 
period. — Mr. H. Syer Cuming described a Saxon 
stone cross recently found during some repairs at 
Bolton Church, Lancashire. — A Paper was then read 
by Mr. Cuming on the representation of mermaids in 
various mediaeval works. 

London and Middlesex ARCHiGOLOGicAL 
Society.— Annual Meeting.— June 43.— The meeting 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



«S 



was held in the Council Chamber, Guildhall, tfafe 
Right Hon. William Mc Arthur, M.P., Lord Mayor, 
in the Chair. Some remarks were read by Mr. Alder- 
man Hanson, upon "Sir William Ashurst, Lonl 
Mayor, 1694." Motes on some of the Paintings and 
sculpture belonging to the Corporation, were given by 
Mr. J. R. Diocsee, curator of works of art to the 
Corporation. The civic re^ia were shown, and some 
account was given of their antiquity, by Mr. Ben- 
jamin Scott. The charters and early records of the 
Corporation were exhibited and explained by Sir Jolm 
B. Monckton, town clerk. Early examples of public 
and private seals from the time of Fitz Ailwvn, the 
first Lord Mayor in the reisi of Richard L, 1 189, were 
shown by Mr. J. A. Brand, Comptroller. The com- 
pany then proceeded to the old Exchequer Court, the 
Guildhall, and the Ciypt ; some of the most interesting 
features of the Hall, the restoration of Uie roof, &C.9 
were explained by Mr. Horace Jones. The Library 
and Museum were next visited ; an account of the 
former and its contents was read by Mr. W. H. 
Overall. 

Numismatic— May 19.— Mr. J. Evans, D.C.L., 
President, in the Chair. — Mr. A. Grant exhibited 
four tetradrachms, a drachm, and a hemidrachm of 
Hellodes, King of Bactria ; also five copper coins of 
the Sakas. — Mr. Durlacher exhibited a set of the 
different types of Queen Anne's farthings. — The 
Rev. C. Soames exhibited three small silver ancient 
British coins and one copper. ^<Mr. Krumbholz ex- 
hibited seventeen silver pennies of Edward the Con- 
fessor, of various types, mints, and moneyers. — Mr. 
H. S. Gill read a raper on some seventeenth century 
tokens of Devonshire. — M. H. Sauvaire communi- 
cated an article on an inedited fels of a prince of 
Sejest&n of the second branch of die Saffaride family. 

Philological. — May 20. — Anniversary Meeting. 
Mr. A. J. Ellis, President, in the Chair.— The Presi- 
dent read his annual address, principally on spelling 
reform. 

Friday, June 3.-— Mr. A. J. EUis, President, in the 
chair. The Paper read was '* History of English 
Sounds, Part III., with Some Etymologies,'* by Mr. 
H. Sweet. 

Royal Society op Literature. — Wednesday, 
May as.— Mr. Charles Clark, Q.C., in the Chair. 
Mr. C. Pfoundes read a Paper on "The Popular 
Literature of Old Japan," in which he gave an account 
of the ancient classical, poetical, middle-age, and 
modem literature of Japan, with the romances, folk- 
lore, and dramas, &c., current in that country. A 
number of specimens of Japanese books and drawings 
were exhibited, as well as photographs, in illustration 
of various Japanese customs. 

Society of Biblical ARCHiBOLocY.— June 7. — 
Dr. S. Birch, President, in the chair. Mr. Theo. G. 
Pinches read some remarks upon the recent discoveries 
of Mr. Rassam at Aboo-haboa.— The President com- 
municated some notes on the recently discovered 
Pyramid of Pepi (Sixth Dynasty) at Sakkara.— A 
Paper from Prof. E. L. Lushmgton, '^ On the St^le of 
Mentuhotep/' was read. A communication was read 
from Mr. H. H.Howorth, " WasPiankhi a Synonym 
for Sabako ? " 

St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society.— June 
II.— The members of this society visited Berkhamp- 



stead and were received by the rector, the Rev. J. W. 
Cobb, and by Canon Owen W. Davys, the latter of 
whom read an interesting Paper on the Church, in 
which he described the nne cruciform edifice, its fea- 
tures and monuments, and denounced the manner in 
which it is now being restored. The Grammar School, 
a Tudor structure of brick, was next seen, under the 
guidance of the head-master, the Rev. E. Bartiam. 
It was built in 1 541-2 by Dr. Tohn Quent, Principal 
of St. John's Brotherhood, Berkhampstead, and Dean 
of St. Paul's, London, on the site of the Brotherhood's 
house. The members afterwards visited Northdiurch 
St. Maiy, a small cruciform church about a mile from 
Berkhampstead, having the high deal pews, the west 
gallery, and a lath-and- plaster partition shutting off 
the east-end as a vestry, but about to be restored. 
The ruins of Berkhampstead Castle were next seen. 
They are now reduced to shapeless masses of masonry, 
and an artificial mount and traces of a bailey sur« 
rounded by walls, outer walls, vallum, rampart, and 
moat. 

PROVINCIAL. 

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. — 
May 9. — Professor Duns, D.D., Vice-President, in 
the Chair.— Mr. W. Jolly read a Paper on some cup- 
marked stones in the neighbouriiood of Inverness. 
They are all found on the south shores of the Moray . 
Firth, within a radius of twenty miles of Inverness. 
The carvings are generally of the simplest type — ^viz., 
plain shallow cups of varying size, sometimes sur- 
rounded by single rings, and occasionally with con< 
necting gutters. Some are connected with larger 
hollow basons carved in the stone. Tliey are mostly 
on sandstone, but occasionally in harder and unstrati- 
fied stones. The number of cups on single stones 
varies from one to one hundred and thirteen. They 
occur on stones connected witli standing circles and 
with chambered cairns, and on separate monoliths ; 
and for the first time in Scotland these sculpturings 
have been discovered in connection with churchyard, 
in which they have been utilized for monuments and 
gravestones. Mr. Jolly described with great minute- 
ness of detail a large number of cup-marked stones 
which are associated with chambered cairns at Qavai 
Culbimie, and Corriemony ; a still laiger number as- 
sociated with stone circles, or carved on the stones 
composing the circle, examples of which occur at 
Gask and Tordarroch in Strathnaim, at KUtarlity, 
near Beauly, &c. At Little Urchany, near Cawdor, 
Mr. Jolly found several cup-markings on a granite 
monolith forming one of the stones of a circle. Many 
were found on isolated stones. The largest of these 
is a stone called Clachmore, at Culnakirl^ Glen Urqu* 
hart. It is 16 feet long, above 9 feet broad, with an 
average thickness of i foot, and has on its upper sur- 
face no fewer than 113 cups, 20 of which are from 2^ 
to 4} inches diameter, and from \ inch to i| inch in 
depth, many of them being united by distinct grooves. 
Other stones similarly marked, though the markings 
are fewer in nimiber, were described from Clava, 
Moniack Castle, and at Kirkton, Bunchrew, which 
had been brought from Rhynie, Aberdeenshire. The 
most remarkable fact ascertained by Mr. Jolly was 
the occurrence of these cup-marked stones in several 
of the churchyards of the district, as in the old diarch- 



«« 



MMETTSeS OF AlTTlQUARiAN SOCIETIES, 



M Tl •fc-« 



MilkHlb 



yard of Barenm, at Cawdor ; in Braedich dnndi- 
yardy near Fort Geoi^ge Station ; in the dinrdmrd of 
bunlichity, and in that c^ Glencoorinth, near fieauly. 
Other Clipped stones, like St. Columba's font at 
Abriochan, seemed to haye been originally ecclesias- 
tical, and one at Dunlichity was used within the 
memoiy of persons living as a baptisnial Ibnt. 
Dnwii^ of no fewer than 65 stones 01 these Tarions 
classes were ediibtted. In connection with Mr. 
Jolly's Paper, the Rer. Dr. Joass^ of Gobpie, sent 
for exhibition to the meeting a cast of a cup-nutfked 
stone recently foond at Dnuobin, and statecl that he 
only knew of live snch stones in Satheriand« Pro- 
fessor Duns read a notice of stone implements ftom 
Shedand, some of whidi were foond on the site of an 
eaily settlement adjacent to ^e church and manse of 
Mam, Cuiiiiwsbui)pi, br Kev. George Clerk. A large 
and beautifimy-finished celt, found at the opening of 
a quarry in that neighbourhood, was also exhibited 
and described.*— The Chairman aJso read a communi- 
cation from Captain W. Gillon, describing a pair of 
iron shears and a hone-stone which he had found on 
the site of the crannog at Lodilea, near Kilmamock, 
and which he presented to the national collection. 
He also described a polished celt found in the Bum 
of Need, parish of Som, Ayrshire, and presented to 
the national collection by Mr. James Gall through 
Captain Gillon. 

BATLET ANTIQtTARIAN SOCIETY.— May 28.— The 
Society paid a visit to Thomhill Church, tor the pur- 
pose of mspecting the many objects of antiquity in and 
about the dburch and grounds. They were received 
by the Rev. Mr. Greenside, the curate, who conducted 
them through the church, and rectoiy grounds, and 
explained to them the various objects of interest. 
The visitors were most interested in the Savile Chapel, 
whldi has been the burial-place of the Savfles for 
more than four centuries. The three stones hi the 
rectoiy grounds, with Roman inscriptions, were 
viewed with some interest It has been ascertained 
that two of these stones are the work of the sixth to 
the ninth centuries, and the other of the ninth 
century, and they were all in a good state of preser* 
vation. 

Cambridge Antiquarian Society.— May 16. — 
Prof. Hughes, F.S.A., President, in the Chair. — Mr. 
Jenkinson gave a prelimhiary notice of excavations in 
the Roman and Saxon Cemetery at Girton Collie, 
and exhibited specimens of the objects discovered. 
The Saxon remains consisted chiefly of sepulchral 
urns. In the urns were found burnt human bones, 
with fibulse, beads, &c., much injured by fire, and 
bone combs, or pieces of comb, which, as well as the 
bronze tweezers which sometimes occurred with them, 
showed no signs of burning. A lajrer of stones often 
covered the graves; and the rectangular outline of 
many of these stones, as well as the fact that they were 
oolite, and must have been brought from a distance, 
suggested that some Roman builoing had furnished 
the materials ; and a mass of cement with a Roman 
brick imbedded in it, which lay at tiie head of one 
grave, gave further confirmation of this theory. The 
urns were often covered with pieces of similar stone, 
and occasionally with a piece of Roman tile. The 
Roman remains were almost all found in two square 
chambers, which appear to have been buried lx>xes. 



the nails, and portions of the wood adjacent to them, 
.marking the outline clearly enough. — Dr. Peaisom 
exhibited to the Society a view of the earthen ram- 
part or lines of Perekop, at the Isthmus leading into 
the Crimea, taken from Pallas's TVavds in SouAam 
Hmssitt. It was shown as a salient example of the 
ancient dvkes, one of which was ascribed to 0&, 
Kins of the Mercians. 

MajT^a — ^Axmnal Meetmg. — Prol Hughes, F.S»A.. 
in the Chair. — A communication was read from Sir P. 
Colqnhoon on the true site of Dodona. — Mr. Brown- 
ing made a oommunication on a Keltiberian inscrip- 
tion. When visiting the theatre of Sagnntnm on 
April 16^ 1881, Mr. Browning found, imbedded in 
the pmcenium, a number of stone tablets, with Roman 
inscriptions; anumg them was a stone, carved carefolly 
and exactly with strange characters. ProtSayce wrote 
from Oxford that the mscription is in the character of 
the so-called Keltiberian alphabet, only partially de- 
ciphered as yet by the help of a few bilmgual coins, 
and he gave a reading of the inscription according to 
the alphabet at present accepted. — Mr. W. B. Red- 
£urn exhibited and described a collection of mediseval 
nmrs, a fifteenth century soUeret, " i la pouhune," 
for the left foot; three stirrups in chased and per- 
forated iron, probably for a mule, sixteenth century, 
and a ctirious antique horseshoe recently dug up near 
Park Side. — Mr. O. Browning exhibited and de- 
scribed a sixteenth century Italian spur, from 
Scnrgola. — ^Mr. Beck exhibited and described four 
specimens of copper ring-money, used by the livei^ 
pool merchants m tracing with the natives on the 
West Coast of Afnca ; sixteen silver-gilt studa of 
Gothic work, forming parts of various mediseval belts 
worn in Iceland ; three antique silver-gilt filagree ball 
pendants, from which are suspended representations 
of the Crucifixion and of St. George and the Dragon. 
—Mr. Bidwell exhibited a red Romano-British terra 
cotta vase, and a fragment of a paUra in 5^mM^ 
ware, and of a mortarium^ all which had lately been 
found in St. Mary's parish, Ely, about one mile 
north-west from the Cathedral, and at the depth of one 
foot below the surface. 

Isle of Man Natural History and Anti- 
quarian Society.— April 5. — The Rev. William 
Kermode in the Chair. — The Rev. £. B. Savaf^ read 
the Paper on "Notes on the Parish Register of 
Kirk Michael, Isle of Man." The registers of Kirk 
Michael begin with the year 1610, but the first entry 
is a transcript from the original, explained by the 
following note at the be^iiming : — ** The ola Re- 
gister Book being abused m the Parliament's time 
was forced to be transcribed and ye same being 
written on bad paper severall names have been lost 
and as many as were legible are transcribed in 
this Book which was bought upon ye parish charge 
by ye wardens and the^vicar. Mr. Norris then m 
being in ye year of our Lord God 1712. Price 
;^oo 07s. dod.'' Curiously enough, the baptisms con- 
tinue yearly " in the Parliament's time," though sadly 
fallen off in numbers ; but the burials register is an 
entire blank from 1653 to 1663. The marriages con- 
tinue r^^larly from 1656; but, as a sign of disturbed 
times, we find against 1658 " none maryd,'' and only 
three couples in 1659, and those all between the 
i6th and aand of November. Much interesting in- 



MEETINGS OF AWTIQUAXIAN SOCIETIES. 



•7 



fofmatioa was giren ; and as an iUnstration of the 
state of agricalture in the parish nearly a century ago 
the foUowing is worthy of record : — ''In Deer. 
17959 A y^ ^'^^ impamuled to report what quantity 
of grain and potatoes was in all the parishes^ when it 
was found there were, in Kirk Michael, of rye^ 13 
boUs, 7 kishens ; barley, 863 boUs, a ki&hens ; oates» 
I,a33 bolls, 5 kishens ; potatoes, 1,323 bolls, 14 




bought 132 kishens-^that is, aboat /l a boll ; and 
in 1822, 'Price of a Bon of Barley left to ye Poor tnr 
Patrick Ndson B'rennr, £1 u. a/.' "—The Rev. W. 
Kearmode exhibited ana remarked upon some remains 
of cinerary urns that had been found in the neigh- 
boorhood of BaUaugh.—Tbe Rer. R. Brearey eud- 
bited some fine ceUs, which came from the same 
neighbourhood. 



BENJAMIN FILLON. 
[DitdMay, 1881. 

This distingiished historian, aiehseologist, and 
munismatist died at Paris at the end of May. To hi* 
leMarches Michelet and Louis Blanc were both iiH 
debted for documents, but it is chiefly on account of 
his remarkable discoveries in ceramic history that his 
Mine will live. Some of the most exquisite specimens 
of the potter's art have for years gone by the name of 
"Henri Deux Ware." About eighty pieces are 
known to be in existence* and each of these is valued 
at an enormous sum — in fact, to be the possessor of 
one of these pieces is in itself a distinction. Until 
lately neither the artist who designed the ware nor the 
place where it was manufactured were known. The 
riddle was solved by M. Fillon. M. Jacauamart has 
<iinitten :— " Guided by a happy conformity of facts, 
and by that intuition peculiar to true archaeologists, 
M. Fulon repaired to Oiron, persuaded beforehand 
that he should find there the real and irrefragable 
elements of the history of the pottery of Henry II., 
and, as he anticipated, proofs of every kind accumu- 
lated before him, and the discovery was made." Since 
the publication of M. Fillon's pamphlet on the subject 
in 1862, X\a»poterie de luxe has been known as Ouron 
Ware. M. Mlon also discovered Bernard Palissjy's 
manuscript, Le Dnnn de la Graiie des Tuileries^ which 
is now in the National Library, Paris. He made im- 
portant collections of objects of art, ancient jewelry, 
and prehistoric arms, some of which were shown at 
the Exhibition of 187a 



BfAXIMILIEN PAUL EMILE LITTRE. 
Bom February i, 1801, died June ^, 1881. 

It is not often that the scientific and literary careers 
are united so intimately in one man as was the case 
with M. Littr^, whose recent death is a loss not 
merely to France bat to all Europe. Before the pub- 



lication of the DkHcnnaire de la Lomgue ftmn^ia^ 
which has covered his name with glory, he hadalrobdj 
attained to a European fame. His edition of the wom 
of Hippocrates, which contained the original and * 
translation, occupied him for thirty years, and proved 
his life-long interest in the stttdy of medicine, although 
circumstances had prevented him from taking his 
doctor's des^ and from practishig fai the profession 
he had originally chosen. As one of those who car- 
ried on the contmuation of the Benedictine Histoire 
Litteraire de France, as a contributor to ih» Journal 
des Savants, and as a brilliant writer in the jfevue des 
Deux Mondts^ he was preparing for years for the great 
work of his life. It is haraly possible to mention the 
French Dictionary without enthusiasm, and it must 
ever remain a marvel of labour. The scientific method 
which he had learnt early in life stood him in good 
stead, and as he also possessed immense learning and 
good taste, he managed in a compaiativelv short time 
to produce for France the finest linguistic dictionary 
ever published. Of his political and religious views 
we need not speak here, and it is only necessaiy to 
say that he was a member of the Acad6mie des In- 
saiptions et Belles Lettres and also of the Acad^nie 
Fran^aiie. 

GEORGE ROLLESTON, M.D., F.R.S. 
Bom 1899^ died June \^ 1881. 

Althoqgh Dr. Rolleston*s fiune was chiefly scienti- 
fic (as a most eminent biologist) his loss will be deeply 
regretted by the archaeological world. He was a 
leader among the small band of men who feel a vital 
interest in the antiquarianism (so to speak) of science. 
Twenty years ago tliis party hardly existed, but now 
it has grown to be an ever-increasing power. His 
death will leave a gap in Ghdbrd society, and in scien- 
tific circles generally the absence of his striking figure 
will be keemy felt. Dr. Rolleston was bom at Maltby, 
in Yorkshire; was educated at Gainsborough and 
Sheffield, and, after a distinguished career at Oxford 
(he was placed in the First Class in Classics in 1850), 
became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1 851. 
After studying medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospi- 
tal, he went to Sm]nma as assistant physician to tne 
British Civil Hospital during the Cnmean war. On 
returning he was appointed assistant-physician to the 
Children's Hospital in London, in 1857 ; and Iq the 
same year was recalled to Oxford to succeed Dr. 
Acland as Lee's Reader in Anatomy at Christ Church, 
when that gentleman became R^us Professor oi 
Medicine. In i860 he was appointed to the newly- 
founded chair of anatomy ana physiology as the first 
Linacre Professor. He was elected Fellow of the 
Royal Society in 1862, and Fellow of Merton College 
in 1872. He filled the office of member of the Coun- 
cil of the University until his death. He represented 
Oxford in the General Medical Council, and was at 
the same time one of the most active and valuaUe 
members of the Oxford Local Board. He was the 
author of an outline of zoological classification, based 
upon anatomical investigation, and entitled The Form 
of Animal Life, and he also contributed to Canon 
Greenwell's British Barrows, His writings are^ 
however, chiefly to be found in the T>mMKihni of 



a8 



OBITUARY. 



\ 



the Royal, Linnean, and Zoological Societies in the 
Archaoh^ia^ and in the joomius of the Geographical 
Society, the Odontological Society, and the British 
Association. 



fv, %-'*'» 



Hntiquarian fievp0. 

A G>nmss of Kdtiberian antiquaries is to be held 
at Madrid next antomn. 

A new work on Waltham Abbey, Tery copiously 
illustrated with engravings, is announced by Mr. Elliot 
Stock for inunediate publication. 

We are happy to learn that under the will of the 
late Mr. Henry Dodd, Mr. W. Roach Smith has a 
legacy (XT ;f 500 bequeathed him. 

We believe that the second volume of the Hengrvrt 
MSS.t Id^ unfinished through the lamented death of. 
Canon WilHams, will be completed by the Rev. D. 
Silvan Evans. 

A large number of old Roman coins have been dis- 
covered in excavating for a new drive in course of 
construction at Baron-nill, the Anglesey seat of Sir 
R. Williams-Bulkeley, Bart. 

A statue has recently been found in a mound on the 
Egyptian Government railway line. It is believed to 
be 4,568 years old ; and, if this is confirmed, it will 
probably be one of the oldest known statues in the 
world. 

The annual meeting of the Somersetshire Archaeolo- 
gical and Natural History Society will be held this 
year at Clevedon, conmiencingon the 23rd and ending 
on the 26th of August. The president for the year 
is Mr. A. H. Elton, and the local honorary secretary 
Mr. F. Dickinson. 

Mr. Joseph Crawhall is about to publish anew 
edition, limited to 100 copies, of " The Compleatest 
Angling Booke that ever was writ.'' The book was 
originally published in 1 859, and deals with the history, 
legends, poetry, and practice of angling, being en* 
riched by admirable etchings, woodcuts, &c. 

The Society for Photographing Relics of Old 
London have, by the kindness of Colonel Th3mne, 
been enabled to secure a series of photo^phs of the 
interior of Ashbumham House^ Little Dean's Yard, 
Westminster. The views comprise the celebrated 
staircase and other features of this &mous work of 
Inigo Jones. 

We understand that, in answer to the correspondence 
which has recently appeared in a contemporary con- 
cerning the desirabihty of a Church Year Book being 
issued, Mr. Elliot Stock will publish annually The 
Year Book of the Church, and that the work will be 
edited by Mr. Charles Mackeson, the compiler of 
7^ Guide to the Churches of London, 

Mr. A. P. AUsopp, of Hindlip Hall, Worcester, is 
preparing a dictionary of the words and phrases in 
use at the different public schools, such as Charter- 
house, Eton, Harrow, Marlborough, Rugby, Shrews- 
bury, Westminster, and Winchester. Mr. AUsopp 



will be grateful for any communications on the sub- 
ject from our readers. 

The City Church and Churchyard Protectioii 
Society (President, the Rig^t Hon. the Earl of 
Devon) held its second annual meetii^ on ThursdaY, 
the 33rd June, the Lord Mayor in the Chair. The 
Society is supported by many influential men, and it 
is hoped that those interested in the City churches 
will become membos. No subseription is demanded 
by the Society. 

Lambeth Palace and Us Associations is the title of a 
work now preparing for publication by the Rev. J. 
Cave-Browne, M.A. It will give a detailed aocount 
of the architectual features of the palace, the roiwaH 
the collections of MSS., the portraits of the Arch- 
bishops, and other interesting historical subjects con- 
nected with this important centre of Anglican chorch 
history. 

Mr. Francis T. Dollman has just published, by 
subscription, a work on "The Pnory Church of St. 
MaryOverie, Southwark," generally known as the 
parish church of St Saviour. The book is illustrated 
oy plates in photo-lithography, containing plans, dera- 
tions, sections, details of the architectitfal features of 
this church as it existed prior to the alterations of the 
1 8th and 19th centuries. 

The workmen lately engaged in the demolition of 
an old bouse belonging to Mr. Nash, at Wilton, came 
upon a fine specimen of plaster frieze-work of the 
17th century. It was carefully removed and forwarded 
to the Museum at the Castle, where a section of it wiU 
be preserved. Underneath the frieze were a number 
of panels, one bearing the date 161 5, and another a 
rather rudely-executed hunting-scene. Two cyther 
panels were found. 

During the alterations at the church of Burgfa-by- 
Sands several curious carved stones have turned up^ 
apparently fragments of the chancel arch, which muft 
have had a massive double cable inoulding. A small 
Roman altar has also been found, on which is an 
inscription, the expansion of which would seem to be 
' ' Marti Belatucadro Saneto." Altars to Belatuouler, 
or Mars Balatucader, are not uncommon along the 
Roman WaU. Balatucader was a local deity pro- 
bably akin to Baal. 

At the Easter vestry meeting of Prestwich the 
question as to the practicability of bolting up and 
otherwise repairing tne tower of the parish church, so 
as to make it permanently sound and good, was dis- 
cussed. After a long discussion, however, a resolu- 
tion was passed to pull down the tower to its 
foundations and rebuild it, using the old material as 
far as possible, and keeping to the existing design. 
This is to be regretted on antiquarian ground^but 
there seems to be no help for it. 

The ancient custom which has been observed at 
Tissington from time immemorial of adcMning once a 
year the villap^e wells with artistic floral designs, was 
celebrated with all the established observances on 
last Ascension Day. The usual procession took 
place, at each of the five wells, one or other of the 
three Psalms for the day, pr the Epistle or Gcopel 
being read, and an appropriate hyian sung, llie 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



29 



wells are named the Hall Well, Hand's Well, Coffin 
Well, Town Well, Yew-tree WeU. 

The ancient parish church of Wedmore, after 
having undergone thorough restoration, has been re- 
opened. The restoration of the church has been 
carried out under the direction of Mr. Feny, and care 
has been taken to preserve and restore all that is old 
and interestinfi[, without adding anything which can 
be designated modem architecture. The principal 
work interesting to antiquaries, includes new roofs to 
the nave and ch^ocel, relajringand levelling the floors, 
replacing of open oak benches for the old high-backed 
pews, strippmg the walls of their whitewash and 
jellow-ochre coverings, and exposing to view the 
native stone, which has been carefully pointed. 

The City Corporation have purchased from the 
executors of the late Mr. T. W. Baily, his collection 
of Roman, Romano-British, Mediaeval, and other 
antiquities found in the City from 1863 to 1872. The 
chainnan of the Library Committee stated that the 
conmiittee had taken great pains to ascertain the 
intrinsic and historical value of the relics, and they 
could testify that this was the most valuable collection 
of antiquities connected with the City ever found. 
They were all labelled and numbered, together with 
the best description obtainable. There were 2,100 
articles in the collection, including hundreds of Roman 
and Saxon coins. Among the members of the Cor- 
poration who spoke strongly in support of the pur- 
chase, were Mr. £. Dresser Rogers, Mr. Judd, and 
Sir J. C. Lawrence. 

An Exhibition of Ecclesiastical Art will be held at 
Newcastleon-T3me, during the Meeting of the Church 
Congress, from Obtober 3 to 8. The Exhibition will 
include articles of every description used in the build- 
ing and adornment of churches, or in connection with 
• the services thereof— stone and wood carving, stained 
glass, brass and metal work, gold and silver plate, 
bells, embroidery, tapestry, organs and harmoniums, 
church chairs, mosaics, &c., a large gallery being set 
apart for the display of cartoons, designs, pictures, 
architectural drawings, &c. It has been decided to 
admit also all kinds of school appliances, books, &c., 
useful in the furtherance of education. There will be 
alsK) an extensive loan collection of pictures, photo* 
graphs, designs (old and new), embroidery, carvings, 
and objects of ecclesiastical art generally. Applica- 
tions for space, or permission to exhibit, should be 
addressed to Mr. J. Hart, Manager, Ecclesiastical Art 
Exhibition, 33, Southampton Strand, London, W.C.; 
or G. J. Baguley, Esq., 45, Carliol Street, Newcastle. 

The Council of the Society of Arts have just 
erected six new memorial tablets on houses which are 
of historic interest, as having been occupied by cele- 
brated men. These china plaques will now be found 
on the front of 15, Buckingham Street, Strand, 
where Peter the Great lived for a short time ; on 25 
Arlington Street, for many years the residence of the 
£unous Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walp>ole ; on 14, 
Savile Row, where Sheridan lived ; on 35, St Mar- 
tin's Street, Leicester Square, for some time Sir Isaac 
Newton's home ; on 36, Castle Street, Oxford Street, 
where James Barry, the painter, received the states- 
Bum, tf urke ; and on ^1 Iieicester Square, a new 



building, occupied by Archbishop Tenison's school, 
which stands on the site of Hc^garth's home. With 
r^ard to the tablet to Peter the Great, in Buckingham 
Street, we may note the suggestion of the Builder Ho^ 
the opposite house, supposed to be the one that 
Samuel Pepys lived in for some years, should be 
marked by the Society. 

A remarkable instance of the revival of old customs 
occurred on May 2, at Whitelands Training Collie, 
when prizes, given by Mr. Ruskin (which consisted 
of twenty-seven volumes of his works, handsomdy 
bound), were presented to students by the hand of the 
May Queen. After a service in the chapel, the 
students, wearing garlands, and each carrying a bunch 
of flowers, assembled in the training-room, for the 
purpose of selecting the •* Queen of the May." The 
t^rindpal (the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe) read a part of 
Tenn3^n's "May Queen," and then the Queen was 
chosen by the votes of all the students from amongst 
the juniors. She retired to be arrayed in her queenly 
rob^ and the students arranged themselves on each 
side of the corridor awaiting her re-appearance as 
Queen. She was preceded l^ six girls carrying the 
^ts, and accompanied by three maids-of-honour. 
The students then closed up, and formed the proces* 
sion back to the training-room, where the Queen her- 
self received an elegant gold cross, with a May blossom 
design on it, and a gold chain, also presents from Mr. 
Ruskin. 

Some remarkably high prices were given for English 
coins at a five days* sale of the collection of Mr. 
Halliburton Young, of Lee, Kent. A penny of 
Alfred sold for £,\\ 15s. ; a penny of E<^vard the 
Elder, £^ 5s. ; a pexmy of Athelstan, £^ 7s. 6d. ; a 
penny of Hardicanute, struck at Exeter, £,1 7s. ; a 
penny of Henry I., struck at Southwark,Z5 los. ; a 
groat of Edmund I., ^5 los. ; a gold noble of Henry 
IV.,>£'i4 5s.; a shilling of Henry VII., ;f 12 ; the 
** Setim " groat of Henry VII., ;f 13, a rare coin, the 
only other being in the British Museum ; a gold double 
rial of Henry vll. , ;f 26 ; a George noble of Henry 
VIII., jf 25 los. ; a noble or rial of Mary, gold, £10 
105.; a silver crown-piece of Elizabeth, £*i 2s. 6d. ; a 
pattern penny of Elizabeth, £^ 5s. ; a pattern half- 
penny of Elizabeth, ;£^5 5s. ; a portculus crown of 
Elizabeth, ;^I2 ; a gold rial of Elizabeth, jf 13 los. ; 
a silver crown of James I., ;£'7 7s. ; a fifteen-shilling 
piece of James I., Z14 ; a silver pound-piece of 
Charles I., Oxford, ^37 ; a half-crown, Charles I., 
Exeter, ;^32 ; a Commonwealth half-crown sold for 
£2*1 ; a shilling, pattern piece, of fine work, £^^ los. ; 
and a two-shifiing piece of Cromwell, £1^, 

Some interesting coins have lately been discovered 
along the Kafirarian coast opposite the spot where the 
East Indiaman the Grosvenor was wrecked in August, 
1782. There is little doubt that the coins formedjpart 
of the cargo of the vessel, or of the personal diects 
of some persons on board. Among Uie coins is one 
of silver, evidently one of the native pieces of mo^ey 
in use in India before the English conquest. There 
is another coin of gold, in an excellent state of pre- 
servation, apparently a sequin of the Venetian Re- 
pubUc. On one side is represented the f^;ure of St. 
Mark, the patron saint ot Venice, handing a long 
cross-headed staff to the I>oge, who kneels baore him 



30 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



anmjred in Um ducal robea^ and wearing the well- 
known iHFettA. Behind the figure of the saint is the 
inscription "S. M. Venet" Abore the head of the 
Doge is the inscription ^ Dux," and bdiind is the 
abbreviated name Jpui Comal''— the Senator who 
presided over the Kepublic at the time when the 
coin was issued. On the other side of the coin is a 
figure, probablv intended for that of Christ| enclosed 
in an oval bonfer of ttan» aioond which b the follow- 
ing inscription^ " Duca. sit. L XPI. dat q. tu. rSgii. 
isti." 

Presiding at a Whitsuntide Eisteddfod at Allt Ddu» 
near PwUheli, Mr. Justice Watkin WUliams said :— 
" Of late vean the English have ceased to laugh at 
and ridicule the Eisteddfod, and I htux of attempts 
being made to introduce it amongst the workuag 
classes of England. But the EngTidi have not yet 
ceased to poke their fim at the WeUh, and we have 
sometimes to hear, with as good a grace as we can, 
that — 

^Tafliy is a Welshman, 

Tafiyisathief; 
Tafiy came to my house, 

And stole a piece of bee£* 
But we, in our turn, are not without a riiyme upon 
them, though not written by ourselves. I do not know 
whether you are aware that to this day, just as Uie 
English call the Irishman 'Paddjr,' and the Welsh- 
man ' Tafiy,' so in a certain province of France the 
name for an Englishman is ' God-dam,* taken from 
their proverbial habit of swearing, and this is what 
the Frenchman says of the EngliSman : 

' The Englishman is a very bad man. 
He drink the beer and he steal the can ; 
He kiss the wife and then heat the man. 
And the Englishman is a very God-dam.' " 

Mr. J. Arthur Elliott (late Coldstream Guards), 
writing to the 7VW/ with reference to the recent cele- 
bration of the anniversary of the formation of the 
regiment of Grenadier Guards, says : — ** The Grena- 
dier Guards was first raised in the year 1657, vidien 
the loyal English who shared King Charles's eule were 
formed into six regiments, the first of which was called 
the 'Royal Regiment of Guards.' This force veas 
subsequently disbanded through the inability of the 
King to mamtain it, but in the year of the Kestora- 
tion, i660y the ' Roval Regiment of Guards ' was re- 
enrolled and unitea with the 'King's Redmentof 
Guards,' raised by Colonel Russell, an old lo^dist 
officer, for the purpose of escorting the King of Eng- 
land. Thus the Grenadier (a title accorded to it after 
Waterloo) or ist Regiment of Foot Guards has 221 
years of existence duitii^ from 1660, when <m its 
arrival in London it was brigaded with Monk's Cold- 
streamers {raised in 1650) and the Soots Fusiliers, the 
three £unous regiments haying now been a brigade of 
Guards ibr the long period of 221 years. ' Tria Juncta 
in Uno ' is the motto of the Brigade of Guards, and 
for all practical purposes it is one regiment, thou^ 
each corps has immortalized itself in its own way m 
every great battle where the honour of our country 
was at stake." A subsequent writer points out that 
the Royal Regiment of Guards was not disbanded faj 
Charles IL, but that it was quartered at Dunkirx 
vnder Lord Wentwordi. 



The parish chmch of St Marf,|Bitteri^, wai i»- 
opened after restoration on May 04* The canrch is a 

substantial stone building with a square tower, and is 
believed to date from thowlatter half of tiie ♦*^*r^if'th 
century. One or more of the bells was cast in tiie 
reim m Edwaxd I. The land on this side of tfie Clee 
HiU tiien belonged to, or was held under, Walter de 
Clifford f&ther of '' Fair Rosamond "), as die inhabi- 
tants atthat time had to pay a fee from ever/ faoose 
to Walter de Clifford's foresters of a hen at Chiisflbmasi 
and five eggs at Easter. The restocation fs^ we aie 
assured, properiy done, making the present diurdi 
identical m snape and aooommodation with the oiigiaal 
diurch. But to accomplish this how much intenne« 
diate histonr has been destroyed ? The nordi wallhat 
been entirely rebuilt, the north aisle and large axch- 
have been removed, and the floor has been lowered 
two feet The souare tower has been rebuilt from 
the foundation wim a spire, and the roof covered with 
oak shinglesi and the nne Norman arch between the 
tower and nave has been restored, and a porch added. 
The stone font in this church is one of the oldest in • 
the county. The cross in the dmrchyaid is one of 
the finest relics of its kind in the county, beu^ sym- 
metrical and proportionate^ and having tnie remains of 
fine sculpture at the top. It stands on a base Ibniied 
of three steps, in which is a squarepedimentt from 
which the graceful shaft brings. This cross is said 
to have been saved firom the vandalism of Croiuwelf s 
soldiers by being buried in the churdiyard. 

The work of restoration at St Albans Abbcj is 
still in progress, both at the western and eastern ends 
of the fabnc At the extreme east the stone mnUions 
and tracery are iust finished for the large window of 
painted glass which is about to be presented to the 
Lady Chapel by the Corporation of^ London. The 
western front — the work of the Abbots de Celln and 
Trumpington — which has long been in an nnsaris 
factory and almost dangarous state, is being rapidly 
"restored" by Sir Edmund Beckett, who^ itishopeiC 
will proceed upon the old lines. The Early English CA- 
. trance porches are, we understand, to be presesved 
intact, or at all events to be restored stone bv alone ; 
but the great perpendicular west window, the woik 
of Abbott Wheathamstead, is about to give plaoe fee 
a new window of a decorated pattern, the oost of 
whidi will be borne by Sir F.dmnnd 
The Law Timis states that Eari Cowper, 
under the advice of the Attomey-Goieral, has 
mitted to pay the subscription of /f 500 which ke 
promised towards the restoration* It appeals die 
Eari had promised this sum to the Faculty Commit- 
tee in 1877. He had paid no portion of it until die 
Committee had not only done the work, to which he 
did not object but had also restored the orif^nal hlMi 
roof, in r^;ard to which a controversjr had occnnedi 
when he had taken an active part against the Faculty 
Committee. Lord Cowper then refused to pay any 
of his subscription on that grouiid« and so p^fn^fed in 
his defence to the action. 

It is proposed to start a Pali Text Society on 
the model of the Early-EngUsh Text Sodety, in 
order to render accessible to students the rich 
stores of the earliest Buddhist literature now lyii^ 
'"""^*^^ and practically nnvsed in the ▼anovt 



ANTIQUARIAN NBWS. 



%i 



MSS. scattered throughout the iniblic and univer- 
sity libraries of Europe. The Society looks forward 
to publishing the whole of the texts of the Pali 
Pitakas. Prof. FausboU, having completed thA 
Dhammapoda, is already far advanced with his edition 
of the Utaka bo<^ the longest of the texts of the 
Sutta Piilakas ; and Dr. Oldenburg has the Vinaya 
Pi/aka well in hand. The project has been most 
heartily welcomed by scholars throughout Europe. 
It is proposed to include in the Society's series those 
of the more important of the earlier Jain and un* 
canonical Buddhist texts which may be expected to 
throw light on the religious movement out of which 
the Pi/akas also arose. Analyses in English of the 
published Texts, Introductions to them, Catalogiies 
of MSS., Indices, Glossaries, pmd Notes and Queries 
on early Buddhist historv, will appear firom time to 
time in the Society's puolicalions* The snlncription 
to the Society will be one guinea a-year, or five 
guineas for six years, due in advance : and no chai]|e 
will be made for postage. Those who wish to jom 
in this important undertaking should at once send 
their subscriptions to the hon. secretary (Mr. U. B. 
Brodribb, 3, E^ck Court, Temple, £.C.), as the 
work cannot proceed until a certam sum is in hand. 

The work of exploring the Roman Villa near 
Blading ia now proceeding with undiminished interest 
and spirit. One of the new chambers excavated has 
at its south-western comer an apse of 6 ft. diameter, 
and at its north-eastern end a deep pit or well. This 
seems to have been formed without steining out of 
the bard sandstone, is about 4 ft. in diameter, and 
has been excavated to a depth of 25 ft. At a depth 
of 14 ft. the skeleton of a young person was discovered, 
which presented in several b^nes the appearance of 
severe injury during life. The well also yielded a 
huge number of tiles, in perfectly unbroken condition, 
of various sizes from 8 m. to 22 in. square. These 
had probably formed part of the flooring of the room. 
Many are marked with designs formed oy drawing a 
comb along the sur&ce of the tile when soft or by the 
fingers of operators. One tile, 17 in. square, after 
having been elaborately ornamented by a comb along 
the sides and diagonally across, and then with a circle 
round the centre, was turned by the workman while 
still soft on to his right hand, and bears deeply im- 
pressed over the elaborate pattern a cast of that hand. 
Another, one of tiie 22 in. size, was walked over by the 
naked feet of one workman and the hob-nailed sandals 
of others, and in like manner bears a cast of both feet, 
from the ball of the great toe to that of the heel. The 
series of coins from Sevems (a.d. 922) to Constans 
(A.D. 350) has been rendered complete by the dis- 
oovery of one of Magnentius (A.D. 250), who was the 
only missing Emperor of the series. These condu- 
sivcly fix the af^roximate dates of the erection and 
occupatioD of the buildings. 



v->r^^v 



Corre0pon^ence. 

HOPE CHURCH, DERBYSHIRE. 

As one of the quaintest and oldest churches in the 
Peak of Derbyshire is in imminent danger of beiii^ 



subjected to a proc^ of ''restoration,*' which, if 
carried out, will destroy for ever the greater part of 
its historical interest, a brief account of it may be 
acceptable to the reaoers of The Antiquary. 

So widespread has been die destruction committed 
by churchwardens, '' beandfier^" bucodic meddlers, 
and (I am ashamed to add) by clergymen, who, in 
order to introduce some novelty which n|ay rouse the 
flagging energies of waning congregations, have not 
scrupleu to imdce holocausts of priceless memorials of 
antiquity, that an unrestored or an unmutilated church 
is fast becoming a rarity. Until quite recently, how- 
ever, there mi^t have been found a few diui^ies in 
the less frequented parts of Derbyshire whidi re- 
mained free from stained deal and blue slatea. 
Amongst those few Hope Chnrth v& still uninjural. 
It is a church which poKesses that nameless chann of 
antiqui^ which can hardly find ei^>re68ion in words. 
To a faithftd student of history, it is a place to reveal 
visions of a village HamcKden, ot a Roger de 
Coverley, and of the stout-hearted yeoman of the 
dales, 

" cui pauca relicti 
Tugera raris erant, nee fertilis ilia juvencis." 



It is a place in which are blended tc^ether the 
memories and associations of many ages, ft suggests, 
in a moment, that solemn service of the ancient 
Church which Cardinal Newman has called the 
"evocation of the Eternal." A grim picture of 
Death at the north wall of the nave reminds the 
beholder of Puritan severity or Calvinistic g^oom. 

In the chancel is a monumental brass, bearing a 
full-length figure of Henry Balguy, Esq., in a pointed 
hat, doublet, and breeches, having a pen in the rieht 
hand and a book in the 1^. It also bears a shidd, 
charged with the arms of the family, namely. Or, 
three lozenges, azure. Upon it is the mscription : — 

A MVNDO ABLACTANS OCVLOS TAMBN IPSE 

REFLECTO 
SPBRNO FLKNS VITIIS LENE SOPORS CADO. 

WAINED FROM THE WORLD VPON IT YET I 

PEEPE 
DISDAIN E IT WEEPE FOR SINNE AND SWEETLY 
SLEEPE 

QVI IMO 
HIC JACET HENRICVS BALGAY OBUT DEC 
TIMO 
SEP DIE 
MARTU ANNO DOMINI 16S5 

CEEIMO TIMO 
ANNO ^ETATIS SViE SEPTVA SEP 
CVJVS PECCATA PER CHRISTVM CONDON 
ANTVR. AMEN. 

The ancient family of Balgny, of whom John Balguy, 
Esq., the well-known police magistrate at Greenwidii 
is the present representative^ were long resident in' 
the Peak at Hope Hall, Aston Hall, Derwent Hall, 
and Rowlee, and held Xvc^ possessions there. 
There are two wooden tablets in the east wall of the 
north transept, of which the following are copies :— 

The Rev<*. Mr. Jacob Creswell 
Vicar. Robert Ba^y, 
Josefdi Eyre, Robeit tkald 



32 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



churchwardens Ellis 
Woodroofe, darke. 

Churchwarden* for y* 
year 1661. John Shalcross 
Esq' Robert Eyre, Esq' 
Henry Balguy Gent"^ 

A carved oak chair, which is said to have 
belonged to Uie village schoolmaster, and which 
is now within the communion-rails, bears the some- 
what mysterious inscription: Ex torto Hgno non 
fit Mercurius, This inscription, as well as that on 
the Balguy monument, will cause the reader to think 
that the art of writing Latin verses and Latin 
apophthegms had been ^t impeifectly understood in 
the Peeik since the time when Hobbes the philosopher 
wrote his hexameters, De Mirabilibus Pecci, 

Hope Hall is now the village inn ; and, though it 
has been greatly mutilated, some of the old rooms 
remain nearly in their original condition of two cen- 
turies ago. Framed in the panelling of the walls are 
a few pictures, which were doubtless put there by the 
Balguys. Tliey are very much faded. One of them 
represents the Visit to Danae by Zeus in the Shower 
of Gold. Heniy Balguy carried on the profession of 
law in North Derbydme, where, judging from entries 
in the Diary of Adam Eyre, his practice must have 
been extensive. He is said to have possessed an in- 
ordinate love of ** filthy lucre." When he died, a chest 
of his was said to have been found so tightly packed 
with guineas that they could only be got out with great 
difficulty. To him Danae in the Golden Shower, a 
picture painted doubtless by his order, would be a 
pleasant subject to dwell upon. Dozing in his panelled 
parlour, after the day's work was done, he might 
dream of the showers of gold falling upon him from 
his many clients. Possibly there is a touch of irony 
in the inscription above his tomb, which, as we have 
seen, describes him as weaning his eyes from the world, 
and yet peeping upon it. 

The pews in the church are all of unvarnished and, 
happily, impainted oak. They bear the names, with 
dates, of the parishioners who have occupied them 
since the time of George I. The descendants of many 
of the gentry and yeomen who occupied them still 
remain in Uie neighbourhood. The class of yeomen 
has not died out so quickly in the north as in other 
parts of England. That love of the soil, which was 
once so universal in this country, is not yet dead in 
the dales of the Peak. The men of north-west 
Derbyshire are a thrifty race, and they hujp; their 
paternal acres with a more than ordinary affection. 
Railways have not reached them, and old customs 
linger, as they are wont to do, in mountain fastnesses. 
Yet even into these peaceful solitudes the Ritualist, 
who calls himself aesthetic, has entered, with his 
vami^-pot, his stained deal, and his gingerbread 
fiimsiness ; and local architects — ^more skilled in build- 
ing factory chimneys and "jerried" ricks of bricks 
than the dwellinc-places of a refined religion — are 
nothing loth to destroy the picturesque and silent 
witnesses of deeds and of lives which have made 
this country what it is, and to pocket their five per 
cent. 

I have given but a faint outline of the interior of 
Hope Church, and have left the imaginative and 



sympathetic reader to fill up the picture. Bat, in 
Older to give a finishing touch to my sketch, 
and to show how modem Vandals propose to deal 
with the well-built and venerable cnancel of this 
church, with all its ancient memorials of the past, 
and to "dash down its carven work with axes and 
hammers," I will quote an extract from^ letter which 
has lately appeared in the Sheffidd Daily Tdegrafh. 
Writing about a contemplated destruction of the 
chancd^ of this church on the 5th April, 1881, some 
Goth of a churchwarden says : — 

" The east end— call it a chancel if you please — is but 
an ugly excrescence, out of all proportion and fdiarac- 
ter with the church proper, and like a blister upon 
the face of beau^, a cheap appendage to an other- 
wise pretty church. The extenor effect is as though 
some farmer had been allowed to run up a giaiury 
close to the east end of this grand ola historical 
church. The true desecration of Hope Church was 
when this abomination was allowed." 

"This abomination" was built in the fifteenth ceih 
tury, in the prevailing Perpendicular style. It was 
slightly repaired by the Dean and Chapter of Lidi- 
field, as an inscription states, in 1620. It is replete 
with carved oal^, and contains many coats of aims. 
It has an almery, piscina, stone sedilia, &c. These 
last are "miserable relics of Romish errors," which 
the churchwarden whose published opinion I have 
quoted makes no secret tnat he would destroy. A 
few years ago two ancient altar-slabs were discoverel 
in the church of Egam, which is near Hope, and is 
well known as the place to which the Great Plague of 
London was brought down in a box of clothes. They 
bore the marks of consecration, and were inmiediately 
pounded to pieces as remnants of Pwish idolatry. 
This happened in the seventh decade of our boasted 
hineteentn century. If a few more such examples as 
these should meet the eye of Sir John Lubbock, he 
might be prevailed upon to include churches in his 
BiU for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments. 

S. O. Addy, M.A. 



ARCHi^OLOGICAL SOCIETIES. 

In Mr. Roach Smith's CoiUcianta Antigua, voL 
vii. part 4, is a notice of the life of hb friend Mr. 
Thomas Wright, w^lich I understand has been largely 
circulated separately. The chief event in this life was 
the split in the Archaeological Society, which at the 
end of the first year was divided into the " Institute" 
and "Association." 

No one who knows the character of Mr. Roach Smith 
will doubt that this account is a fair and honest one, 
so far as his information goes ; but he is acouainted 
with one side of the question only. I am perhaps the 
only person now living who is necessarily acquainted 
witn both sides ; he represents, or, as 1 should say, 
misrepresents, that the Institute split off from the 
Association. That the reverse was the fact can I think 
be easily demonstrated. The "Journal" of the Insti- 
tute begins a year earlier than that of the Association, 
and in the sixth number, or in the middle of the 
second volume of the " Journal of the Institute" is an 
authentic account of the meeting of the Committee^ 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



33 



in which the Maiqais of Northampton, who had 
been President of the Society from the beginnings 
said that so much pablic inconvenience arose from 
there being two "Sim<m Pores'' in the field— two 
Societies calling themselves by the, same name, that it 
was desirable to make some anangement bvwhidi 
they might be distinguished one from the oUier. It 
wasthenfore necessary to make some arrangement 
finr that purpose, and as the section at the he^d of 
which were Messrs. Pettigrew, Wright, and others, 
refused to make any change, it was Ixtter to let Uiem 
continue to have the name of the Association, keep- 
ing ourselves the ''Journal" in our own hands, wim 
the name of Archaeological. The minutes of the Com- 
mittee for the first year are, and always have been, in 
the hands of the Secretary of the Institute. 

The first general meeting was held at Canterbury, 
where Professor Willis gpive his admirable lectures 
(since published) of the history of that cathedral, and 
he continued year after vear to pve his lectures on the 
different cathedrals to the Institute. It became evi- 
dent at Canteibunr that the Society consisted of two 
distinct classes ot persons — the one, gentlemen cf 
property and amateurs of Archaeology, who ifdshed 
to have opportunities of communicating to others the 
information that they had collected, that it mig^t not 
die with them, as had frequently been the case with 
many of their friends. The other party consisted of 
professional Archaeologists, and this party wanted to 
set up poor old John Britton as the Inder of the 
Architectural department, in the place of Professor 
Willis. Any one who will compare the lettopress df 
Brittonis Archittctural ArUijuUies with Willirs Lec- 
tures win see the absurdity of this, and it made 
Willis's friends angry. 

The Society was originally established on a some- 
what romantic basis, j^ere was to be no subscription ; 
members only pledged themselves to take m the 
" Journal," of which there were to be four quarteriv 
numbers, which were to cost ten shillings a year ; all 
the writers and officers of the Society were to be 
volunteers. Mr. Wrisht volunteovd to act as editor 
of the Journal under Mr. Albert Way, who was the 
Seoretary of the Society, and who was also Director 
of the Society of Antiauaries, and a well-known anti- 
ouary of the his^est class. He volunteered to make 
tne drawings ; he was one of the best artists of his 
time for articles of virtu. The great mistake that 
was made, that is now evident, was in not making 
Mr. Wrieht the paid sub-editor, a very necessary 
person who must be paid for his woric. On this 
original plan 2000 names were obtained by the end of 
the first year. 

Mr. Way arranged with me to be the publisher, and 
to pay all expenses of printing engraving, and adver- 
tismg ; and part of his plan vras, that after a few 
years, the woodcuts, whicn were engraved by Orlando 
Jewitt chiefly from Mr. Way's drawings, should be 
collected into elementary volumes on different sub- 
jects, similar to my Glossary of ArcAiUcture, which 
Aad then been recently published and was vefy 
popular. Considerable sums were subscribed by the 
friends of Lord Northampton and Mr. Way towards 
paymg the expenses of the woodcuts (but this was 
Garried off by Mr. Pettigrew as Treasurer to the 
AMOciation), as most pec^le saw that loi; a year could 

VOL. IV. 



not pay for these with other expenses. When the 
accounts were made up at the ena of the first year it 
was found that there was no profit, as the preliminary 
expenses necessary in starting a new society and a 
new journal had swallowed up all the receipts, as any 
publidier of experience woula have said was naturally 
to be qcpected. Mr. Wright's friends were very 
indignant at this, as th^ had calculated upon paying 
him out of- profits. When the split took place the 
Society was divide as neariy as possible into half and 
half. I had 3,000 subscribons to the Toumal for the 
first year, and only 1,000 the second, because the 
Pettigrew party had started a journal of their own 
with a subKription of a guinea a year. 

I carried on the Journal and the annual volumes of 
Proceedings the first five years at my own expense, in 
the expectation that the split must come to an end ; 
and as I had been an enthusiastic Architectural 
Antiquarv from mv boyhood, I waa not willing to 

g've up the Journal, but as I had carried it on at a 
svy loss I could not afford to go on with it, and the 
Institute was then obliged to have an annual sub- 
scription of a guinea also. Their Journal has always 
been continued to the present time, and some years 
since they obtained the Rovid patronage. Unfor- 
tunately Mr. Wright or one ot his mends was a writer 
in tibe Ttmis ; consequently a veiy one-sided account 
of the split was given in that paper, and it was only 
quite recently tluit the ^mes has inserted any notices 
whatever of"^ the proceedings of the Institute. For 
years it gave full accounts of the proceedings of 
the Assodation, but ignored the existence of the 
Institute, and numbers of persons have been deceived 
in that manner, and have neard or read only one side 
of tiie question. 

I do not think that Mr. Roach Smith's one-sided 
story should go down to posterity as the true history 
of the split, and as I have no doubt that The 
Antiquary wishes to be impartial in the hbtory of 
this now old story, I trust you will admit this counter- 
statement. 

John Hxnrt PaekeRi C.B. 

Athenaeum Club. 



TRADITIONS ABOUT OLD BUILDINGS. 

(iii. 8, 188.) 

In his interesting remarks on the above subject, 
introduced by Mr. Gomme, the Rev. W. S. Lach- 
Szyrma refers to the Cornish proverb, "Like the 
Mayor of Marketjew, sitting in his own light," as 
having originated from a tradition that the Majror of 
that town used to sit in a window of the Town-hall. 
I find that Mr. Hunt, in his Romafua asid Drolls nf 
the West of Ewfand^ gives another origin to tlie 
proverb, wnich, however, he renders, '* Standing like 
the Mayor of Marketjew, in hb own light." He tells 
us that a mayor of tlus town, who was also a brewer, 
was accustomed, whenever he had to settle disputes 
between persons, to lock them up in the brewery and 
give them as much beer as they cared to drink, and 
Siere keep them until they became firiends. This 
beim; so^ we can earily imagine that he never had 
xuoSl beer to sell, and though he might have been 

D 



34 



CORRBSPONDBNCE. 



reckoned a .very gpod mayor, was oertainly* as a 
brewer, "standing in his own light." 

Of tnulitions connected with ancient boildincs theze 
are several in Devoo^ire, and a collection of theae^ 
together with, those existinp; in other counties, wonldy 
indeed, be of interest To mention a fbw, we find 
that the church of Pljmpton St. Mary has connected 
with it the ItpaaA so frequently attached to ecclesiastical 
buildings, of the removal bjf thf enemy of mankind of 
the buikUn|[ materials by night, from the spot chosen 
for its erection, to another at some distance ; and the 
little church on Brent Tor, a lofry conical hill on the 
north-western borders of Dartmoor, has % omiliar 
tradition told ren>o:ting it ; but in this instancy 
instead of the site oeing chlnged from high ground to 
lower, as is the case with Plympton St. Mary, it is 
the opposite, for it is said that it was intended to bmld 
the church at the foot of the Tor, whereas it is now on 
the summit. There is also another tradition con- 
nected with this church, its erection on such a curious 
spot being due, we are told, to the fulfilment of a 
vow. The founder of this little sanctuary was in 
great danger of shipwreck, and vowed that if spared 
to reach the shore he would build a church on the 
first point of land he should bdiold. This happened 
to be Brent Tor, and he lost no time in fulfilling his 
promise to his patron, St. Michael, to whom the 
little shrine is dedicated. The church at Braunton is 
stated to have been built by St. Branock, who was 
directed in a dream to erect it on the spot where he 
should first meet a sow with a litter of youns^ ones. 
There is an ancient carving on the panel ot a seat 
in the church representing a litter oi pigs. There 
are also several stories told in connection with the 
church of Widdecombe-in-the-Moor, and the church 
of Buckfristleigh. This latter is btdlt on an eminence, 
and is approached on one side by a fli^t of steps, 
195 in number. The tradition told respectinfi" the 
church of Stoke Gabriel is " quaint and curious," and 
many others might be given. 

That this subject should receive attention is certainly 
to be desired. 

WiLXJAM Crossing. 

Splatton, South Brent, Devon. 



Readers of Mr. Gomme's Paper may be glad to 
have their attention called to two other examples 
of the class of superstitions mentioned therein. 

(i.) A correspondent, writing under the signature 
" Derroydd," to the Wrexham Advertuer of A^ 
16, 1 881, gives the following account of a tradition 
connected with the present site of Wrexham Parish 
Church : — " After Christianity was introduced to this 
country it became necessary to have churches built, 
and when that question came before the inhabitants 
of this locality, according to tradition, Biyn-y- 
ffynnon was the spot fixed upon, and the work was 
begun in earnest ; but, owing to something, believed 
then to be supernatural, what ii^iis built m the day 
was thrown down in the night, and caused much 
alarm and fear among the mhabitants. At last, 
x'aliant and sturdy men were found with sufficient 
courage to watdi and see whether the walls were 
thrown down by an invisible being, or by a being 
possessing flesh and bones like themselves. While 



thus watching^ the walls that wtere built the day bcioic 
were thrown down, and the watchmen were unable to 
see any being near them ; baft immediatelirafterwaids 
they fancied there was something hovering over tfacir 
heads, which repeatedly cried ' Brpi-y-gxo^' with 
no other explanation. .... When thew xelated 
next morning what had taken place in the nig^ it 
was dedded at once that Biyn-y-grog was the pboe 
the church was to be built upon. £yn-y-grog was 
then the name of the place where the auirdi noir 
stands, but was in the possession of a pencm that was 
unwilling to part with the inheritance of his fiitbeES ; 
but upon heflffing of the mysterious being ctyiqg in tile 
air, JndifBtfing the place where the dmrch wms to be 
built, his heut was mdted, and he aneed to giie 19 
possession upon condition that anodier plaoe was 
provided for nim instead ; and the present £i7n-y-gipg 
was given him instead^ and he carried die name witE 
himuiere." 

(3.) A curious tradition bdoogs also to the d» 
tached Tower of the Church of West Walton» Nodblky 
near Wisbech. At the Meetmg of the Britiib 
Association in 187S, Mr. Peckover tiius deacribed 
this tradition: — "During the early days of thit 
Church the Fenmen were very wicked, and the Evil 
Spirit hired a number of peofde to cairy the tower 
away. They set it well on their shooldcny but oodd 
not get it over the church^rard wall, and they na 
round and round with it until they found theinsfl ve s 
unable to get it out of consecrated ground at all, and 
so they left it at the gate." 

Alfred N. Paliouu 

3, Ar-y-bryn Terrace, Wrexham. 



CHURCH BRIEFS. 
(iil 167, 218.) 

By way of supplement to my firiend Mr. Bond's 
interesting papen, wiU you allow me tosay tfaatbricfr 
were finaUy abolished by an Act passed in i8a8 (9 
Gea IV. c. 42) ? In introdudngthe Bill on theitait 
of the Government, Sir Robert Peel called attention 
to the abuses connected with the mtem, and to the 
smallness of the sums collected. Kefernng to Bv 
liamentary returns issued in May, 1819, and Joac^ 
1827, I find, for instance, that iht warn of £u^ 
was collected for a casualty at Windifoid Biook^ biit 
the sufferers only benefited to the extent of £voi^ 
Upon a brief for Carlisle (dated i8l8);f 197 was ool' 
lected, but the net proceeds amonnted to £1% onty. 
In another case;(24 was all that wasleftontof jfiio^ 
and a brief for repairing Wrockwardme Chmch, 
issued in 1818, produced ue magnificent son of jfar 
shillings / But there are worse cases than this, the 
result being occasionally a balance on the wrong sidcb 
The expenses were very great, generally anionntiqg 
to ;f 1 50 for "collector's stUai7,''and about j^for 
"expenses of patent." The number printed 
appears to have been uniformly 10^800 in the case of 
church Inriefs, and 11,500 for nre brieb. When the 
collection was made from house to house the instni- 
ment was called a ''walking bii^" and Aldennan 
Wood, during the debate on the introdnction of die 
BiU for abdidiing brieisi gave a lively accoutit of the 



i 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



35 



way in which people were teased out of their monej 
by chnichwaroeiis attended by goigeoas beadles and 
other parochial officers. Abont twelve briefe per 
annnm were issued during the first quarter of the 
present oentoiy. 

For a lon£ period it seems to have been understood 
that collect&ns in church, except for the poor of the 
parish, were, strictly speakmg, noteicactly legal, unless 
made under Royal authority, or under statute. We 
find, accordingly, that the Society for the Promotion 
of Christian &nowledee, and the Society for the Pro- 
pagation of the GospeT— established in 1698 and 1701 
re^)ectively— were specially empowered by Royal 
Cnarter to collect money for their several objects. 
The Act wb^tik abolished briefe also incoiporated and 
conferred special powers upon the Church Building 
Society, the Sovereign bein^ constituted the patron. 
Tor many years a sort of informal brief called ^ 
" Boyal Letter,'' was issued trienniallv on behalf of 
tile Church BiUlding Society, and perfaa^ for other 
objects as well, but the practice was discontinued 
about twenty-five years ago. That date marks, I 
bdieve, the final cessation of formal letters recom* 
nendatory firom the Sovereign to her subjects c^ any 
particular charitable woric. 

Further Infonnation on the subject may be found 
in Walfind's Insuranct Cychpadia ; in the Parliamen- 
tary Returns Nos. 327, 328 (1819); Na 52J. (1837); 

in Hmuard for the year 1828. 



and in the debates 



Richard B. Prosssil 



MACAULAY'S MARGINALIA. 

I lately acquired possession of a little book which 
once stood on Macaulay's shelves, and contains half- 
a-dozen lines written by him in pencil on the back of 
the fixmtispiece* The booklet, consisting of Gtom 
BarringUnCs Z^ (London 1 R. Barker, 1791); Hi 
New FesHvalof Wit TLondon : Printed for R, Rusted, 
If.D.) ; and Lee's Call Again T»-monvw, a collection 
cf songs TLondon: J. Lee, N.D.), is'ouite shabby 
cnoDgli to nave come out ofany of Macanla^sBethnal 
Green bookstalls, and is inter^ting as an illustratioii 
both of his Marginalia and love of ballads. The 
pencil note runs as follows ^— "Most astounding to 
note that Clazke's lines on the inscription above the 
Richmond family vanlt at Chidiester Cathedral are at 
page 27 attributed to Barrington.** The text on the 
pagecUed, after recording George Barrington's visk 
to Chiches t e r Cathedral, where he saw the family 
yanlt of the Dukes of Richmond with its inscription 
*'Domus Ultimay'^ continues i-—" On this, the follow- 
litf epigram is said to have been written by him, 
wmch Deing not destitute of merit, in that agreeable 
species of composition, is here given. 

Did he who thus inscribed this wall ^ 
Not read or not believe St. Panl? f 
Who says, ''There is, where-e'er it stands, , 
Another house not made with hands :" 
Or shall we gather, from these words. 
That Afiwe is not a Aouse of Lords ?^ 

The Clarice, whom Macanlay rightly credits with the 
aatboishtp of these lines, was Ur* W. Clarice, one of 
tlie Resuentiazy Canons of Chichester, the author of 
a book on cofaia. It was in the year 1750 that the 



Chapel of Our Lady was granted to the 3rd Duke of 
Richmond as a mausoleum for his family. 

PRRCEyAL Clark. 



>>-•'. /^5^>«,i, 



FIELD-NAMES. 

Field-names are so liable to be compted beyond 
all recognition that without an accurate knowledge of 
tiieir position, and of the local pronunciation, it is 
dangerous to give an opinion as to their derivaticm 
and meaning. Slang, Croft, and the suffix Ley, are, 
however, common field-names ; while Hey, firom the 
Norman Haia, hedge, denotes an enclosure ; thus Ox 
Hey, the Ox's indosure ; He]^urst» the enclosed 
Hurst In the fidd named Cftrr, I ^ould look for 
traces of a camp (British, Caer) ; and in Camafield, 
I should expect to see a heap of stones (British, Gam). 
There is a place in Hereforoshire called Red Door, a 
corruption of Rhyd Drur (British), Ford of the water; 
and perfai4>s Red Jurr may have the same ori^.' 
Copy is a veiy common coiruption of Coppice. 
Shaqplers isjperaaps a distortion o( the A. S. Scei^pa 
leys, sheep fields. Crook often proves to be the JBr. 
Craig-rocK ; and Cock, the Br. Cawc, a hollow. 
Bredbnry has a first cousin in Herefordshire^ in the 
shape of Bredenbary. 

M. Bryan Hay. 



A,V/ } 



GREEN THE COLOUR OF LOVERS* 

(iii. 191. 336.) 

Why " Green, indeed, is the colour of lovers" is 
explained wiUi exquisite felicity by Calderon : — 

Lo verde dice esperanza 
Que es d mas immenso bien 
Ddamor. 

Green is, in iact» correctly speakings the colour of 
Hope. In early ecclesiastical Art it had no other 
sienificance than this. Dante gives green wings and 
rooes to the aneels who came out of the bosom of 
Maiy to the sous in Purgatory : 

E vidi usdr dell* alto, e soender giue 

Due angeU con due spade affixate 
Tronche e private delle punte sue. 

Verdi, come fogliette pur mo nate, 

Erano in veste, che da verdi penne 
Peroosse traean dietro e ventilate. 

In modem Italian folk-lore Green is strictly asso- 
ciated with Hope. It figures in a tragic Mentonese 
^wg:— 

Oh ! Sab^ bela Sabi ! 
V* invio a ra noassa. 
— A e noasse non vago pa 
Anerai a ra dansa. 
-^ Se a ra dansa vo vene 
Viestevo tota in bianca. 
Ra bela s'en va viestt 
lyuna c(»6 darmanta : 
Se roblu vaben, 

O W9ld Au TBJpifWfMit 



36 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



A o primo COS de tambour 
A bek intra in dansa, 
A o legQiid ooa de tambour 
A bda tomba moarta. 

There are variants of this song in ProTence and dse- 
where. The mental process by which the colour got 
its bad name is not mipossible to guess at : havmg 
been recognized as the badge of Uie unfulfilledt it 
came to be connected with afUUiptUion^ bad as well as 
cood. It would, however, be interesting to trace 
Uic stages through which it passed. Readers of The 
Antiquary will remember Chaucei's ballad^ 
" Against women unconstant,** with the recurrent 
line — 

*' Instead of Uue^ thus may ye wear dU green,** 

EVKLYN CAR&INOTON. 



FELLEY AND BEAUVALE ABBEYS. 

Last April I visited, with a friend of mine, Felley 
Abbey, in Nottinghamshire. It is situated in the 
parish of Annesley, about a mile and a half south- 
west of the old parish church, a hundred yards east 
of the Derby road. The remains which we found 
consisted of a building now* used as a farm-house, 
erected apparently in the sixteenth century ; a con* 
siderable number of long stone walls ranging from 
three to five feet high ; fragments of two Norman 
pillars, &c. The house, which is very picturesque, 
contains several points of interest One of its prin- 
cipal chimneys is singularly quaint and even beauti- 
ful in its design. T^e wsdls, which are very thick, 
are pierced with broad, low windows, with stone 
mullions. There are several pieces of carving to be 
seen, of great interest. In the north wall of the 
present garden, and facing southwards, is inserted a 
piscina. This wall appears to be the oldest portion 
of the buildings, and runs east and west some twenty 
yards north of the house. It apoears to stand on the 
site of one of the arcades of the chapel, since we 
found blocked up in it tlie portions of pillars before 
alluded to. Some eight feet north of this wall there 
runs a shorter wall pa^lel to it, but not extending so 
far east. These two walls are connected at their 
western extremity by a third wall, all of them stand- 
ing some eight feet high. This, I imagine, must have 
been part of the north aisle of the chapel. The first- 
mentioned wall is continued eastward, and is carried 
round so as to enclose about two acres of land east of 
the present house. In thb enclosure we saw what 
was probably the abbey fishpond, lying about a 
hundred yards from the house. 

A few days after we visited the site of the abbey of 
Bcauvale, which lies about three miles west of Huckp 
nail Torkard. Leaving the high road about two 
miles from the town, we crosseri some fields, and 
getting upon a colUerr line, walked about another 
mile, when we reached a very secluded and pretty 
little vale. Down in the hollow on the right of the 
line, we found all that is left of what was, perhaps, 
once a considerable monastery. It consists of a low 
stone building, now used as a cow-house, and about 
which we could discover nothing of particular in- 
terest. In the field luljoining^ which was enclosed by 



a long stone wall, we noticed a good many hillocks 
and depressioiis in the ground mggestive of wall 
foundations. 

Is there no Society in Nottinghamshire wliidi 
would undertake to expose to view the foondatians 
of both these monastic establishments ? It ia ooite 
possible that beneath the green sod, undisturbed for 
centuries, may be hid many things of interest to the 
antiquarian and ecclesiological student. 

F.T. BftARSH. 

St Mary's Qeigy-hoiue^ Sntton-in-Ashfield. 



(\.x^'i 



PATENS AND CHALICES IN COFFINS. 

(iii. 47.) 
Sir H. Diyden asks for notes on the coslom of 

burying a chialice and paten in the coffins of eode- 
astics, and for instances. The following from mj 
MS. Note-book may be of some interest : — 

" Among these chalices we must distinguish • • . • 
the /ufteral cAalues^ mostly small, and of worthleai 
metal, which were accustomed to be put into the 
grave with the bishops as a special kind of travelling 
chalice. Such a grave or sepulchral cup of the 
eleventh century, which was found in the tomb of 
the Bishop Frederick of Mfinster (who died 1084)^ 
is preserved in the Mauritius Church at Miinster. 
Quite ymd of ornament, and only of brass, it is worthy 
of notice on account of the noble manner of its 
membering. On the foot we see the engraved 
cross, whKh, being the s^ of consecration^ most not 
be wanting in any mass chalice. Another grave cap, 
of irregular and rougher form, found in the tomb of 
Bishop Hezilo (died 1079), is shown in the Cathednl 
at Hildersheim {Ecclesioftical Art in Germany dmrmg 
the Middle Ages, by Dr. Wilhelm Likbke;, translated 
bv L. A. Wheatley ; and edition ; Edinbnigfa, Jad[, 

1873)- • 

1. York Minster. In the Penny Pi^st Mamim 
for August, 1872 (p. 218), is a caroul engravuig of 
three chalices and patens, found at various times, 11 
the coffins opened in York Minster. Archhidiap 
Melton, of York, died 1340, and was interred near 
the font in the north aisle of the Minster. About the 
year 1730 Drake saw his tomb opened. ** On the 
top of the uppermost coffin, near his breast, stood a 
silver chalice and paten, which had been gilt. On 
the foot of the chalice was stampt a crucifix of bo 
mean workmanship, and on the inside of the paten a 
hand giving the benediction ... .his pastoral staff 
was l^ his side, but no ring was found .... the 
chalice and paten were carried to the vestry. His 
grey hairs were pretty fresh" (Fasti Ebor,^ vol. i. in 
436). 

2. Kirkwall. In the Catalogue of Antiquities in 
National Mitseum of Edinhoro^ (edit. 1876^ p. 158): 
" 14 J. Head of a crozier in oak, and chalice and 
paten in wax, from the tomb of Bishop lliomas 
Tulloch, 141S-1461 ; from the tomb in Kirkwall 
Cathedral," in 1848. 

3. Worcester. A chalice and paten weic 
found in the grave of Walter de Cantuupe^ Bidwp 
of Worcester, ob. 1266. The chalice was stolen, hat 
the silver paten is preserved at the Deanery, Wonoester. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



yi 



4. Hereford. Several instances were discorered 
here bvthe late Dean Merewether. He published 
particulars of the case of Chancellor Swinfield's tomb 
(A.D. 1297) ; and a full account of Bishop Swinfield*s 
tomb, opened in 1861, is given in Fasti Herefordenses 
(4to, 1869). 

5. LiNCOur. A stone coffin, containing the re- 
mains of a corpse in good preservation, was found at 
the east end of Lincoln Cathedral. A chalice and 
the remains of a staff were found with the body. 
The cross on the coffin-lid appears to indicate by its 
form that the coffin was that of an archbishop. A 
full account of this discoveiy and contents of coffin 
appear in Archaologia (vol. i. p. 53), Sepulchral Slabs 
and Crossa^ Cutts (p. 78). 

6. Exeter. " In rela3ring the floor of the choir, in 
August, 1763, a large slab was removed from a very 
shallow walled grave, in which lay a leaden coffin, of 
ancient make and six feet long. The upper part was 
partly decayed ; the skeleton was nearly entire. On 
the right side stood a small chalice covered with a 
paten, and a piece of silk or linen was round the stem. 
Amongst the dust was discovered a fidr gold ring, 
with a laige sapphire, and on the left were some 
fragments of a wooden crozier. The remains were 
respectfully covered in, Imt the ring and chalice are 
preserved in the Chapter House." (Oliver's Lives of 
the Bishops of Exeter, ) A sketch of chalice, paten 
and ring are given in the Transactions of the Ejceter 
Diocesan Architectural Society. Bytton was Bishop 
of Exeter 1992- 1307. 

7. Tewkesbury. The tomb of Alanus, Abbot of 
Tewkesbury, ob, 1202, when opened, contained, on 
the right side of his skeleton, a plain crozier of wood, 
neatly turned ; the top gilded, with a cross cut in it, 

5 feet II inches long ; on the left side a fragment of • 
achidice. {Archaolcfgiaf vol. xiv. 152.) 

8. Evesham. In excavations on the site of the 
Abbey of Evesham, cirea 18 10-1820, the tomb of 
Henry of Worcester, Abbot of Evesham {ob. 1263), 
was found and opened. A crozier was found on the 
right side^ and a chalice and paten of pewter, fallen 
<mt of the left hand, lying across the breast. 
{Archadogia, vol. xx. 568.) 

9. In CSlEAX Church, Surrey, during the removal 
of the <Ad tower, a stone coffin was discovered, seven 
inches below the level of the floor. The coffiin con- 
tained the remains, possibly, of one of the rectors of 
Cheam as early as the thirteenth centunr. A pewter 
dudice and paten were found on the le/t-hand side of 
the • skull, apparently in the original position, &c. 
{Archetoiogical Journal, No. 83, 1565, p. 92.) 

la During excavation in Kirry-Ukberdale 
Church, among other things discovered were " the 
pewter chalice and paten in the stone coffin of a 
former rector." (Guardian circa 1872.) 

11. Charlewood Church, Surrey. An instance 
found in the graveyard of this church is related in 
Arehaolo^al journal (vol. xviiu p. 276). 

12. SL Mary Mag^ene, Doncaster. During the 
removal of the remains of this bnildinf, which were 
found embedded in the walls of the oM Town Hall, 
the following discoveiy was made : — A dceleton, 
without any traces of coffin, lay immediately under 
the high altar, and held a dialice between the fore- 
finger and thumb of the right hand. The bowl of 



the chalice was of oval shape, with an inner lid, and 
over it a raised cover — the paten, said to have been 
lead, probably pewter. (History of St, Mary Magdalen 
Church, Doncaster, Rev. J. E.Jackson, pp. 35-36.) 

13. £p worth. In September, 1880, during some 
alterations of the floor of^ the church at Epworth, a 
coffin, without a lid, was found, containing a skeleton 
of a full-grown person — ^probably that of a former 
parish priest— with a chalice and paten of pewter (?) 
lying on the breast. In a paragraph recording this 
in THE Antiquary (1880, November, p. 225), the 
skeleton is spoken of as *' apparently of a woman.*' 
Thb error is probably caused by the discoveri^ in the 
same coffin, of the bones of an infant also. The pre- 
sence of these latter is easily accoimted for by the 
£Gict that the coffin was without a lid, and many other 
burials had taken place in the same part of the 
church. 

See also Bloxam's Monumental Architecture (1834). 

F, ROYSTON Fairbank, M.D, 

Doncaster. 



I have in mv possession a miniature chalice found 
on the breast o^ no doubt, a priest, buried in a stone 
coffin in the north transept of the Abbey Church of 
Hexham, in Northumberland. It is of copper about 
^ of an inch thick, and has been strongly gilt, a great 
part of the gilding still remaining. Total height, 
2iin., diameter of bowl the same. The bowl is 
hembpherical, i} in., including beaded ring round its 
base ; the stem spherical, | of an inch ; the foot 
a s^iment of a sphere, also | of an inch, flattened out 
\ of an inch at the bottom. This very interesting 
relic came to light during a '* restoration " of the 
Abbey in i860, when, alas ! much that was " old " 
was swept away, and much that is new was badly 
done. Up to that time the Abbey possessed a " Lady 
Chapel,'* across, and opening from, the east end of 
the choir, now removea boduy. I can remember the 
ancient altar slab Ipng^in the pavement in front of the 
modem Communion Table, a noble stone upwards of 
nine feet long, with its Ave cross-crosslets. It has 
vanished, probably broken up», as the "old materials" 
became the property of the contractors. Since then 
another restoration has taken place, more ckreful, and 
principally of the north transept, but the area <^ the 
choir having been cleared for congregational seating, 
" Prior Richard's shrine," with its little altar in situ, 
the ancient '* Frith-stool*' or sanctuary chair, and 
other monuments of antiquity, have been relegated to 
bye- comers. The wooden rood-screen, painted with 
6gures of saints, priors, and Dance of Death, happily 
remains in its place ; and the glorious j^ly English 
transepts, the Saxon crypt i^nth Roman slabs, and 
other architectural features, leave Hexham still well 
worthy of a special pilgrimage to the antiquary. 

W. Featherstonhaugh. 

Edmundbyers R^ Co. Durham. 



The only instance that I know of in Suffolk was at 
St. John% Dunwich, taken down about 1540. Under 
a large stone in the chancel was found a stone coffin 
in which was the corpse of a man having on his legs 
" boots picked like Cndu>ws," and on his breast stood 



38 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



two chalices of coarse metal. He is supposed to have 
been a Bishop of Dunwich. 

H. W. Birch. 
Ipswich. 



THE BUCKENHAM FAMILY. 

For some time past, my attention has been directed 
to investigations connected with the origin of the 
Four Buckenhams in Norfolk, as well as that of the 
Buckenham family. 

I was much pleased to see in your issue of March last, 
page 132, Professor Stephen's muling of the inscrip- 
tion on the Runic stone, found at Broughs com- 
mencing, *'INGALANG IN BUCKENHOME," 
the date of which he sets down about A.D. 550-600. 

I find in the Rev. Isaac Taylor's "Words and 
Places,*' that the Roman Emperor Valentinian, in 
A.D. 371, sent over to Britain a tribe of the Allemanni 
(opposite Mayence), viz., the Bucinobantes, and he 
aftirms that they settled in Norfolk, and were in all 
probability the founders of the Four Buckenhams. 
The same theory is maintained b^ Haigh, and pro- 
bably both have derived their opimons from the frag- 
mentary History of Ammianus Marcellinus, who, 
though giving a full account of the Bucinobantes, 
does not mention the Buckenhams. 

After the arrival of the Bucinobantes in Norfolk, 
their individuality seems to have been lost, for, as fiir 
as I have hitherto endeavoured to trace their after- 
movements, my efforts have been unsuccessfuL 

I should indeed feel much obliged if vou, or any 
one of your correspondents, would kindly give me 
any information in r^;ard to the histoiy of this family 
during the Saxon period — ^viz., from A.D, 371, or 
mention the titles of any books, MSS., &c, that I 
mi^t consult, in order to throw light on the subject. 

Their history is clear from the date of the Nomuin 
Conquest, indeed from a date anterior to that, 
A.D. 1043, and we have completed the pedigree of the 
family from that date ; save that there is a gap of 
about half a century back, from a.d. 1718. 

Thos. C. Newall, B.A. 

13 Little Queen Street, W.C. 



{\^»y 



TEWKESBURY ABBEY & CRANBORNE. 

The early and dose connection which subsisted 
between the Prioiy of Cranbonie and the Abbey of 
Tewkesbury has ^ven me, who am a native of the 
former place, an mterest in the history of the latter 
ancient foundation ; hence I have md Dr. Havman's 
*' Historical Memoritf" (vol.L pp.9,55,97)soab]yand 
instructively set forth in your pages, widi the liveliest 
sentiments of eratification ; but, as truth is our object, 
I trust he willpardon me if I make an observation or 
two on what seems to me to be an erroneous statement 
in his Paper. It is not, however, an error of Dr. Hay- 
man's own, but is found in a passage which he quotes 
from Mr.Blunt's •* Histoiyof the AlS)ey," a work which 
has not come under my notice. The passage to which 
I allude (p. 58) refers to Brihtric, who is said to have 
been " seized in his chapel at Hanley, about three 
miles from Cranbome Abb^ (where be had perhaps 



fled for sanctuary), on the very day of her {Qttmi 
Matiidds) coronation ; and hiad him oonv^red a 
prisoner to Windi^ster," &c. It is auite true that 
there is the village of Handley at the oistanoe of five 
(not thru) miles from Cranbome ; hot there is no 
record or tradition, so fieur as I know, of any chapel 
there to which Brihtric fled for sanctuary. To be 
sure, there is the parish church, which may give some 
support to the statement But there is no authority 
for anything of th» kind. All that we know about 
this cruel transaction is found in the Chronicle cC 
Tewkesbuiy (Afumaftictm, new edit, voL ii.), which 
runs thus : — " ipsum in Manerio suo de Hanleya 
coepi fecit, et Wyntoniam addud, quo ibklem mor- 
tuus et sepultus, sine liberis decessit." It will be 
noticed that here the manor only of Hanley is men- 
tioned. In the next place we may see how THantt 
improved on this simple statement : — " put hym yn 
the Castelle of Hanley, beside Saresburye, and thoe 
he died" (Itinerary ^ edit Oxford, 1744). Here we 
have the castle, not the chapet of the Manor cC 
Hanley, but we have its proximity to Salisboiy 
specified. But it was neither the one nor the other, 
so far as this parish is concerned. The manor, too, 
of Handley does not appear to have been one of the 
440 manors which Brihtric held as of the Honour cC 
Gloucester. The Manor, mentioned in the Chronide^ 
is undoubtedly that of Hanley in Worcestershire^ 
where the Earls of Gloucester had a castle ; and here 
in his own castle he was seised, and taken from 
thence to Winchester, at that time the capital of the 
southern counties, where he died in prison, and 
ifriiere he seems to have been buried. 

I will now say a few words on another snlnect 
When the chancel of Cranbome Church was rebuflt 
a few years ago by the Marquis of Salisbury, there 
were found in demolishii^ the old walls parts of the 
effigy of a warrior, in Pnrbeck marUe, whi^ hnd 
been broken up and utilized in the building. I have 
a fragment of the head, and other pieces which sImw 
that the figure was clothed in armour of ring-nudl, 
gilded and coloured. This mutilation of an ancient 
monument occurred most probably at the time of a 
previous rebuilding of the chancel, which is believed 
to have been in the early part of the 15th oentuxy, 
under the auspices of Thomas Parker, the last Abbot 
of Tewkesbtti^, who seems to have taken pleasore 
in "bricks and mortar." His monogram, ^^T.P.," 
was formerly to be seen on the cornice above our 
east window, on the exterior ; and may be still seen 
within the diurch on the pulpit, whioi is a good 
specimen of old oak carving in the perpendicular 
style of Gothic. I have also a large mcial outton, or 
bttdge, with the same monogram, which has traces of 
white enamel in the letters, and may have been worn 
by the Abbot's bedemen or retainers. It was dug up 
near the churchjrard. But of this monument : It is 
not at all obvious to what date or what person it may 
be confidently assigned. None of the De Claie 
frimily were buried at Cranbome; but I have the 
impression that it may have been a cenotaph dedi- 
cated to the memonr of Robert -Fits-Hamon, \rw 
Robert, Consul of Gloucester, whose marriage witn 
Mabel, the eldest of his co-heiresses, became the 
source of great wealth and honour. It had mani- 
festly been a handsome and costly memorial, and it 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



39 




seems strange tluit its afaodaHoas should not have 
made it saoed. At the time of thtt-death of tluit 
soldier, FitsHamoOt the building of Tewkesr 
Abbef was in an rnifmishfd state^ therefore his 
ly was deposited in a temporary grave, from 
which it was subsequently removed to another situa- 
tion in the churd& ; and it was reserved for Abbot 
Parker to erect a sumptuous monument over the 
remains. This must lave happened about the same 
time as the rebuilding of the chancel of Cranbozne 
Church by him, and we may conjecture^ I think with 
some Drobabilityt that this cenotaph, having beccmie, 
after tne lapse of near upon three centuries, de&ced, 
worn, and namdcsi, was ordered to be broken ud ; 
and thus was destroved the last visible link of tne 
historical chain whicn united the Abbev of Cran- 
bome with the Abbey of Tewkesbury. It has ever 
been the custom, I suppose, to erect under special 
circumstanceshononuytoipbs and memorials to persons 
whose bodies may have been interred in other places. 
Here, indeed, is a case in point : In the " Historical 
Memcnries of Tewkesbury Abbey^ (vol. L p. 57) it 
is stated that the fragment di a memorial to this very 
Robert, Consul of Gloucester, was found under the 
altar at Te?rkesbniy, and it is known that his bones 
lie in BristoL T. William Waks Smart. 



^^^s^-^ 



THE SURNAME "SEABORNE.* 
(iiL 28d) 

This name is obmosfya corruption of j^-^tf^m^ 
or some sudi Teutonic oombinatioo, the first syllable 
being derived from the A.S. si^ s^gie, victory, and the 
aeooodfromA.S. ^eorm, adue^ or a cognate fonn, 
just as we find ^iMS-Aevm, a wannan, warrior. The 
prefix uppeta in several English surnames ; conqMire 
Sebright = MBv-AevrM triumphantly, or gkmcNisly 
bfi^ Sewnd-xv'mn^ sibbald-i^-Aa^&c 

F. C BiRKBECK Terry. 



SCOTTISH COLONY IN WILTSHIRE. 

Can any reader of The Antiquary rnlightm me 
as to whm, and mider what circumstances, the Scot* 
tidi odony at Honungsham, Wilts, was formed ? Is 
it true tuu Scottish workmen were eiffiaged in the 
lehnilding cC Lonrieet Honae^ about 1566b and is not 
a anburb of the vulagie stin caDcd Scothmd ? 

J. H. Barser. 

Ii9b St Jaaies's Road, Croydoo. 



A CORPORAL OATH, 
(in. 95, 141.) 

£. L. HttSKy is in error as to the coodhuon which 
hedxaws from Coke's "Institutes." A "Corporal 
Oath** was the most solemn that could be taken, 
as it was swcHn 00 Uie Host, or Corpus Christi, in 
the blessed sacnment. Edward King. 

Wemngtm Vicange^ Devoo. 




In iDnstiBtioii of this eipiesMo n it maybe worth 
while to dte the following passages firom Fielding's 
Tomymis^ book ii chap. 6 : — 

"And since he pnm>kes me^ I am ready, an't 
your worship, to take my bodily oath, tiiat I 
them," &c ; and, a page or so fiirther on, 
"Yet, notwithstandiiu; the positiveness of Mrs. 
Partridge, who vrould nave taken the sacnunent upon 
the matter, there is a possibility that the schoolmaster 
was entirely innocent 

Of course these passages do not solve the difficulty, 
nor prove the derivation from eorpordU to be in- 
correct. 

The e]q>ressiott, ^ to take the sacrament upon " a 
thing, reminds us of the original meaning cC the Latin 
uurameiUum\ but the connection is^ I imagine, 
more or less acddentaL Iota. 

Bristol. 



FAMILY AND ARMS OF ICAULE. 

(iii. 191.) 

Mr. Edvrard Maule, of Godmanchester, Hunts, I 
think, can give curious inlormatlbiB. Otae of this 
fiunily, in exjunction with my namesake, published 
the Histonr of Greenwkh Hospital, 178SK1811. 
Another of them, Colonel Maule, published his 
military doings in Holland and Portugal, about the 
end of last century. C C 

London. 



vr^. . 5^v 



RUSHES IN CHURCHES. 
(iiL 187.) 

Up to and indurive of the last Guild Feast at Nor- 
wich, previous to the Munindpal Reform, it was the 
custom to strewthe nave of the Cathedral over which 
the Mayor and Corporation walked with green mdies, 
the caiimus rvuMfKitf which grows in the surrounding 
marshes and emitted a fragrant smelL 

I remember the tenure of a copyhold of a manor 
in SufiiJk, as expressed in the Court Books, was by the 
service of strewmg the chnrdi over cvcnr year irith 
rushes. 0. A. C 



OLD ENGLISH CUSTOMS. 

(ifi. 247.) 

Mr. Lach*Ssyrma, in his intcrestiiig Paper upon the 
above subject, remarks that "the deodi^ the outside 
of houses at May^j, which once prevailed in Eng- 
land, has a parallel m the decking of the outside of 
houses, barns, &c., with fneens at Whitsuntide in 
some parts of the German Empire." 

I bqg to say that in Norfolk, and at thej>resent time, 
it is a very general custom to decorate with bou^ of 
trees the outside of the inns at which dub-feasts are 
held at Whitsuntide ; and this not only in the village^ 
but in the market-towns. Many distinc^ve features 



connected with the benefit-clubs are during out ; but 
thif house-deooiation still continues in rail vigour. 

John AuisT&oifa 
East Dcrdiam, Norfolk. 



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SHAKESPBARBS '^DEElt AnVBNTURR." 



41 






The Antiquary. 



^ • 



AUGUST, 1881. 



Sbaltespeare'e ''Beer 
H&ventttre*'' 




|HAT Shakespeare was a leader in 
the town of Stratford during his 
youth in all the great sports and 
festivities we can readfly believe. 
But the biographers, especially Oldys and 
Rowe, who came so late as 1 709 into the field, 
found his name attached by report to the 
old squabble and riots that had taken place 
between the Stratford people and the Lucys. 
It was, therefore, not unnatural that when a 
dispute occurred about a stray deer which 
Shakespeare had shot on the adjoining estate 
of FuUxooke (though he did not succeed in 
recovering his game), the event was, from 
these mixed reports, converted into a charge 
of stealing deer out of Sir Thomas Lucy's 
Park of Charlcote. Then it was magnified 
into an alleged habit or firequent practice of 
deer stealing, for which he was stated to 
have been prosecuted by that knight, and so 
severdy tluit he was obliged to leave his 
fiunily and take shelter in London. 

Happfly the iiacts, as now explained, 
enable us to eliminate tolerably well the 
wbc^e of the fidsehood firom these worse 
than exaggerations. 

Before Shakespeare's birth the Stratford 
people had resorted to the estate of Ful- 
brooke as a sort of ''no man's land," which 
bad been sequestered to Uie Queen on for- 
feiture by St Thomas Englefield on die 
Queen's accession in 1558. 

In the year 1564, on a document happily 
traced hj Bir. HaDiweU Phillipps in the State 
Paper Office, we find it recorded that thirty- 
five StnUford people had been charged by 
Thomas ''Lucy, Eufuieri' for a riot in 
hunting, &c ; but as Shakespeare was only 

VOL. IV. 



bom in that year his name could not appear. 
The year is proved by the fiurt that Luqr 
was an Esqwer^ therefore not then knighted, 
an event which took place in 1565. 

Here then is proof of an astounding 
exaggeration, firom lapse of time, which 
requires to be duly aniadyzed. First as to 
the estate, the locus in quo, it was not Charl- 
cote Park, for it cannot be proved that 
Shakespeare ever even visited the Park. 

The incident occurred on the estate of 
Fulbrooke, adjoining Charlcote, where deer 
from thence mi^ht naturally eso^ and take 
refiige, there being to this day many outl3ring 
deer in the neighbourhood as in other parts 
of England. 

Fulbrooke was of course a n^ected place 
firom having been in the hands of the Crown 
for nearly thirQr years. It was probabljr all 
the more beautiful At a much earlier time, 
when it had been also under forfeiture, it was, 
says Dugdale, die haunt of idle vagabonds, 
robbers, and murderers. It was, of course, 
open to passing visitors, and one may imagine 
it a frunous resort for poachers, wood-stealeis, 
and spOTtsmen, in search of hawks' nests, 
rabbits, and stray friwns, or even deer. 

The number iH wandering persons about 
England, called '^ broken men," at this time 
was remarkable, many of them, it is stated, 
former recipients at the abbeys and monas- 
teries, who had not then become part of the 
settled populatioiL So much trouUe did they 
give, that on one occasion die magistrates of 
Somersetshire aq[>tured a gang of 100 at a 
stroke, and hanged fifty on the spot, and the 
remainder at the next assizes. (See Green's 
England, VoL 2, p. 384.) 

Shakespeare himself confirms die general 
account: 



The comtiy gives me proof and precedent 
Of Bedkm begpus, wno, with roaring Toioes, 
Strike in dieir mimb'd and mortified bare aims 
Pins, wooden pfkks, naik, sprigs of rosemary. 
And with this horrible object, from low farms 
• •••••• 

Enforce their charity. 

King Liar^ act it sc ^ 

This trouble was only finally subdued by 
the masterly and efficient machinery of 
Elizabedi's Poor-law (43 Elizabeth). Un- 
happily Ireland was left widiout such a law, 
and has been a sufferer ever since. 

E 



42 



SHAKESPEARE S ''DEER ADVENTURE!' 



The estate of Fulbrooke was given to Sir 
Francis Englefield in 4 & 5 Philip and 
Mary, but next year, on the accession of 
Elizabeth, was sequestered by her on his 
refusing to swear allegiance. It was not 
regranted, afler being seized, till 1607, Eliza- 
beth probably having hopes that Englefield 
would acknowledge her as Queen. Instead 
of doing this, he consorted and plotted with 
recusants bodi in Belgium and in Spain. In 
1576, from some attempts apparently to 
obtain authority over his property, he was 
formally attainted and convicted of high 
treason. And in 1592 this was confirmed by 
an Act of Parliament. 

It seems possible that this conviction for 
treason and attainder gave to Shakespeare 
the feeling that, in the absence of authority 
expressly deputed by the Crown, the estate 
was more than ever free for sport to all 
comers. .Tt appears that Lucy assumed charge 
or rangership over the estate, but no State 
authority for his doing so can be found. It 
was clearly his interest to have some such 
charge, if only for protecting his own stray 
deer. He might have done this without 
authority, by virtue merely of his magisterial 
office, and as one of the quorum, for the 
powers of a justice were then very great 

The property did not come into the Lucy 
family till it was purchased by the grandson, 
in the year 161 5. Lucy, in addition to 
taking possession, had erected a hut, which 
he called a lodge. I speak from testimony 
on the spot, in sa)ring it was a very slender 
affair. It was known as *' Daisy Hill," and 
was used as a residence for his keeper. It 
has been recently rebuilt and converted into 
a handsome farm-house. 

This estate, then a most beautiful spot 
of wood, and hill, and dale, was the at- 
traction for such lovers of Nature as Shake- 
speare, " a desert place" (meaning deserted^ 
as he styled it. Being part of the great 
Ardennes Forest, it strongly bears out our 
belief in the rumour which assigns this as the 
site of the play. As You Like It 

That great forest extended so far that 
towns for a distance of many miles took their 
n^mes from being included within its pre- 
cincts, such as " Henley in Arden," " Hamp- 
ton in Arden," "Weston in Arden," &c. 
Perhaps a proud feeling, that his own 



mother's early home was also within its 
borders, would give significance to the ex- 
pression put by him into the mouth of 
Touchstone, ** Now am I in Arden." 

Here then, was the inducement for him, 
as a true lover of sport, to ride through the 
covert alone, or with fiiends, and, having 
found a deer, what should prevent him from 
exercising his right of killing it with his cross- 
bow ? No longer in a park, it was no longer 
known to the law nor to be styled game, but 
open to any one to make it a prize who could 
secure it. A deer in a l^al, that is, in a pro- 
perly enclosed, park was protected by Act of 
Parliament, but, escaped from its endosiize^ 
it returned to its condition of " fera natma,*' 
a fact that no doubt Shakespeare and id! 
sporting friends knew quite welL 

Then all we have to account for is the 
assault on the lodge with which Shakespeare 
was charged, and which he openly admitted. 
The keepers, it seems natural to suppose, 
seized his game and secured it in the lodge. 
There Shakespeare would come with his 
friends, and with force try to overcome those 
in charge to regain his own, as he might 
think he had a right to do ; but in the con- 
test would be overpowered and lose the 
prize. 

. It is not necessary to accept the statement, 
current on the spot to this day, that Shakes- 
peare was not only overpowered but strapped 
to the bedpost, and yet, as he had the satis- 
faction of breaking poor Slender's head, there 
must have been a sharp conflict. {Merry 
Wives of Windsor y i. i.) 

The bedstead is so far a reality that good 
Mr. Cook, the tenant-farmer, received it from 
" Daisy Hill," within a short distance of his 
own residence ; he being one of a fiunily of 
farmers of that name who have occupied 
farms immediately on the spot for many 
generations. The bedstead is now con- 
verted into a handsome sideboard, and has 
carved on it the year 1606, a date, as will 
be seen, at least twenty years later than the 
incident; but a Stratford antiquary assures 
me that such a date is no guide, as it was a 
usual thing for an owner to have the date 
of the year inscribed on any such furniture 
when he himself became possessed of it 

As Shakespeare openly admits his part in 
breaking open the lodge, we are bound to 



SHAKESPEARE S ''DEER ADVENTVREr 



43 



accept the remaining part of the statement, 
that the offence charged was that of killing 
only, so that he never got the deer. 

Shaihw, Knight, you have beaten my men, 
kiUed my deer, and broke open my lodge. 
Falstaff. I have done all this. 

But Lucy himself obtained it, as is evi- 
dently implied by the conversation between 
the latter and Page to the effect that the 
venison of which they were about to partake 
was a gift from Lucy, and that it was the 
very deer in question, as he pointedly 
remarks it had been " ill-killed." 

This, then, disposes of any supposed 
intention on the part of Lucy to arraign 
Shakespeare for stealing. As to stealing, 
indeed, the deer was Shakespeare's own 
property rather than Lucy's, and was doubt- 
less so regarded by him. No doubt 
the knight fumed and threatened, and as 
r^;ards the breaking open the lodge, deemed 
it a mighty offence againsthis position and 
dignity. 

The authority of magistrates being so great 
and despotic, he would doubtless bring for 
ward the words " riot and council," as having 
been running in his thoughts from the time 
of the previous disturbance by the Stratford 
tradesmen twenty odd years before ; but 
Shakespeare's bringing up these terms before 
the Queen's Court itself shows how slightly, if 
not contemptuously, he regarded them. As 
a magistrate, Lucy was a person of much 
self-importance, a magnate in Stratford town, 
whm his services were often engaged as a 
justice to dispose of frequently occurring 
cases. The aldermen eagerly sought his at- 
tendance, and, according to the town records 
(still in existence^ from which the following 
is an extract), rew^ded him often for his 
services, and doubtless others also, by dinners 
and wine. For instance, " Paid at the Swanne 
for a quart of sack and a quartern of sugar 
burned for Sir Thomas Lucie, &c. &c." Sack 
was always drunk with sugar, and sugar was 
an expensive article — ^viz., i6^., equal now to 
ijj. 4^. per lb. 

Naturally some feeling of disgust would 
arise in Shakespeare's mind against such a 
justice, and he may have had him in his eye 
when he pictured the justice 

In £Bdr itmnd belly with good capon lined. 
With eyes severe, &c 



Shakespeare could well afford to ridicule 
his talk about the Council and Riots. It 
should be borne in mind throughout that 
Shakespeare's play was not an after-produc- 
tion. The Knight was alive, and did not 
die till 1600, so that Shakespeare's boldness 
of assertion was open to criticism. Being 
performed at Windsor, it is quite within 
belief that the story of the fat Knight and 
his deer conflict with Shallow would be 
carried about the coimtry and become 
public talk. 

Shakespeare could hardly have found any 
medium of showing up the story and his own 
adventures equal to the introductipn of it in 
connection with ** Fat Jack," whose history 
and doings everybody connected with the 
Court probably knew and followed. 

Sir Thomas Lucy, dying in 1600, was 
buried with all pomp on the 7th of August. 
The illustrious Camden, then Clarencieux 
King at Arms, whose written account is 
here followed, came from the Heralds' 
Office, to uphold the coat of arms at the 
funeral. Four other gentlemen and heralds 
carried in the procession the standard, the 
pennon, the helm, and crest, &c This was 
followed by the erection of recumbent 
statues and effigies, from which we are able 
now to observe the figures of the Knight and 
others of his famUy in the Church at 
Charlcote. 

One other conclusion we must draw from 
the information now available — viz., that the 
dispute of Shakespeare with the Lucys arose 
solely from this one instance, for wh^i Sir 
Walter Scott visited at Charlcote in 1828, 
as recorded by him, the then owner (Mr. 
Lucy) assured him it was not on that estate, 
but at Fulbrooke, that '^ the buck'* was stolen. 
The vivid impressions still alive at Fulbrooke 
confirm this, and make one wonder how the 
squabbles and paper squibs which had been 
floating around for a whole generation be- 
tween the people of Stratford and the Lucy 
family should have settled upon the name 
and fame of one individual — that of Shake 
speare alone. 

Not only does the transaction, as now 
ascertained, free Shakespeare from participa- 
tion in previous disputes (it may be for 
twenty, nay thirty years), and so reduce his 
share to the limits of one upstanding contest 

E 2 



44 



SHAKESPEARE S ''DEER ADVENTURE.'' 



for the deer which he shot and claimed as 
his own, but it has, by the discovery of the 
twenty or thirty year old disputes of the 
Stratford people with the owners of Charl- 
cote, virtually shown that the verses, the 
satirical odes, and what else they may be 
termed, would naturally begin their career at 
the same early period ; and that if all those 
which had their probable origin before 
Shakespeare was bom, and during the follow- 
ing twenty years, should be dismissed from 
all connection with him, there are no 
grounds ^and certainly no proof whatever) 
for iroputmg a connection of any one with 
his name. 

We may therefore hope that in future 
biographies they will be left out, and his 
name be freed from all such injurious and 
worthless associations. 

William Henty. 

[It is with sincere regret that we annoanoe the death 
of the anUior of this article at Brifi;hton on July i ith. 
Mr. Henty was formerly Colonial Secretary of Tas- 
mania, and made the acquaintance of Sir John 
Franklin in his voyage out to that place.] 




Sra00e0 of 1)untin0bon0bire. 

By the Rev. Dr. Valfy French, F.S.A. 

|H£ county whose monumental 
brasses I propose to consider 
labours under the disadvantage of 
possessing no historian. The 
smallest county (one only excepted), situate 
in the imme^te vicinity of the Fens possess- 
ing no archaeologist of mark since the days 
of the distinguished Sir Robert Cotton, 
Huntingdonshire has been suffered to be 
passed by almost unnoticed. I do not in- 
tend, however, to act as Advocate-in-General 
for the county, and tell of its religious houses 
so numerous, its Saxon mintage so nearly 
established, its Roman roads and remains ; 
but simply to direct attention to the monu- 
mental brasses which still remain, and to 
make some remarks upon costume, inscrip- 
tions, armour, genealogies, heraldic bearings, 
architectural design, and other details illus- 
trative of this important branch of mediaeval 



art. 



The following are the churches con- 



taining brasses, in alphabetical order: — 
Broughton, Bydiom, Diddington, Godman- 
chester, Little Gidding, Offord D*Arcy, 
Overton Waterville, Sawtzy AIL Saints, 
Sawtry St Andrew, Somersham, Stanground, 
Stilton, Little Stukeley, Thuming^ 1^^- 
wick. 

In addition to these are matrices of lost 
brasses in Broughton, St Neots, Eynesbuiy, 
Conington, Godmanchester, and Ofibid 
D'Arcy. 

There are other churches, too, which oooe 
contained brasses, but from which tntxj 
trace has disappeared — ^viz., Great Staiig^ 
ton. Great Stukeley, Southoe, Wood Walton, 
and All Saints, Huntingdon. 

The oldest brass is that in Sawtiy All 
Saints Churchy a knight and lady, date 1404. 
These were either Stourtons or Le Moignes. 
I applied for information to Lord Stourton^ 
who, in reply, stated that the crest of die 
monk was assumed by the Stourton fiumly 
in consequence of their marriage with the 
heiress of Le Moigne. It is appropriate to 
them as adherents to the Roman Catholic 
faith. The next point to be ascertained was, 
when this intermarriage took place. Sir R. 
C. Hoare states that William Stourton, of the 
family of Stourton, county Wilts, Steward of 
the Principality pf Wales, who died in 1408, 
married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas 
Moyne, of Maddington. He was buried at 
Witliam, county Somerset, and so could 
not have been the subject of the brass in 
question. Added to this, the Christian name 
of the Sawtry lady was Maria ; this appean 
on the inscription. Reverting to the date 
upon the brass, which is 1404, we can scarcely 
arrive at any other conclusion than that tiie 
knight in question is a member of the Le 
Moigne family — probably a Sir >^^lliam Le 
Moigne — with Maria his wife.. We know from 
the Visitatum of Huntingdonshire {^. T^XP^^ 
lished in 1613, that William Le Moigne hdd 
the manor of Sawtry from the Abbot of 
Ramsey, who held the same from the Crown. 
The family of Le Moigne can be traced to 
the time of Henry L They seem to have 
held manors in various counties in England; 
and I have little doubt that the coat of arms 
surmoimting the brass represents the origiiud 
heraldic beamings of the Le Moigne frunily. 
The only real difficulty in this supposition 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



45 



arises from the fact that the whole arms of 
Beaumeys (aigent, on a cross, azure, five 
garbes, or)* were made over, with their appur- 
tenances, to Sir M^iam Moigne in 139a. 
But it is quite probable that the canopy 
was erected prior to that date, or that he 
preferred his own arms to appear upon his 
monument 

But now to examine the armour of the 
knight in detail. His head rests upon a 
tilting helmet, to which is affixed, by a staple 
at its apex, tiie crest This is a canting de- 
vice— Le Moigne signifying "the monk." The 
arms are the demi-efiSgy of a monk, robed in 
the caffa manicata^ or sleeved cowl, wiUi 
caputium^ or hood, attached and drawn over 
his head. In his hands is a flageilum^ or 
fia§dlarium^ of five knotted lashes, by which 
is intended the ancient " discipline." I be- 
lieve that no allusion is intended to the 
Cruds Fratres, or Flagellants, a monastic 
sect which sprang up in the thirteenth cen- 
tury. Other examples of crests attached to 
tilting helmets may be seen upon the brasses 
of Sir Nicholas Dagworth, in Blickling Church, 
Norfolk; of Sir William Tendring, Stoke 
Church, Suffolk ; of Sir William de Bryene, in 
Seal Church, Kent ; and of Sir John Dra3rton, 
in DOTchester Church, Oidbrdshke. Probably 
the earliest example is the effigy of Sir Oliver 
Ingham, 1343. The most usual devices upon 
a jousting helmet are those of a beast, bird, or 
man. 

The tilting helmet was attached to the per- 
son bx a chain, which passed over the left 
shoulder, and was secured by a vervelle or 
staple, which was riveted into a mameli^ 
Of plate of steeL This arrangement is clearly 
displayed on the brass of Sir John de North- 
wode, in the Isle of Sheppey. 

It is a curious coincidence, that in the ad- 
joining church of Conington is a sepulchral 
effigy of the fourteenth century, representing 
a kmgfat who, in after-life, had taken the habit 
of a leligioos communi^. He is dad in a 
hawberk and friar's cowL Mr. Bloxam 
r^ards this as an iUustration of the virtue 
which, in mediaeval times, was popularly 
ascribed to the wearing of the friar's mantle,! 



* Had. MS. I179, dted in Montago's Stmdy tf 
HirmUry^ App. A. 



and he classes this knight amongst those in 
allusion, to whom the poet writes : — 

And they who, to be sure of Panulise, 

Dying, pat on the weeds of Dominic, 

Or in Franciscan thought to pass disguised. 

The tilting helmet was made to fit on to 
the bascitut^ a mere skull-cap of conical shape. 
Edward the Black Prince is the first who is 
represented with his head protected by a 
basdnet reposing on the tilting helmet This 
practice continued for about 200 years. 

He wears the camaiiy or mail covering, for 
the neck and shoulders, which was attached 
to the basdnet by a lace drawn through ver- 
velles. Over it the moustache protrudes, 
and is as prominent as that of Thomas 
de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. The 
camail obtains its name from its resem- 
blance to a tippet of camel's hair.'*' Such an 
important feature is this tippet of mail that 
the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II. 
have been termed the '^ camail" period of 
armour. He wears " epaulieres,** or over- 
lapping plates, to cover the shoulders. The 
odier pieces of mail visible are the gussets at 
the shoulder and ankle joints, and a small 
portion of the habergeon. These are the 
dying embers of the period of mail armour. 
He wears ihtjupon^ which may be described 
as a sleeveless overcoat, a garment made of 
silk or velvet, worn over armour. It fitted 
dose to the body, reached down below the 
thighs, where it was cut straight, round, or 
bonlered sometimes with leaves or flowers, 
here escaloped. The jupon was sometimes 
emblazoned with armorial insignia. An in- 
stance may be seen in Sir John Harsyck, 
Southacre Church, Norfolk. Beneath the 
jupon is seen the habergeon, a smaller form of 
hawberk. Many readers will remember that 
the knight in the prologue to the Canterbury 
Tales is said to have worn a gipon of fustian 
^ alle besmottered with his luil^ergeon.'' This 
has created confusion from die circumstance 
of both the military garments — jupon and 
habeigeon — being superseded by defences 
of pUte, to which the old names are applied. 
He wears rere-braas, also called ''demi- 
brassarts." These are plates covering the 
upper part of the arm. They are first ob- 
served in De Fitzralph's brass in Pebmarsh 
Church, Essex. Vambraas, ai^ Avani BraSf 

• Sir S. Mcyridc. 



46 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



encase the lower part of the arm. Coudieres^ 
or coutes, of convex plate protect the elbows. 
These were sometimes of circular, sometimes 
of heart, shape. Gauntlets of plate, the 
knuckles being furnished with gadlyngs. 

The hands are joined in attitude of prayer. 
And so with all these : the warrior in armour, 
the ecclesiastic in vestments, the civilian in 
official robes, the female, too, in ordinary 
dress, all alike are represented as in the act 
of prayer : being dead, they yet speak to us 
of a power whose influence reached beyond 
the grave. The posture in later ages was 
changed from that of prayer to meditation. 

He wears moreover a bawdricky or sword- 
b^elt, broad and richly ornamented, of leather, 
girded over the hips horizontally. The 
sword is long, straight, tapering, with an 
octagon pommel or knob. The hUt and each 
extremity of the scabbard are ornamented. 
The guard formed a cross : half of this is 
broken off. Beneath are two quadrupeds 
and a row of gutUe. 

We read of the warrior of those times often 
digging his sword in the ground, whose guard 
formed a cross, and praying before that sym- 
bol. Let us not leave this weapon without 
recalling those lines of Coleridge — 

The knight's bones axe dust, 

And his good sword rust, 

His soul is with the saints, I trust. 

On his right side, and attached to the hip- 
belt, is the anebace, also called the misericordey 
or dagger of mercy. This was a small, 
straight dagger,, without guard. The hilt and 
extremity of the sheath are ^omamented. It 
was called " misericorde," because with this 
the conqueror put an end to the pain of his 
captive by using it to stab him when disabled 
by the larger weapon. Cuissarts of plate 
cover the legs above the knees. yambartSy 
called also jambs, jambers, greaves, and 
skin pieces, enclose the legs below the 
knees. They were at first made of leather or 
quilted linen, afterwards of plate. 

His knees are protected by genouiiieres, 
" pole)ms" or Tcnee-capis of plate ; above 
and below are double plates for additional 
security, called genouaiiies, as on the brass 
of Sir Marys Russel, in Dyrham Church, 
Gloucestershire. ^Upon his feet are sol- 
leretSy or pointed shoes. The upper portion 
is composed of "lamina," or overlapping 



pieces of plate. His spurs are rowelled. 
The early spurs were like a spear head. 
Henry III. was the first king who wore spins 
with rowels. . In the fifteenth century tilicy 
are sometimes like a serrated wheel, some- 
times like a star. His feet rest on a lum 
couchant Amongst many examples of tiiis 
may be mentioned the brasses of Sir John 
Bettesthome, in Mere Church, Wilts ; of Sir 
Henry English, in Wood Ditton Church, 
Cambridgeshire ; of Sir William de Eching* 
ham, in Etchingham Churchy Sussex; 
and Sir Thomas Massyngberde, in Gunby 
Church, Lincolnshire. What was in- 
tended by the lion? It is found at tiie 
feet of Imight, noble, priest, and judge. 
Animals, we know, ofteh represent pw- 
sonal badges of the family of the deceased 
— e,gy the "bear** of the Earls of Warwick. 
Again, they occasionally are employed as 
rebuses, as the rabbit on the brass of Walter 
Coney, in St Margaret's Church, Lynn, and 
two hares at the fe6t of Bishop HarewelL 
But personal badges or rebuses will account 
for the use of a very small proportion of 
animals. We must regard them as S3rmbolica], 
and the symbol in each case to be appropriate 
either to the individual or to his office. By 
the lioriy strength, ph}^ical or moral, would 
be denoted in the majority of instances. 

In taking leave of Sir William le Moigne, 
we may notice that this brass is far the best in 
the county, and is exceeded in excellence by 
few in the kingdom. Upon the same brass, 
recumbent at his right hand, is Maria, his wife. 
The Rev. C. G. R. Birch, rector of Brancaster, 
and son of the former rector of Sawtry, 
in whose church this brass is placed, supposes 
this lady to have been, before her' marriage 
with Sir William, a Drury of Rougham, 
Suffolk, fi-om the arms on the stone' canopy 
above the brass, and from its great resem- 
blance in style, costume, and execution t6 
the brass of Sir Roger Drury and lady. This 
is an excellent example of the costume of 
ladies towards the close of the fourteenth 
century. She is clad in a tight-fitting kirtk^ 
or body-gown, low at the neck, with light 
sleeves, buttoned underneath the forearm, 
and partly covering the hands. Over this 
she wears a flowing mantie, which is secured 
. by a cordon drawn across the breast. This 
is often attached on either side to ^ fermail 



BJLdSSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



47 



of jewels. The tasselled extremities of the 
cordon are pendant A very similar costume 
may be seen on the brasses of — Lady Berke- 
ley, in Wotton-under-Edge ; the first wife of 
Sir Lawrence Pabenham, Offord D'Arcy; 
Phillppa B3rschoppesdon, Broughton Churdi, 
Oxfordshire; Lady de Cobham, Cobham 
Church, Kent; Anna Martyn, Graveney 
Church, Kent; Lady Halsham, West Grin- 
stead Church, Sussex ; Lady Ferrers, Mere- 
vale Church, Warwickshire ; Lady Margaret, 
Countess of Warwick. The latter is specially 
interesting, inasmuch as the gown is charged 
with the armorial bearings of her own family, 
the mantle with those of her husband. Per- 
haps the latest example is that of Lady Clere, 
Ormesby Church, Norfolk. 

But it is the head dresses in this period 
which present the chief variety in costume. 
The example on this brass is a modifica- 
tion of the reticulated head-dress, or cap of 
protuberant firet-work or netted drapery. The 
special name given to this head-attire is 
" crespine," or " crestine." It was a netted 
caul worn over the head, confining the front 
hair over the forehead and in two small 
bunches above the ears. A roll seems to 
have encircled the head to keep the head- 
dress in its proper position. Over this a 
veil or kerchief was thrown, which fell upon 
the shoulders each side. I may mention 
here that a fine sculptured illustration of head- 
dresses occurs in die springing of one of the 
cloister arches in Southwell Collegiate 
Church. It \6 engraved in Carter's Ancient 
Costume. The head rests upon a bolster and 
fillow very similar to the supports of the 
head ofi Lady Berkeley before mentioned, 
and Lady Bagot, in Baginton Church, War- 
wickshire, and Lady Drury, in Rougham 
Church. This is not an uncommon arrange- 
ment; the effigy of Joan of Navarre, in 
Canterbury Cathedral, affords another good 
specimen. Sometimes these cushions are 
beautifiilly diapered; sometimes they are 
supported by angels.* 

The sleeves are buttoned down the arms, 
and cover the back of the hands. These 
are sometimes seamed with precious stones — 

• Frequently the upper of the two cushions is set 
as here, lozenge«wise. The same may be seen on 
the brass of Eleanore de Bohun, in Westminster 
Abbey. 



^^., those of Beatrice, Countess of Arundel. 
At the feet of a lady is a dog, generally 
regarded as an emblem of vigilance or fidelity. 
Of the inscription^ the following words only 
remain : — 

Mens* Aprilis An* D*ni M* cccc* iiij et Maria 
vx. eius Quor .... Ame*. 

Diddington Church, or " Dodington," as it 
used to be written, possesses two brasses. 
The one is attached to the east wall of the 
south transept: that of Alicia Taylard is 
riveted to its slab which lies loose in the 
chancel. It will be seen that portions are 
lost. One portion wanting of William Tay- 
lard is preserved at the vicarage. 

The monument is to the memory of 
William Taylard and Elizabeth his wife. He 
quarters the arms of Chapell of Gamlingay, 
Cambridgeshire, his mother's family. These 
arms are canting. The lady, who was a 
daughter and co-heir of John Anstye, quarters 
with her paternal arms those of Streete, 
Raynes, and Scudamore. Her maternal 
grandfather was "Henricus Streete," whose 
arms were three horses courant. This man's 
wife was Cecilia, daughter of John Reynes. 
This John Reynes was twice married, first 
to Catherine, daughter and heiress of Fetrus 
Escudamore, whose arms were gules, three 
stirrups with buckles and straps, or. From 
the heiress of Taylard, her arms were 
derived to the Brudenells, and they now 
form part of the quarterings of the Earl of 
Cardigan. 

Here is an example of the kneeling atti- 
tude before a prie-dieu, or prayer desk. 
A similar arrangement may be seen on the 
brass of Sir John Spelman, in Narburgh 
Church, Norfolk ; and another in the same 
church to John Eyer and wife ; in this latter 
case, however, the scrolls proceed firom the 
face parallel to each other. 

The scrolls contain the words : " Miseri- 
cordia tua domine super nos quemadmodum 
speravi in te." 

The lady is clothed in the pedimental 
headdress and in heraldic dress. The 
inscription nms : 

Willelmus Taylard pariter cum conjuge grata 
Elizabeth sibi nupta diu hac latitat uma. 
Mors vivos seperat, seperare cadavera nescit ; 
Cum Christo vivant, haec vivit et ille quiesdt, 
Anno millesimo quingentesimo quoque quinto 
Vita privatur perpetva luce fruatur. 



48 



JSXASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



This is a more respectable attempt than 
most of the metrical epitaphs. But it will be 
at once seen that more than one of the tritest 
rules of versification is infringed. 

The shafts occupying the sides of this brass 
contain six figures beneath elaborate canopies. 
The three male figures on the side of the 
man, and the three female on that of the lady. 
They are placed in order of precedence. 

First, the figure of our Savioiu:, his right 
hand in the attitude of blessing ; his left 
holds a globe, surmounted by a cross. 
Below, a figure of John the Baptist, clad 
in a long mantle, fastened at the neck by a 
quatrefoiled morse. In his left hand he 
holds a book with a lamb impressed upon it, 
surmounted by a cross. His right hand points 
to the same. 

Below him is St. John the Evangelist 
He holds in his right hand a chalice, with an 
eagle sitting upon the top of it ; his left hand 
supports the base. The eagle firequently 
symbolises St John on brasses and painted 
glass, the reason assigned for such being, 
that, as the eagle flies highest and looks at 
the sun, so this holy apostle gazed especially 
at the glory of oiu: Lord's Divinity. At the 
top of the sinister shaft is the Blessed 
Vugin, holding* in her right hand the in- 
fant Jesus, and in her 1^ a sceptre sur- 
mounted by the fleur-de-lis. Beneath her is 
St Mary Magdalene, represented with long 
hair flowing down her shoulders. In her 
right hand is a peculiarly shaped box of oint- 
ment Beneath her is St Catherine, the patron 
saint of Diddington Church. She is crowned, 
to denote— (i) her royal descent, she being 
daughter of Costis, King of Egypt ; (2) her 
martyrdom. She holds in her right hand a 
wheel, in her left a sword ; the former de- 
noting the torture prepared for her by the 
tyrant Maximin, the latter representing the 
instrument of her execution.* 

I will only add of this brass, how great is 
the misfortune that it is imperfect, as it is an 
exceedingly fine specimen of architectural 
and heraldic design. 

Alicia Taylarify widow of Walter Taylard, 
eldest son of the afore-named William Tay- 

* It is curious that all of these figures, except that 
of our Lord, are represented on the frontal orphrey 
of the cope of John de Sl^ord, Master of the Ward- 
robe to King ^ward IIL upon his brass in Balsham 
Church, Cambridgeshire. 



lard, and brother to Drl William Taylard, 
of Offord, whose brass we shall notice pre- 
sently. This Alicia was daughter and co- 
heir of Robert Forster, who was buried in 
the Temple Church, London, whose aims 
are impaled with those of Taylard beneath 
her brass. 

She is represented in a pedimental or 
angular head-dress, which was generally made 
of velvet or embroidered cloth, and was 
characteristic of the latter part of Henry 
VII.'s reign and that of his successor. The 
lappets fall over the shoulders and back. She 
wears a barbe^ which, though a conventual 
form of dress, was adopted by elderly widows. 
A similar example may be seen on the brass 
of Elizabeth Porte, in Etwall Church, near 
Burton-on-Trent It was a common practice 
for widows to retire to some religious house, 
and assume the veU, in proof of which we 
may notice the brass of die widow of John 
Braham, in Frense Church, Norfolk. She is 
there described as vidua ac Deo deoota. But 
without such retirement the dress was con- 
stantly assumed by widows. The barbe was 
a linen neckerchief, plaited in front in per- 
pendicular folds. Lady Philippa de BeaiF 
champ appears thus clad on her brass in 
Necton Church, Norfolk. In mouming, 
however, a kind of barbe was adopted by 
females of all ranks, though the sumptuary 
laws of Henry VIII. ordained that countesses 
and ladies of still higher rank mi^t be 
barbed above the chin, that baronesses might 
be barbed about the chin, and all other gende- 
women beneath the gullet 

A scroll issues from her mouth : '' Jesu 
merci Ladye help." The same words may be 
seen on a slab in Kirby-in-Ashfidd Church, 
Notts. Another scroll addressed to die 
Viigin is engraved on the brass of William 
Beidewell, in West Harling Church, N(»folk : 
Sancta Deigenetrix ora pro me. More fre- 
quently they are addressed to our Saviour. 
The scroll points appropriately to the 
Virgin Mary, to whom it is addressed ; she 
is nursing the infant Jesus* A similar repre- 
sentation of the Viigin and Child may be seen 
over the triple canopy of the beautiful brass 
to the memory of Thomas Nelond, Prior of 
Lewes, and in that of Sir Nicholas Hawberit, 
Cobham Church, Kent 

Kneeling behind the widow are diree 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



49 



daughters — children are usually grouped; 
sometimes they stand at the feet, sometimes 
kneel behind. Sons are placed at the father's 
side, daughters by that of the mother. And 
when a man has a family with two wives, 
care is taken that each has the honour only 
of her own. The insertion of kneeling chil- 
dren commenced in the middle of the 
fifteenth century, and became quite common 
in the sixteenth. Several interesting ex- 
amples are engraved in Cotman's Sepulchral 
Brasses of Norfolk and Suffolk, 

The date is subscribed in Arabic numerals 
" 1513. In this year by her last will she 
ordeyned that her body be biuied in Doding- 
ton Churchc." 

(To be continued,) 




Xorb 1)underforb of 1)ei?te0^ 

By WiLUAM John Hardy. 

PART I. 

|N Canon Jackson's Guide to Fair- 
leigh Hungerford will be found 
several versions of the curious le- 
gends which still attach to Farley 
Castle, implicating some member of the Hun- 
gerford family in a crime that was once com- 
mitted within the castle walls. So widely 
do these legends differ as to the nature of the 
crime, the period when it was committed, and 
the name of its perpetrator, that we might at 
first feel inclined to dismiss them as idle 
tales, mere scraps of village gossip, which 
after generations have woven into a connected 
narrative. But on reflection we shall remem- 
ber that there are suspicious circumstances 
connected with certain members of the Farley 
line of the Hungerford family that will make 
us pause before dismissing as idle these dark 
legends which, 6utliving the decay of their 
scene of action, linger on to be told to 
visitors of the present day at Farley. 

To persons in three successive generations 
of the Hungerford £Eunily, all living during. 
the sixteenth century, these suspicious cir- 
cumstances attach ; and to these persons it 
would seem that the legends of Farley owe 
their origin ; they are: — 



I. Agnes, second wife of Sir Edward 
Hungejford, who was hanged at Tybome, 
in 1523, for being instrumental in obtain- 
ing the murder of her first husband, John 
CotelL The murder was committed actually 
within the walls of Farley Castle, and the vic- 
tim's body thrown into the kitchen furnace 
there. 

n. Walter, Lord Hungerford, of Heytes- 
bury, only son of the above Sir Edward, by 
his first wife. He married three times ; be- 
haved with cruelty to each wife, especially to 
the last, whom he imprisoned for several 
years in one of the towers of Farley Casde. 
Lord Hungerford was finally charged with 
treason and an unnatural offence, found 
guilty, and executed on Tower Hill with 
Thomas Lord Cromwell ; and 

HI. Sir Walter Hungerford, known as 
" the Knight of Farley," eldest son of the 
executed Lord Hungeiford. Like his father, 
he married three times, and made but a little 
better husband. From his second wife he 
was divorced, and married his third, pro- 
bably on the point of death. 

Lord Hungerford of Heytesbury, the per- 
son of whom we are about to speak, was 
then one of those who had a share in origin- 
ating the legends of Farley. The story of 
the unfortunate Agnes has been too recently 
told in the pages of this magazine to need 
repetition now -f^ and mention of the incidents 
connected with the life of " the Knight of 
Farley" must be reserved for some future 
occasion. 

Walter was the only son of Sir Edward 
Hungerford by his first wife, Jane j a daughter 
of Lord 2k)uche of HaryngworUi; he was 
born about the year 1503, being aged "nine- 
teen and upwards" at his father's death in 
1522. Sir Edward (who left the whole of his 
personal estate to his second wife, Agnes) 
makes no mention of his son in his will, and 
the first we learn of him is on the 26th of 
June, 1523, four months after his step- 
mother's execution, when he was party to an 
Indenture made with the King prior to 
obtaining livery of his father's lands.f The 
Livery itself is dated on the isth July fol-v 
lowing, and gives to Walter license to enter 
upon all the lands, &c., of which his father died 

• The Antiquary, vol ii. p. 233. 
t Close Roll 15 Hen. VIII. m. 22. 



50 



LORD HUNGERFORD OF HEYTESBURY. 



seized, and which his stepmother had held 
for term of her life.* Walter's first wife was 
Susan, a daughter of Sir John Danvers, of 
Dauntsey, who bore him one child, the 
"Knight of Farley." This marriage must 
have been contracted at an early age, as in 
1528 Walter was the father of three daughters, 
all of whom, according to the pedigrees, 
were bom of his second wife, Alicia, one of 
the d<aughters of William, Lord Sandys, of 
the Vine, Hampshire. The authority for 
this statement is a curious Indenture,! made 
on the 14th of April, 1528, between Walter 
Hungerford and Sir William Stourton, Knt., 
son and heir of Edward, fifth Lord Stourton, 
by which — ^for the sum of ;£8oo — the ward- 
ship and marriage of Charles (son and heir 
apparent of Sir William Stourton) were sold 
to Walter. 

'*To theintente only that the said Charles shall 
marye and take to his wyfe oon of the three daughters 
of the saide Walter, Elynor, Msury, or Anne ; to wyte 
suche of theym as the saide William shall hereunto 
appoynte," the " appointment" to be made " thisside 
the feaste of Ester next comyng ; Yf the saide Elynor, 
Mary, or Anne, or any of theym to the saide maiyage 
wyll assente.*' 

If Charles happened to die, it was fiuther 
agreed that Andrew, Sir William Stourton's 
second son, should become Walter Hunger- 
ford's ward, and marry one of his daughters. 
These matrimonial arrangements, however, so 
carefully agreed upon by Stourton and 
Hungeribrd for their respective children, do 
not seem to have proved acceptable to the 
parties principally concerned in the matter ; 
and, as there is no record of any Hungerford 
having become the wife of a Stourton, we may 
conclude that neither Eleanor, Mary, nor 
Anne *' to the saide maryage" did " assente."t 

In October, 1 532,§ Walter married his third 
and last wife^ Elizabeth, daughter of John, 
Lord Hussey of Sleford, the lady who was 
afterwards, by her husband's order, incar- 
cerated at Farley. Till this time Walter does 

• Pat Roll IS Hen. VIII. part ii. m. 5. 

t Printed in Grose and Astle*s Antiquarian 
Repertory^ vol. iv. p. 669. 

X Eleanor married (i) William Maister, gentleman ; 
(2) Sir John Hungerford, of Down Ampney ; and died 
in 1 59 1. Mary married (1) James Baker, (2) Thomas 
Shaa. Anne died immarried. 

§ See " Inquis. P.M. of Su: Walter Hungerford," 
No. 159, 6 James I. 



not appear to have been prominent in public 
affiurs ; but very soon after his last marriage, 
we find his new father-in-law writing to 
Secretary Cromwell that Walter (who had now 
taken up his knighthood) ''mudi desired*' to 
be acquainted with the minbtex, and that he 
(Walter) had asked the writer " to be a means 
of furthering him in the same.'** To make 
sure of obtaining the sought-fbr friendship^ 
Walter had^ it seems by the same letter, sent 
for Cromwell's acceptance " a patent of five 
marks a year." This had the desired effi^rt, 
and a little later we find Lord Hussey again 
writing to Cromwell, thanking him for 
his '' godnes shewed imto my sone S' Walter 
Hongerford,'' and fiuther asking tha^ by 
Cromwell's aid, Walter might be the next 
sheriff of Wiltshire; Lord Hussey adding 
that Walter did '^so deserve it that I am 
sure ye wilbe contented.^f 

An introduction once obtained to Crom- 
well, Walter was not slow in following it up to 
advantage, and firom this time his pen was 
firequently employed in writing letters to the 
Secretary, soliciting favours, occasionally in 
acknowledging the receipt of them. Some 
dozen or so of these letters will be fomid in 
vol. xviii. of the Cromwell Correspondence at 
the Public Record Office. It is much to be 
regretted that thtey throw so little light upon 
his domestic life at a period when any 
glimpses into it would be most interesting. 
Still these letters deserve notice here, because 
for the most part they treat of the way in 
which the writer dealt with those who were 
brought before him on the charge of having 
spoken treason against the King, the very 
crime for which Walter was afterwards him- 
self convicted. 

On the 8th of June, 1536, Walter had 
summons to Parliament as '* Walter 
Hungerford de Heytesbury Chev." Crom- 
well was created Baron Cromwell of Oke- 
ham on 9th July following; the principal 
portion, therefore, of Walter's letters, ad- 
dressed to Cromwell as ''His good Lord- 
ship," were written after the latter date. 

One of the charges brought against Lord 
Hungerford at his trial was for having retained 
in his service, and generally befriended, a 

* Cromwell Corresp<mdince (Public Reoord Office), 
voL xviii. 



LORD HUNGERFORD OF HEYTESBURY. 



SI 



certain priest named William Krde, who was 
guilty of treason ; and therefore the most 
important letters of Lord Hungerford, in 
the series before us, are those in niiich he 
treats of die traitorous priest ; these are two 
in number, and we will quote them, one in 
full and die other in part, as being interesting 
in subject and illustrative of Lord Hunger- 
ford's style of writing. The first of these 
is dated at Farley on the 22nd of June.* 

PleaiSTth hyt joor Lordsfayro) to be advertysed that 
ther come to me oa y* XIX** daye of Jane, last past, 
one Wyl^run Wyllyams, bayly off Bradfibrd to my 
boose at Farieygh, and ther detectyd byfoie me one 
S* Wyllyam Byrde, vykcr of Bradffbid, and parson of 
Fjrtyltoo, of hjTgh tiesoo, as moie fdither hyt aperyth 
by hys oonffessyon hereyn indosyd, wych Y haTe 
send onto your good Lordshyp. Y haTe noo more 
reooide of y* woids y* was spokyn by hym, bat oody 
hym srlflfr, bat y* mater of hyt selffe ys soo heynns, 
and y* words soo detestable yt me thiiike of my 
boandyn doty and alleagens to my Piynse, and 
SoTerajrne Loid and King, I can do noo lesse bat to 
aaertyne yoar Lonbhypp tfaerofil And as con sonyng 
y* seyd Wyilyam Wyllyams, y have send hym appe by 
my servant Hary Pane, y^ boer. And also y have ^ 
sqrd Vyker inlykneyse 3m hold ontyll y doo knowe of 
yoor fiuther pleasar diereyn. .^Jso I dyd ask y* 
seyd Wyllyam Wyllyams whye he dyd kepe ys treson 
900 kxi^ and he seyd -f ^^ wold have otteryd hyt 
many tymes er thys, bat he was lothe too doo hytt, 
forbycowose y* seyd Vyker was hys onkyll, and of 
late y* seyd Vyker, layd ontyll hys chaxge, y* he dyd 
stde hys gddyng, and sertyn mooy of hys. Wher- 
i^Kin y* woides afbrseyd la-as y* rather by hym spokyn, 
or ells my thow;|^t by hym he wole never have 
nttexyd hyt ; bat tmly my Lord hyt ys peyte j^ such 
a wredi shold lyve soo longe, Imowyng any socfa 
mateis to be trewe by any man to be spokyn, and 
wold akhys kmgg space keppe y* tresoq 3m hys bely. 

And y^ V m&y farther knowe yoar pleasar 3m y* 
premisse, & y slull follfyll your comandment accord- 
yngly. And farther y bcsech 3roar Lordshyp to have 
me 3m yoar good rcmembrans 3m soch c^ sates as 
my leyd servant shall inibrme 3roor good Lordsh3rp, & 
he shidl gyre h3rs deljrgent attcndans to knowe yoar 
farther {ueasare thereyn, & y* hjt holj^ please your 
LorddijTp to g3rve farther oedens onto my seyd ser- 
vanL And y* y rest at 3roar comandmenL At 
Fadeygh 3rrs present zxxx^ day of Jane 
By yoor Lordshjrppes most 

bowdyn, and at yoar comand*. 

Water Hungerford. 

Endorsed ** Letter from the Lord Hnxigeifonl of 
tibe detection of the Vicar of Harford. ''f 

So then we see Lord Hungerford, accord- 
ii^ to his own account, a zealous officer of 

* Tke Indictment against Lord Hungtrford (Parlia- 
ment Roll, 31 and 32 Hen. VIII., m. 42) states that 
proceedings were fint taken against Biide in 1536. 

t Clearly a mistake for Bn^ord. 



the King, anxious to bring to justice and 
pnnishment xadier tiian bd^end the rash 
nttcrer of treason. The next letter, dated 
on the 5th of October, evidenUy in the 
same year, contains the following allusion 
to Biide. 

And farther that wher 3roar lordshpp dyd co- 
mande me to sende y* V3rker of Forde* anto jrecomjm 
jayle, thereto remayne w*owt bayle; or mainprise, for 
hys abhom3mabell words, that he had axenst ye 
k3ri^es hyghnjrs, he ys at large yn h3rs paryshe not- 
w^tond3mg yoar comandment, and as jret w*owt 
ponysmentc. And also he doth dayley ose hys tonge 
as anthryftiy as ever he d3rd ; aixl what yooer plesor 
shalbe done her3rn, y* y mj^ht have knowlege, and 
hyt shalbe fullfjdlyd accordyngly, for y have send 
many tymys anto yoor good kudshype, and had 
never answer as yet, of 3roar plesore thereyn. 

By die foregoing it would seem diat Lord 
Hui^erford was powerless to execute Crom- 
well's order for die committal of the traitorous 
vicar, much as he desired to do so. 




Moobspring priory?, 
Somereetdbire. 



|F all the barbarous examples of sanc- 
tuaries d^raded and profaned, 
that *of Woodspring Aiow so 
called, really Woispring) Abbey 
Church is perhaps the most offensive 
extant. In some instances, the waste of 
time has been so efiectually reinforced by 
dilapidating violence — that the more sacred 
parts of the whole monastic pile have dis- 
appeared, those only surviving which some 
economic use has rescued. Such is Cleeve 
Abbey, in the north-western part of the same 
county. There refectory and bams survive 
die demolished walls which enclosed the 
scene of divine worship. In other cases, 
too numerous to mention, the whole has 
gone impartially to wreck together, and there 
has been no '' survival of the fittest" for 
daily human needs. But the case of Wood- 
spring is that of a church, every ancient 
member and feature of which unmistakably 
suggests its sacred character, deliberately con- 
verted into a farmer's family house, and with 
the group of its appiutenant chimnejrs crop- 

• Bradford. 



52 



WOODSPRING PRIORY, SOMERSETSHIRE. 



ping up into the sky-line through the roof of 
the nave. The domestic buildings proper to 
the monastic establishment have been de- 
molished in this instance ; and into the very 
area sacred for centuries to the solemn strain 
of praise and prayer, the physical uses of 
human life have intruded. The Lar /ami- 
miliaris of the homestead, with rites of tea- 
kettle and washing-tub, of mop and pail, 
and cheese-press, now claims it as his own. 

The church is thus a ^' domestic establish- 
ment/' and pays its rent, its rates and taxes, 
we hope, punctually. The only "Hours'* now 
observed are meal-times and milking-times ; 
and the farmer now walks into his parlour 
through the very door where the Augustinians 
of former days passed in from the covered 
way, under their now vanished dormitory, to 
their daily orisons. 

There is a sadly widowed look about the 
west front — ^the first which meets the eye by 
the ordinary approach. A well-developed 
string-course divides it into upper and lower 
members. The stones of ^e great west 
window are still dotted in the masonry, with 
its full-length niche right and left, and a 
smaller one in the gable over the point of 
its arch. In that on the left stood once a 
pontifical figure, perhaps a '' St. Thomas of 
Canterbury," now left flat, lumpy, and 
featureless, with all its relief chipped sheer 
away; looking somewhat like a sugar-loaf 
cut through in a grocer's shop, but betraying 
in this state of havoc some lines as of mitre 
and crozier. Below the string-course looks 
out a modem house window through part of 
the space once filled by the western door of 
ample proportions, the rest being walled up 
with clumsy stones. This fi-ont is hand- 
somely turretted at its angles, and fi-om the 
northern one springs a horizontal range of 
nondescript structure, added since the 
church was put to secular uses, their line 
diverging at a very small angle from the line 
of the nave ; so that, when you look down 
from the battlements of the church tower, 
these lines look like those of a forked stick ; 
while, seen from the ground on the western 
side, the effect is like that of features with a 
villanous squint in them. To judge from a 
date over one of the doors, the early part of 
the eighteenth century may be credited with 
this bit of architectural bastardy. This 



range of building, which is mean enough, has 
yet an air about it which looks as if it might 
be a Somersetshire mason's caricature of 
some remains which possibly were standing 
when it was built 

At the foot of the right or southern turret 
is a small porch of modem stracture, whidi 
disguises an ancient door, with a smaJl bit of 
ancient waU, having rough-hewn gurgoyles and 
other tokens of an early character. Passing 
through the door we see the south wall 6[ 
what was the church, and on it, near its 
westem end, the scar of a gable, showing that 
a building sprang at right angles from it, and 
the corbels which supported the roof-timben 
of this building still adhere, at no great ele- 
vation, to the reverse or inner side of die 
ancient wall, through which we have now 
passed. This stmcture, now no more, would 
have formed the westem member of the 
general ground-plan, the church being the 
northem, while the southern is stillrepresented 
in a ruinous hall, of good and fairly ample 
proportions, with an arched doorway near its 
westem end. This hall is probably conjec- 
tured to have been the chief business-room 
of the monastery, where questions of rent 
and dues and fees would be adjusted, and 
such as were payable in money would be paid. 
The ogee-headed windows on the north side 
of it, and its timbered roof, not yet gone to 
utter decay, are noteworthy ; and there are 
tokens of its line having been continued 
westward at a somewhat lower elevation, as 
the west window was partially intercepted 
by the gable of the roof of such continuation. 
This noble hall is now a cattle-shed. Its 
chief doorway was northward, communicating 
perhaps with the Prior's own lodgings, white 
the south side has for its most conspicuous 
feature the remnant of a circular stair, which 
may have led to some muniment room at a 
high elevation, where the necessary docu- 
ments connected with the transaction of busi- 
ness below would be kept 

The original plan of the church was simple 
—a tower between nave and choir. A north 
aisle added to the nave was perhaps a later 
extension of the plan. The tower in the 
thirteenth century was probably low and 
'' squat," and certainly massive, with scanty 
elevation for bells ; and its summit was 
reached by an extemal stair-flight. It stands 



WOODSPRING PRIORY, SOMERSETSHIRE. 



5J 



now in a fifteenth-century case, and is 
topped by an upper stage of the same date ; 
whilst, again, its lower storey contains an 
" inner skin " of light perpendicular work in 
whitish. Caen stone, with open arches elegantly 
supported on recessed shafts and a fan-vault- 
ing springing from each angle. It is not 
often that we meet so curious a piece of in- 
crustation of style by style in such thorough 
harmony of spirit yet such startling contrast 
of form* 

The later casing, however, is not symme- 
trical with the proportions of the original 
tower, the ground plan of which was not 
square but oblong, whilst that of the later 
tower distributed its enlarged area unequally 
between the north and south sides. On both 
these sides the older tower, or what was left 
of it by the fifteenth-eentury architect, stands 
masked under a stone pent-house with sloping 
roof, having something of the air of a buttress 
broadened out; but on the south side the 
front of the ground plan was advanced to take 
in the projection of the external flight of 
stairs above referred to, which the later south 
bxjt conceals, all save the ^ upper portion. 
These stairs only rise to about one-third of 
the height of the later and taller tower, which 
would be about one-half the height of the 
older and shorter one. This width, on what 
we may call the first floor of his tower, the 
later architect has turned to account by 
creating a little parapet walk of a few paces 
between the southern wall-face of his own 
tower and Uie casing oi the old. On this 
walk the staircase lets the visitor out at its 
head; and its octagonal pyramid cup of 
fifteenth centmy work, crowned by a finial, 
and with cornice decoration of the York and 
Lancaster rose, looks over the parapet at the 
top of the lower stage of the tower, and forms 
one of the most pleasing features of the 
whole south frontage. 

The internal corbels in the second storey 
of the tower entered from the stairs are part 
of the old structure, and mark something 
which disappeared when it was altered. 
They may have supported floor-timbers or, 
more probably, the framework on which the 
bells were hung. These in the older fabric 
were probably rung from the ground; the 
ringing-chamber of the later tower being 
about the height of the belfiy of the earlier. 



By a simple and beautiful device of mechani- 
cal structure, the belfry windows, facing 
nearly the caitlinal points, would hold music 
as a sponge holds water, letting it as it were 
dribble out to seem suspended in the air. 
Each window is blocked by slabs to about 
one-third of its height, whUe each window- 
head is a massive plate on which the external 
ornamentation lies in relief. Thus the escape 
of the sound b concentrated upon the mid- 
most panels. These are elegantly pierced 
in numerous foliage-shaped eyelets, tUl each 
panel becomes a sieve of sound, through 
which it floated forth sifted into finer 
vibrations, filling the sky with mistdrops of 
prolonged melody. How pitiable a sight is 
this economy of sweet reverberations amidst 
havoc and desecration ! It is an extinguished 
lantern whose radiance was not luminous 
but resonant The tongues which ''dis- 
coursed" the music have been torn away, 
but the delicate organization of their voice- 
chords is their mute abiding witness. 

The tower once terminated in a pinnacle 
at each angle, with an added secondary in 
the middle of each of its faces. Its parapet 
is worked in a continuous series of framed 
panels, every panel having an open quatrefoil 
cut in the heart of its square, and every such 
opening a foliaged or fiiiitaged ornament in 
its central eye ; and as much artbtic care is 
lavished on Uie details of these small centre- 
pieces at this rarely visited height, as modem 
architects mostly reserve for those more 
ambitious ornaments which stare one in the 
face below. 

The ruinous eastern member of the church 
presents problems which the spade might 
help to solve ; but the spade is busy for other 
more purely terrestrial purposes at Wood- 
spring now, and the problems meanwhile are 
so far insoluble that speculation may well be 
forborne. The north aisle, once a chantry, 
dedicated, as is believed, to Becket, serves 
now either as a cider cellar or some similar 
adjunct of the farm-house, whose site is the 
desecrated nave. Whether such an aisle 
formed part of the thirteenth-century struc- 
ture may be questioned. It has been dread- 
fully mauled, alike by the sacrilegious havoc 
of the sixteenth and perhaps every succeed- 
ing century, and by the demands of eco- 
nomic degradation. The gable of its eastern 



54 



WOODSPRING PRIORY, SOMERSETSHIRE. 



extremity preserves a fragmentaiy outline of a 
window of three lights, deformed by the 
modem intrusion of a secular-looking win- 
dow, picked up probably from the wreckage 
of the humbler purlieus of the Abbey. It 
had four buttresses on its north side, of 
which three remain ; the third, at the north-- 
west angle, being much the stoutest Each 
wall-curtain between successive buttresses 
contains a window, windows as well as 
buttresses being in the perpendicular style. 
These are, of course, precisely the portions 
in which alteration or addition is most likely; 
yet in the absence of any indications of a 
contrary conclusion their date may be as- 
sumed as that of the building. 

Here again, we may observe, that the 
answer to the points which have been noticed 
as doubtful may lie below the surface ; and 
it is worth while adding that foundations, if 
once laid bare, are probably capable of 
yielding traces of successive historic styles 
hardly less distinct than those shown in wall^ 
which they supported. Analogous differences 
to those which strike the eye in the super- 
structiire would probably reward the eqiudly 
careful student of the substructure. At 
present it is thought enough to determine, 
by digging, the lines of vanished wall above 
the surface, and that is commonly the only 
question asked of the spade. But founda- 
tions may some day be made the subject of 
scientific classification on their own merits. 
Something in the depth attained, or in the 
lay of the stones, or in the temper and 
quality of the mortar, would probably tell 
its own tale. Of course the expense, as well 
as diffiailty and tediousness of the work, 
would be l^ely to deter any but wealthy, as 
well as resolute, enthusiasts. On the oUier 
hand, whatever lessons buried stones may 
have to teach, would probably be deduced 
with absolute certainty, because the earth as 
jealously preserves what it hides, as weather 
and the havoc of devastation decay and 
deface whatever is exposed to them; and 
now that '^the endowment of research " has 
become a popular demand, who shall say 
that such explorations are impossible ? 

The connection of Woodspring Priory 
with the memory of Becket was not the mere 
fortuitous result of the fashionable saint- 
culture of the thirteenth century. This 



Priory was founded byWilliam de Courtenaye, 
probably grandson of one of Becket's 
murderers, that same William de Tnury, who 
was first flung by the archbishop on the 
cathedral floor at Canterbury, in the pre- 
liminary struggle, and then with his swidid 
struck the defenceless prelate to his knees. 
It was further enriched by the grand-daughter 
of another of the murderers, Hugh BritOy 
''in the hope," sa3rs Dean Stanley, whose 
''Memorials of Canterbury" we are here 
following, "that the intercession of the 
glorious martyr might never be wanting to 
her and her children." The same authoriQr 
adds, p. 83, ed. 1855 : 

In the repairs of Woodspring Chnrdi, in 185s, 
a wooden cup, much decayed, was discovered in a 
hoUow in the hack of a statue fixed against the walL 
The cup contained a substance which was decided to 
be the dried residuum of blood. From the connectiaB 
of the priory with the murderers of Becket, and firom 
the fact that the seal of the prior contained a cop^ or 
chalice, as part of its device, there can be little doabt 
that this ancient cup was . thus preserved at the 
time of the Dissolution, as a valuable relic, and that 
the blood which it contained was that <^ the mur- 
dered Primate. 

This statement is slightly incorrect It 

was not in 1853, nor in *' Woodspring 

Church," but in or before 1849, in the 

parish church of Kew Stoke, in the northern 

part of which parish Woodspring Prioiy 

Church stands, that the relique was found. 

The youmal of the Archaohgical Indiitik^ 

1849, PP* 4^^* 40 ^» states. 

On taking down the north wall of the nave (of this 
church) it became necessary to remove a blodc 6t 
stone, sculptured with a demi figure, on the inside of 
the church. It was discovered that in the back of 
this block was hollowed out a smaU arched chamber, 
within which was deposited an oaken vessel, or capi, 
partially decayed ana a little split open; in the bottom 
was a dry incrustation of what appeared to have been 
coagulated blood. The cup has a rim at the top, as 
if to receive a cover ; the cavity in the stone wis 
firmly closed with a small oak panel, which fitted to a 
rebate. 

Dugdale's Monasticon^ vol. iii. p. 47 (ori- 
ginal edition) is referred to as containing 

A curious letter to Jocelin, Bishop of Bath, firom 
WiUiam Courtenaye, detailing his intention of found- 
ing a convent of Aueustine monks near Bristol, lor 
the benefit of the som of hiis father, Robert, &c., who 
^ould serve God, the Virgin, and the blessed Mar^ 
tyr, St. Thomas. 

The youmal adds, after noticing the pro- 
bability, agreeably to custom, that a portion 



WOODSPRING PRIORY, SOMERSETSHIRE. 



55 



of the saint's relics — ^.y a phial or vase of 
the blood of the martTr — shoald be deposited 
in any nxKiimient to his memory^ that 

TTiere seems nodungimreasoiiable in sapposiog that 
the little cup at Kew Stoke may have been the de- 
positofyof someof Bccket'sbkxxL The form of the 
niche and die mouldings are of a date earlier than 
the part of the parish chmdi in whicfa it was placed, 
but coeval with the cooventnal Chmcfa. It is not m- 
fikeij that it was broi^ht from the Priory at the time 
of the SBpprvssioo, and pboed for security in the site 
in which it was ktdy mnd. There nug^ still, at 
tibat period, have been svflfeient reverence for die 
martyr's rdic; to hav« iBdaoed,die ecclesiastics to take 
steps for its prcserratian. It may, h o w eve r , have 
been the dep o sitoi y of the heart of some person ot 

totfaeidvic. 



This is, we tiiink, a probable suggestion. 
The scuIptnredUockwhidi had guarded some 
such rdic at the Priorjwas not meant to be 
dxmn. The Piiory also possessed this rdic of 
the blood of ** die bed J biksfal mar^," whidi 
was of comse diq)layed to the admiring eyes of 
devotees at his shrine. Whenfl^t and con- 
cealment became necessaiy, the parish chorch 
affoidcdan as»)inm to the latter rdic, but it 
was then entombed in a mmal figure taken 
from die Piiovj Chmch, and embedded in the 
wan of the parsh chinch. It was rescned, 
hoarded, bmied, and foigotten, until three 
oentnnes and more afDcrwards, the work- 
man's tool ^ifit the cxrity, and, like a toad 
firam a blodk of maxble, the rd&: saw the 



32)entificatkm of J^jddel'e iTd 
airtb wttb tbe Sits 1liittni5. 

^■^■HE Tiaaos seen bj the Plrop^act 

HSSB Eccbel axe reilated in tiie Book of 
^^^^^1 the I^ioplkd to hsFc oocnned 
^"""^ ^'amoogiic G^jdpcc by tiic irrcr 
of Chfhar^ ^ The votd tMf i^ Ixia^d casne 
CJLfaesdy cmp Eiffkyil i3ae pnest, dae somof 
Bui, in die Hasid ci ^at Chaadcam, bf tiae 



Fmiiker it 2i rdbiOad in fbe JBtaK IxKsk, liot 

likcm 'cf I^GBptjriij al Tell- 



to 



abiby tiai dvrikt 
(£xck.m. 15). 



in name, been identified with the Chaboras 
or ELhabiir ; but it is sufficient to disprove 
this identification that both Ezekiel and 
Jeremiah (L 3) describe the Chebar as being 
in the land of the Chaldeans. Chebar and 
Chabor are, it is also to be observed, not the 
same words ; the former being written with 
a caph, whilst the latter is written with a 
cheth, in Kings and Chronicles. 

The river of Babylon, by n^iich the cap- 
tives sat down and wept (Ps. cxxxviL i), k 
rendered Chobar in the Septuagint, and PUny 
(vL xxvL) having given to the Nahr Makha 
the name of a Persian satrap, Gobare% Sir 
Hemy Randinson (Herodotns, iiL 449X sug- 
gested that he may have got that name kfm 
the Semetic Chobar. 

But Cdlarius, in his Mrti^. Orb. Aniiq.^ p. 
630, quotes the ** illustrious Huetius," as iden- 
tifying in his work on Paradise, the Nahr 
Sares with the river of Suia, and as the same 
as the Chobar or Ghobar. The Nahr, orNa- 
bar Sares, with its lakes, constituted die head 
waters of the western Euphrates — the PaUa- 
copas of the Macedonians. In its proknga- 
tion it passes the Bin Nimmd, or Bontppa, 
idieze it was known to the JewsastfaePenUh 
ofBoni, or ''the Euphrates of Boisppa.'' 
(Nenbaner, Gag. du Talmud^ pp. 3:^7-34/^). 
The finther prokmgation of tins river was 
also known to the Jews ^% that of Gobya, or 
Ku£i (Vologesia), wfaidi cxxroboolcs the 
identification made h^ Huetins of the Nahr 
Sares viih the river so caBed, and wfckii the 
latter fianhcr identifies with the Chidaror 
Chobar of Scripture. JLdbi itself maj be 
anothfT reading foe; or rersaon oC Chefaac 

Rabbi Pcti^Ba, Trms^ trmulaied by Dr. 
Bemisdk p. ^3) identsficd the river of Chdiar 
with dbe HindijalL a bondi of the western 
Egipbia3es,becaaaiethc}X4nbofEyffk.id (figjurpd 
in ixfonf s Ckaldaa ami Smsiama^ p. 34), n 
szmatod at Ke£BI on its backs. 

Tht HiDdijah, vA dae river of Bon^^pi, 
were m Ixsfo^s tXEue aoJy ooe yxA lake^akr 
expanse of tike fame inaiers; aaadsf noctiae 
Gobya or Cbobar, ilionzied part of Ihtt same 
§f&£m of ini^laaD in oiWa- limeE. 

Dr. l[\ini^f> B^^^ It is almost certajtQiiat 
Bars is a t€dc cf the azKieot zatxoe, Bosxappa. 
Tkoi was, we beibere, first soi^g^eGtad by 
AxDSwort^; botliite identatyof tixisfieie,wgE!h 
tte jBDoeott czty or an^uBbcf BonBppa, was 



S6 IDENTIFICATION OF EZEKIELS TEL ABIB WITH BIRS NIMRUD. 



first established by Rawlinson, who found in 
the ruins clay qrlinders, with inscriptions^ in 
which Nebuchadnezzar describes the works 
that he had carried on there, calling the place 
Borsippa." 

What was said in the Researches in 
Assyria^ &c, p. i68, was : '' This Birs Nimrud 
has been generally looked upon as the 
remnant of Uie great pile of Babel ; but from 
what has been detailed, it will appear much 
more probably to have belonged to the 
city. of Birs, Bursif, and Borsippa, which was 
perhaps one of the quarters of the Babylon 
of Herodotus." 

Birs is, we have seen, the actual name of 
the place. Bursif is the name given to it in 
the Sidra Rablia of the Sabaeaus. It ap- 
pears also as Biri in the Tdmud of Babylon 
\Erubin^ ^Sa\ and as Borsi in Kidduschin 
(72 a); and tne Talmud also notices a temple 
of Nebo, as being at *' Borsip" (Tal. of Bahyl. 
Adobah Zarah^ 11, 6). Strabo called the 
place, Borsippa ; Ptolemy wrote it Barsita ; 
and Josephus, Borsippus. 

It is strange that Neubauer should say, 
" no traces hxvt yet been found of this re- 
markable town.*' Mannert expressed his 
hopes that some traveller would succeed in 
discovering it, guiding himself by the bats, 
which, according to Strabo, are of greater size 
there than elsewhere, and which were smoked 
before being eaten. This is at all events an 
illustration of bats being used as food in 
olden times, and whence their prohibition by 
the Mosaic law. 

Neubauer was, however, acquainted with 
the Birs NimrQd, which, he says, Oppert 
sought to identify with the Tower of BabeL 
'* But," he adds, '' the Talmud makes men- 
tion of another site of idolatry, which it calls 
Beth Nimriid (House of Nimrod), and which 
would be best represented by the Birs Nim- 

i^d" (p. 345)- 

This identification has a further interest in 
shewing that the Talmudists made a distinc- 
tion between the temple of Bel, and the Birs 
or Beth Nimrdd. Neubauer adds, indeed, 
as if in explanation of the difference, " The 
ruins of Babel are to be seen in the present 
day to the north of Helle" (Hillah or 
Hilleh). 

Sir Henry Rawlinson agrees so far with 
Oppert as to identify the Birs Nimriid with 



the temple of Belus of Herodotus, and Dr. 
Hincks is ako of the same opinion. This 
because Herodotus said that die temple and 
the king's palace were on different sides of 
the river. 

But the mound of Babel is separated from 
the Mujaliba by the bed of a canal, and 
this canal was apparently once a laigie 
derivative from the Euphrates, if not the 
main stream of the river itself as Abii'Ifada 
describes it, adding that it flowed to the city 
of Nil or Nilyah, after which it was caUed 
Nahr Sirat {Res in Assyria^ &c, p. 169). 

Mr. Lofhis has also since pointed out 
{Chaldaea and Susian^ p. 95) that even in 
Abiilfada's time the Euphrates struck off 
from the modem channel at BabeL ''Its 
sunken bed," he says, " may still be traced 
on the west of the old pile of Al Haimar (the 
red), which some authors include within the 
circumference of the great city of Nebuchad- 
nezzar. Its course terminated in the Tigriii 
above Kilt al Amara, whilst a main artetj, 
derived from the old Euphrates, near & 
City of Niliya, flowed southward past Niflbr.* 

Supposing, then, the mound of Babel to 
represent the Tower of Babel, afterwards the 
temple of Belus; and the Mujaliba, the 
ancient palace, with the Kasr (Nebuchad- 
nezzar's palace) superadded, the two would 
be separated by the old Euphrates river, or, if 
not so, at all events by a river or canal, 
which appears to have been tiie Nile of 
Babylonia. 

Herodotus not only says that the 
and the temple were separated by the 
but he also tells us that they were m 
roimded by walls of their own in the middle 
of the two divisions of the city made by the 
river. This would imply that the two divi* 
sions were in juxtaposition, and only separated 
by the river, whereas the temple of Borsippa 
is several miles away. 

The fact appears to be, that each town 
had its own Birs, or Baris, or temple, and 
whilst Babel was the temple of Belus in 
Babylon, the Birs Ninurdd was the temple of 
Belus in Borsippa, if it was not, as the 
Talmudists report, dedicated to Nebo. 

The identification of the Birs NimrQd with 
the Tower of Babel, made by Mr. -Kich, as 
well as by M. Oppert in his EocptdiHan 
Scientifigue en Mesopotamie^ &c.| p. 200^ has 



IDENTIFICATION OFBZEKIEVS TEL ABIB WITH B IRS NIMRUD. 57 



been supposed by some to be corroborated 
by its bemg caUed TeU Chlb, or « the HiU 
of Greif/' m the Syriac version of the Old 
Testament. 

But this designation would appear to be 
connected with a totally different association 
of ideas — ^that of the wailing of the IsraeUtes 
— and to be another name for the Tel Abtb 
of Ezekiel, the latter being, as we have 
shewn, on the river of Chebar, or the Euphra- 
tes of Borsippa, and the same as Tela Chib| 
and as the Birs NimrCld. 

It is hence not at all improbable that this 
was the soKialled Tel or eminence from 
whence, in the time of the Captivity, the Pro- 
phet denounced the rebellious children of 
Israel Rabbi Petachia, we have seen, called 
the Birs NimrOd, Al Ajiir, another reading or 
version of Tel Ablb ; and it is remarkable 
that the Greek translators rendered Tel Abtb 
by meteoros^ or '' in mid air,^ from an old 
tradition that the Prophet was supported in 
mid-air when denouncing the Israelites — a 
hyperbolic mode of expression — of which a 
position taken up by Ezekiel on the top of, 
or on the steps of, the tower of seven 
stages, would be at once the most suitable, 
and the most acceptable, illustration. 




Icittd l^icbarb'6 Cnisabe^ 



|UCH valuable information respect- 
ing Richard Coeur de Lion and 
his Crusade has been lately brought 
to light by letters and doctmients 
found in Genoese archives ; for it was on 
Genoese ships that the kings of France and 
En^and sailed for Palestine, and in their 
capadty of" carriers " the Genoese displayed 
all the astuteness of a commercial race, who 
carefully secured by contracts that they 
should incur no financial loss in the part 
they took m the Holy Wars. 

As events went on, and when the strong- 
hold of Acre fell into the hands of the 
Christians, the two crusader monarchs found 
themselves at variance; Philip of France 
returned home, and Richard of England was 
left to prosecute his plans of attacking the 
Sol dan of Egypt single-handed, 
vou IV. 



In this extremity he penned the following 
letter to his friends in Genoa : — 

Richard, by the grace of God King of England, 
Duke of Nonnanc^, Count of A(;|uitaine, to the 
venerable and most well-beloved friends the arch- 
bishop, podest^ consols, and council, and other 
worthy men of Goioa, to whom this present letter 
shaU come, aeadeth meting. 

Seeing that yoa, iu)ove aU other men, show the 
greatest solicitude for the maintenance of the holy 
land of Jerusalem, we have thought fit to point out 
to you what are the measures we propose to carrv out 
for the defence of the same. Let it oe known, tnere- 
fore, to your kindly feeling for us, that in the coming 
summer we, with all our forces, shall hasten into 
Egrpt against Babylon and Alexandria, to the honour 
otuod and to the confounding of the arrogance of the 
Gentiles, if you will give us your assent ; hence do 
we instantly recommend ourselves to your sincerity, 
and implore you that out of regard for the Divine 
piety, and for your own welfare, jrou will join the 
Christian army with the full panoply of your forces, 
and without any delay, feelmg asafured that every 
part and convention which we have made with you, 
and you with us, shall be entirelv observed, apart 
from the contract we have a^^-eady signed for otir 
transport to the coasts of Syria. 

If yon will bring with you ships, men, provisions, 
and armour, sufficient for the enterprise, of whatever 
lands by the grace of God we shall be able to acquire 
from tlie Saiacens, so much shall be given to you as 
shall be agreed between -us. At any rate you shall 
obtain whatever may be proportionate to the succour 
lent by you, whether it be monc^, ships, or men. Be 
assured that we will pay the hau of tne expenses for 
the time employed by the galleys in sailing to the 
Christian sumy. 

As to the rest, we send yon Maurius di Rodoano, an 
honoured man, and a frioid of the Cluistian canse, 
who formerly was your consul in Syria, concerning 
the business of Christendom, begging that yon wiU 
give credence to all he may propose to you, as to a 
true friend of the Christians. Concerning all the 
thin|;s that the said Maurius shall say and do, we 
shall consider them as binding as if we had said or 
done them ourselves. Do you, therefore, intimate to 
hhn what you can do about this business, and the 
number of galleys that you will send to join the 
Christian army. 

Written with our own hand at Aeon, nth October. 

Apparently the Genoese acquiesced in 
Ricluurd's request, for there is another letter, 
bearing no date, which says that, ''if we 
obtain from Genoa the half only of what 
your messengers promise, we will freely give 
unto you the third part of all the conquests 
which, with the grace of God, we shall gain 
from the Saracens." 

But Richard must have experienced the 
full force of Virgil's cutting lines on Ligurian 
treachery-^ 

r 



S8 



KING RICHARUS CRUSADE. 



Vet like a true Ligurian, bom to cheat. 

At least whilst fortune favoured his decdt ; . 

for the promised succour never arrived. 

Of the original treaty alluded to in King 
Richard's letter I have been able to discover 
no traces in Genoese archives ; but that made 
by Philip II. of France is still extant, and 
we may presume that they made one of the 
same nature with the English king before 
they took the two kings on board their galleys, 
to the command of which two Genoese ad- 
mirals were appointed, Sunone Vento, and 
the above mentioned Rodoano. 

The Genoese came to terms with Philip of 
P'rance in this wise : their merchants not only 
traded largely with the coast of Syria, but 
pushed far Into the heart of France, hence 
they were recognized as the most fitting people 
to transport the troops. 

A contract is still in existence by which 
Hugh, Duke of Burgimdy, granted these 
merchants, in 1 190, enormous mercantile con- 
cessions in his towns of Chalons and Dijon. 
Bearing a date only two days subsequent to 
this, and negotiated by the same duke on 
behalf of the French king, is the contract 
for the transport of the crusaders, the principal 
features of which are that Philip of France 
was to pay the Genoese 5850 silver marks for 
the transport of 650 soldiers, 1300 squires, 
and 1300 horses, together with their arms 
and trappings, food for eight months, and 
wine for four months, from the day of their 
departure from Genoa. In addition to which 
every concession they demanded for the ex- 
tension of their commerce in the conquered 
countries, and large immunities throughout 
France, were granted them. 

We can hardly doubt that the king of 
England's contract was worded in much the 
same way, and that the sum paid down and 
the commercial advantages were equally large. 

It is interesting to find traces of English- 
men in Genoa at the time of this crusade so 
many centuries after. Tliere is a time- 
honoured church downnear the quay in Genoa. 
Much of it is now in bad repair, houses of 
many colours are built up against it, but there 
still remain the cell, where the Hospitallers, 
to whom this building originally belonged, as 
a commenday used to give a meal and a 
night's lodging to pilgrims on their way to 
Palestine. 



Let into the wall, undemeadi the tower of 
this church, is a curious old monument, re- 
presenting a head, round which is the fidlow- 
mg inscription in Latin :— 

Of Master William Acton I am here the boaie. 
For whom let whosoever pases l^ 
In I iSo, in the time of William, it 



It is curious to find an English name con- 
nected with this tomb and &s chwch. In 
looking through an old register of the fiounda- 
tion of this builcUng, dated 30th September, 
1 198, 1 read the following statement : — 

I, William, commendator of the Hoqpttal of St 

}ohn, a^it to haying received from yaa. Master 
ohn of England, doctor, thirty-seven potmds in de- 
posit, which, deposit Master John made^ fearing 
the judgment of God, in the journey of the most 
blessed St. Thomas of Canterbory, in which he set 
out, and if he did not retom to Gokm, he bequeaths 
the said thirty-seven pounds to the said hoqntaL 

It is somewhat difficult to decide on 
two points. Is the William of the tomb tiie 
William of the document, and did he, as was 
customary in those days, build a borne to 
receive his bones a long time before his 
death? 

This indeed is but a matter for antiquazian 
curiosity. Sufficient is proved by it that 
Englishmen were by no means uncommon 
travellers in Italy at the time of Richard 
Coeur de Lion's crusade, and perhaps the old 
commenda of St John could rival the more 
palatial haJting-places of modem days in the 
number of its Anglo-Saxon visitors. 

J. Theodore Bent. 



\\^r:\ 



tTbe Kentfab 6arIanbJ 




|T is somewhat strange that the in- 
habitants of the famous county of 
Kent, which has been well cele- 
brated in ballads and songs, 
should have hitherto left these memorials of 

• TkeKenHsh Garland, Edited by Jnlia H. L. de 
Vaynes. With Additional Notes and Pictorial Il]«. 
trations, copied from the rare originals, by J. Vt 
Ebsworth, M.A., F.S.A VoL I.— The County 
General. Hertford : Stephen Austin & Sons, i in 
8vo, pp. XX. 455. gax 



THE KENTISH GARLAND. 



59 



the past uncollected. Now a lady comes 
forward to supply this deficiency, and, with 
the help of the well-known ballad-lover, Mr. 
Ebsworth, Miss De Vaynes has produced the 
first volume of her most interesting Garland, 
devoted to the county in general, and promises 
a second, on persons and places, to follow 
shortly. The great event in the history of 
Kent, when the men of Kent, sword in hand, 
obtained firom the Conqueror the ratification of 
their customs, is fully recorded. First, there is 
Deloney's ballad of " the valiaunt courage and 
policye of the Kendshmen, with long tayles, 
whereby they kept their ancient lawes, which 
William the Conqueror sought to take firom 
them," which commences : — 

When as the Doke of Normandie^ 

With glist'riog speare and shield 
Had entered into &yre England, 

And foU'd his fOte in fielde. 
On Christmas Day in solemne sort, 

Then was he crowned here 
By Albert, Archbishop of Yorke, 

With many a noble peere. 

Then comes the most popular of Kentish 
songs, Tom D'Urfe/s Brave Men of 
Kent:— 

The hardy stoat Freeholders, 

That knew the tyrant near : 
In girdles and on Moulders, 

A grove of oaks did bear, 
Whom when he saw, in Battle draw, 

And thou^t how he migjit need *em ; 
He tiim*d his arms, allow'dtheir terms, 

Compleat with noble freedom. 

No wonder that those whom Wordsworth 
apostrophized as 

Vangnard of Liberty, ye men of Kent, 

resent the misplaced criticism of those his- 
torians who doubt the whole story of " the 
bold men of Swanscombe," and deny the 
claim that 

Left single, in bold parley, ye of yore 

Did from the Norman win a gallant wreath ; 

Confirm'd the charters that were yom^ before. 

A valuable note by Mr. James R. Scott, 
F.S.A., in which an attempt is made to prove 
that the leader of the demonstration in 
favour of Kentish rights at Swanscombe was 
a member of the family of Swene the outlaw, 
a son of Godwin, Earl of Kent, and broUier 



of Harold, the last Danish king of Englandi 
is printed in this volu&e. 

It is a long leap fix)m the Norman Con- 
quest to the Civil Wars, but the poets have 
little to tell of historical doings between these 
two events. We find that the Royalists 
quite outshine their rivals in the power of say- 
ing their say: — ^rebels, and their leader, "good 
OUver," are treated badly in The Kentish 
Fayre; but the men of Canterbury, who 
declared themselves for '* God, King Charles, 
and Kent," and found that their loyalty led 
them to sing like " birds in cages," receive 
due poetical honours. Although Kent 
generally stood by the King, Ashford gained 
a name as the hot-bed of Nonconformity ; 
but even there the other side dared to speak 
out Thomas Wilson, the vicar of All Saints', 
publicly rebuked from the pulpit Andrew 
Broughton, the regicide mayor, for his share 
in the King's death, and when he rose from 
his seat to leave the Church, cried after him, 
" he ran away because he was hard hit." 

The joy of the country when Charles II. 
was restored to his kingdom is vividly por- 
trayed in The Glory of these Nations^ and the 
various points of the progress from Dover to 
Walwortii Fields, Newington Butts and 
Southwark, are fully described, the whole 
winding up with 

The Bells likewise did loudly ring, 
Bonfires did bmn, and people sing ; 
London conduits did run with wine ; 
And aU men do to Charles incline ; 
Hoping now that all 
Unto their trades may iaU, 
Their famylies for to maintain, 
And from wrong be free, 
'Cause we have liVd to see 
Th< King enjoy his own again. 

After the more general pieces there follow 
these headings — Kentish Election, Kentish 
Volunteer, Kentish Bowmen, Keiitish Tour, 
Kentish Cricket and Kentish Hop groups, 
all of which, as their names would imply, are 
of considerable interest. In a collection of 
old ballads, that popular class relating to 
wonders and miracles is sure to be well re- 
presented. One of these ballads relates how 
a distressed widow and her seven small 
children, in the Wild of Kent, lived for seven 
weeks ** upon a burnt sixpenny loaf of bread, 
and yet it never decreased.'* Mr. Ebsworth 
has given spirited reproductions of the old 

F 2 



THE KENTISff GARLAND. 



woodcuts. The Wild, and two of the elder 

children are here represented. 




Thu» the poor lanner he wis betray'd ; 

A bjtclur no more wiU, he coiuen ; 
Since Tor the pig he a guinea hAlh paid. 

The which would have bought half ■ dozen. 
The tanner and the fat pig are faithfully ] 
represented in the following illustration : 




The Kentish FrolUk relates how a tanner 
stole a fat pig from a butcher to satisfy the 
longings of his wife, and how, when it was 
eaten, his peccadillo was discovered. 



Her children cry for bread, and she sells 
the coat from off her back, but loses her 
money on her way home. 

Her very coat she from her back did sell 
For five poor shillings, as is koown full well ; 
Bui mark how this poor soul was strangely cruat. 
Her purse "-as cut, and all her money Tost, 

Then she goes to her husband's brother, 
but he pays no heed to her prayers and 
tears. This cruel uncle, whose mercy, as 
Mr, Ebswortli says, was squint-eyed, and 
" on the north side o' friendly," is shown 
in the next cut. 




The group of songs relating to the great 
volunteer movement at the lime when 
Napoleon was expected to invade our coast, 
is of great interest, as shewing the deep I 
national enthusiasm evoked, which was strong | 
over the whole country, but particularly sc 
one of the counties that was specially exposed. 
As Mr. Ebsworlh remarks, the feeling of 
cheerful confidence which animated the nation 
was encouraged by the preaching of the 
clergy, and the pastor of Lyminge, who re- 
minded his congregation thai, " peiiiapi 
before the next Sunday dawns we shall have 
ceased to be an independent nation," was 
one of a small minority. The HoimesdaU 
Volunteer asks — 

Shall unconquer'd men of Kent, 
Who withstood the Norman pow'r, 

Bow before a vile usurjier, 



Raia'd 



a mod rebellion's hour 7 



THE KENTISB GARLAND. 



and all the poets answer this, or similar ques- 
tions, with a determined negative. 

The Society of Kentish Bowmen flourished 
■from 1785 to i8oi ; and had George, Prince 
icf Wales, for its President, It was founded 
% Mr. J. E. Madox, of Mount Masca!, in 
' North Cray parish, and consisted at first of 
relei'en members. Id 1787, the Society re- 
Imoved its meetings to Dartford Heath, and 
after obtain- 
ing the pa- qa 
bonage of H^ 
the Prince 
of Wales, the 
numbers rose 
to one hun- 
dred and 
twenty-three. 
It was an 



every mem- 
ber paid ten 
guineas on 
elecdoD, and, 
in addition, 
an annual 
Bubsctiption 
ofjCi-iw-W. 
and one 
guinea a year 
for dinners. 
If a mem- 
ber married 
he had to 
pay a fine 
of >^ioo. 
Among the 
officers were 
four standard 
bearers, a 
treasurer, a 
chaplain, an 
antiquary, a 
kuieate, and 
a volunteer laureate. No record of what 
the antiquary did has come down to our 
time, but the laureate's poems are before us, 
and in them we are told — 

A Bowman'g life's the life Iq> court. 
There's ngne can charm so dearly. 

As roving, bulling, all in spoit. 
To the sound of the bugle cheerif ■ 



For to laufh a little— and quaffa iiltle, 
To sing a Tiltic— and shoul a little, 
To fiddle a little— and foot it a little's 
The life of a little Bowman. 

No Kentish Garland would be complete 
without some record of the doings of Kentislt 
cricketers. Here is printed a poem, "written 
in consequence of a match between Hamp- 
shire and 
Kent, Aug. 



which 
decided in 
favour of the 
latter," that 
professes to 
be the first 




'— The hop that 
swings so 
.. lighlj. 
=: The hop thst 

tgUws so 

brightly, 
Will sure be honour'd rightly 
By all good men and tnie. 

We owe it to Mr. Ebsworth's kindness 
that his charming version of Hayman's scene 
in a hop garden, which illustrates Christopher 
Smart's poem, is here given. 

We hope we have said enough to show 
that this book is a valuable adcUtion to out 



62 



THE KENTISH GARLAND. 



national ballad literature, and that great 
credit is due to Miss de Va3mes for her spirit in 
producing it. Besides the lad/s valuable in- 
troductions, Mr. Ebsworth has poured out the 
stores of his unique learning in his numerous 
notes, which greatly add both to the value 
and the interest of the book. 



tTbe Si^mpatbetfc TTelegrapb^ 



f 




Or sympathy, or some connat'zal force 
Ponrrfm at greatest distance to anite. 
With secret amity, things of like kind. 
By secretest conveyance. 

O wrote Milton, and so have thought 
many others, more particularly the 
famous but credulous Sir Kenelm 
Digby, who published in 1658 a 
litde book. Of the Cure of Wounds by the 
Powder of Sympathy^ and who is said to have 
cured Howell Uie letter-writer's cut hands by 
the use of the powder at a considerable 
distance from the wounds. When the 
Mariner's Compass came to be generallv 
known, as it was apparently in the twelfth 
century, the supposed wonders of magnetism^ 
appear to have attracted the attention of' 
imaginative minds. Alexander Neckam, 
monk of St. Albans (bom 1157, died 1217), 
has the credit of being the earliest European 
writer to allude to the Compass. It was 
evidently the remarkable movements of the 
needle that first induced dreamy philosophers 
to believe that a sympathetic telegraph was 
a possibility. One description is well known, 
which Ad^on contributed to the Spectator^ 
" of a chimerical correspondence between two 
friends by the help of a certain loadstone, 
which had such virtue in it that if it touched 
two several needles, when one of the needles 
so touched began to move, the other, though 
at never so great a distance, moved at me 
same time and in the same manner." This 
is taken from Strada's Prolusions, but earlier 
writers had alluded to the supposed pheno- 
menon, and Mr. Latimer Clark has collected 
a curious series of books relating to the 
subject which he has sent to be shown at the 
Paris Electrical Exhibition.* The celebrated 

* Mr. Clark has kindly supplied the writer with a 
list of these books made by Mr. Frost, Librarian of 
the Society of Telegraph Engineers, firom which, with 
some reference to the bool^ themselves, this article 
has been drawn up. 



Baptista Porta was the first to describe the 
sympathetic telegraph, which he did in 1558 
in his Natural Magic, He is said to have 
derived the idea firom Cardinal Pietro Bembo 
(1470-1547), but the observations of that 
celebrated historian and poet on the subject 
have not yet been traced. 

Daniel Sdiwaiter, of Nurembeigy idio 
wrote under the assumed name of Jacobus 
Hercules de Sunde, was the next (in 1600) 
to allude to the supposed instrument He 
described how attrition was drawn by the 
ringmg of bells by means of bar magnets, 
and how the letters were formed by one, two^ 
or three strokes to the right or left His 
ideas were purely cabalistic, but his descrip- 
tion singularly coincides with some of the 
features of the modem telegraph. B. de Boo^ 
the author of the Perfect Jeweller^ drew 
attention to the telegraph in 1609, ^^ 
then, in the year 1617, Famianus Stiada 
published his Prolusiones Academics In 
this book the author printed those verses 
describing the imaginary lover's td^pw^ 
which were wntten m imitation of Lucretius, 
and have themselves been constantly trans- 
lated and imitated by later writers. One of 
these was the Rev. Geozge Hakewill, D.D., 
Archdeacon of Surrey, who wrote a curious 
book full of the leammgof his time, which he 
entitled. An Apologie or JDeclaratum of the 
Power and Providence of God in the Givan^ 
ment of the World. It is a folio volume^ 
printed in London, for Robert Allott, in the 
year 1630. The tenth chapter (sect 4) of the 
third book is, ''Of the Use and Invention df 
the Marriner's Compasse or Sea Card, as also 
of another excellent invention, said to be lately 
found out uponthe Load-stone ;" and this sec- 
tion contains a versified translation of Strada, 
firom which, as it is less known, a quotation 
is here given in preference to the onginaL 

Well then, if you of ought would fidne advise jovr 

fiiend 
That dwells fame off, to whom no letter jrou can send, 
A lar^e smooth round table make, write down the 

Chnstcrosse row ^ 

In order on the verge thereof, and then bestow 
The needle in the mid'st which toucht the kMbde, 

that so 
What note soe*re you lift it straight may tume unto : 
Then frame another orbe in all reftpects like this, 
Describe the edge, and lay the Steele thereon likewise, 
The Steele whi(£ firom the self-same Magoes motioa 

drew; 



THE SYMPATHETIC 



63 



This orbe send with thy friend what time he bids 

adiea; 
But on die dayes agree first when yoo meane to prove 
If the Steele stirr, and to what letter it doth move. 
This done, if with thy friend thou closely woald*st 

advise, 
Who in a country off &rre distant from thee lies. 
Take thou the orbe and Steele which on the orbe was 

set. 
The Christcrosse <m the edge thou see'st in order 

writ ; 
What notes will frame thy words to them direct thy 

Steele, 
And it sometimes to this, sometimes to that note 

whede, 
Taming it round about so often till you finde 
You have compounded all the meaning of jroor 

minde. 
Thy friend that dwells far off, 6 strange ! doth plainely 



The stede to stirie, though it by no man stirred bee, 
Running now heere, now there, he conscious of the 

plot. 
As the Steele guides, pursues and reades from note to 

note ; 
Then gathering into words those notes, he deardv sees 
What's needdull to be done, the needle truckman 

[interpreter] is. 
Mow when the Steele^ doth cease its motion, if thy 

friend 
Thfaike it convenient answere backe to send. 
The same course he may take^ and with his needle 

write. 
Topdiing the severall notes what so he list indite. 

Dr. Hakewill then ^oes on to refer to the 
Annotations of Viginerius upon T. Livius, 
and as he conscientiously refers to his autho- 
ritiesy he tells us that on the J3i6th column of 
his first volume, that author says: ''that a 
letter might be read through a stone wall of 
three foote thicke by guidi^ and moving the 
needle of a compasse over the letters of the 
alphabet, written in the circumference ; but 
the certainty of this conclusion I leave to the 
experiment of such as list to make tryall of it.^ 

One year before Dr. Hakewill's ^A^^i^ 
appeared, Nicolas Cabeus published his 
FkUosophia Magnetka^ and in that work 
he gave tiie first picture of the tel^raph. It 
merely showed a round dial with, a '' lower 
case" alphabet round its outer edge, and a 
magnetic needle loosely attached at the cen- 
tre. Robert Turner was the first English 
writer to represent this dial, and this he did 
in his translation of Ars Noiaria : theNotory 
Art of Solomon (1657). His figure is similar 
to that of Cabeus, with this exception, that he 
uses an alphabet of capitals in place of one of 
small letters. He describes the pure steel 



needle as like that used in seamen's com- 
passes, but of double magnitude, so that after 
being touched by loadstone it may be cut in 
two, when each needle must be placed in a 
separate box. In one of Bishop ^Vilkins* 
curious books, Mercury^ or the Sicrct and 
Swift Messenger : shotoin^ ho7a a man ma\\ 
with privacy and speedy comfnunicate his 
thoughts to a friend at any distance (1641), 
the author alludes to the sympathetic tele- 
graph, although he docs not believe in its 
virtues. His nineteenth chapter is '' Of those 
common relations that conccmc secret and 
swift information by the species of sight 
which are either fabulous or magical," and 
here he writes " first of those that are fabulous. 
In which kind, that of the loadstone is most 
remarkable, as it is maintained by Famianus 
Strada in his imitation of Lucretius his stile 
and divers others." 

Besides the authors already referred to, 
there ore a large number of others who 
either describe the instrument or make a 
passing allusion to it. Of these the most 
prominent are H. Van Etten (1624), Panci- 
rollus (1629), A. Kircher, (i<^3i), Galileo 
(1632), Sir Thomas Brown (1646), J. Glonvill, 
(1661), Wynant van Westen (1663), Caspar 
Schott (1665), W. E. Heidel (1676), L. H. 
Hillier (1682), De Lanis (1684), and \)q 
Vallemont (1696). It is a singular instance 
of the way in which we copy one from 
another that so niany writers should have 
made mention of this purely mythical in- 
strument, some of them apparently with un- 
doubting fiuth in its virtues. 

In an indirect manner the name of an 
eminent statesman is connected with this 
famous dial Cardinal Richelieu hod private 
agents in many countries, who kept him so 
well informed with news that those who 
knew nothing of the agents thought it neces- 
sary to find some explanation of his early 
knowledge of events, which seemed to them 
almost like a prophetic power ; so they gave 
out that Ricnelieu possessed a sym|)athctic 
telegraph. The wily Cardinal blandly denied 
the rumour with smiles, and was not sorry that 
those around him should be thrown off the 
right scent 

Some persons believed that the dial miglit 
be made with human flesh. A piece of 
flesh was cut from the arms of two i)crsons, 



64 



THE SYMPATHETIC TELEGRAPH 



and, while still warm and bleedins, was 
mutually transplanted. The severed piece 
grew to the new arm, but retained its sympathy 
with the old, so that the former possessor was 
sensible of any injury that it underwent. 
When the flesh had grown to the new arms, 
letters were tattoed upon the transplanted 
pieces ; and on one of the letters of one being 
pricked with a magnetic needle, the friaid at 
a distance immediately felt a sympathetic pain 
on the same letter on his arm. This reminds 
one of Taliacotius and his remarkable opera- 
tions, which inspired Edmond About to write 
his singular novel, Le Nez d^un ^otaire^ 
in which he relates the ciuious results of 
sympathy between the notary's nose and the 
arm of the man from whom the flesh was 
taken. 

Allusion has already been made to Addi- 
son's remarks in the Spectator (No. 241) 
upon Strada's account, and it is worth men- 
tion, as a curiosity of literature, that the 
celebrated essayist actually repeated his 
remarks word for word in the Guardian 
(No. 119). One of the latest translations of 
Strada's verses will be foimd in an Oxford 
magazine entitled TTu Student^ which opens 
thus: 

With mafic virtues fraught, of sov'reign use^ 
Magnesia's mines a wondrous stone produce. 

Although the telegraph, aboutwhich we have 
been writing, was purely sympathetic, and no 
provision was made for a connecting wire, 
yet some may consider it a curious prevision 
of what has since been successfully carried 
out The dial certainly does appear to have 
borne a singular likeness to a Wheatstone 
ABC telegraph. Sir Kenelm Digby looked 
forward to the time when communication of 
this character would be general. That 
singular man wrote as follows in a work ad- 
dressed to the Royal Society : 

I doubt not but that posterity will find many things 
that now are but rumours Terified into practical 
realities. .... To those who come after it may be as 
ordinary to buy a pair of wings to fly into the remotest 
regions as now a pair of boots to nde a journey, and 
to confer at the distance of the Indies by sympathetic 
conveyances may he as usml to future times as to us in 
literary correspondence, 

Butler might laugh at those who propose to 

.... fire a mine in China here 
With sympathetic gunpowder, 



but time is apt to transfopnthe dreams of the 
visionary into practical facts, so that the 
fanc^ philosopher really made a better 
guess than the common-sense poet supposed. 

H. B. Wheatley. 



i\.^%r) 




Dortbem antiquarian 
Xiterature^ 



|ALUABL£ helps to the study ot 
Northern Antiquities continue to 
appear in Scaiidinavia. If we 
begin with the extreme north-eait, 
Finland, we there have a new Part, the fourth,* 
of the first attempt, on a large scale, to gather 
the archseologic^d materials as yet rescued 
amid the Finnish tribes, exhibited in the 
folio atlas of Prof. J. R. Aspdin, the 
distinguished Finnish archaeologist As the 
text is in French as well as in Finnish, aU 
can follow. This part contains more tlian 
^00 figures, and embraces the Iron Age. It 
IS most interesting as to objects and types, 
both those only local and those oommon 
elsewhere in the North. 

A longed-for continuation comes also firom 
Sweden. Part II. of the customs and nuamen 
of Sweden in the middle age, by the Swedish 
Riks-antiquary, Hans Hildebrandf It con- 
tains stores of valuable information, the result 
of wide research, and more than 100 illus- 
trations. Another work, by a Swedish juris- 
consult, breaks entirely new ground, tl»e 
primitive Aryan home, as modified and 
localized in the olden Swedish setdements.! 
The learned author is widely read on the sub- 
ject, and this finst attempt to describe the 
Scandinavian membership in the Aryan 
family is most instructive and interestu^ 
When he comes to tiie Runes, Hr. Elreuger 
frankly accepts the happy combination of our 
countryman. Dr. Isaac Taylor,§ that the 
Northern runes were a loan from the old ajud 

• Aniiquiiis du Nard FinnthOutrien. IV. livnd- 
son. HelsingfoTb i88a Paris: C.Klinckneck. FoUo. 

t Sverims Medeltid, JCulturhistorish ShUdrimg. L 
2. Stockhokn. i88a 8vo. 

X J. Kreiiger. Det Arysha Elementet $ den Farm* 
svenska FamUjens och St&gtens orgamsaHom. 
Lund : 1881. Svo. 

§ Greeks and Goths; a Study an the Rt 
London: 1879. 



NORTHERN ANTIQUARIAN LITERATURE. 



«S 



flourishing Greek colonies in Sq^thia 600 or 
700 before Christ. One more Swedish essay 
I must mention. The great battle as to the 
origin of the NcMthem Mjrdiology rages on 
two wings. Prof. S. Bugge asserts that 
the Nortibem God-tales were chiefly manu- 
factured by Norse Wikings in the 9th and 
loth centuries, they having pickt up Classical 
and Christian stories in Ireland anddevelopt 
them in their own way. On the other hand, 
Dr. Bang in Christiania has contended, that 
the great heathen myth-song, Voluspd, was 
diiefly a kind of copy from the Sil^Uine 
books, as known to us in their Christian 
dress. Against this last theory, the Swedish 
savant, Dr. Viktor Rydberg, of Gotenburg, 
has written a brilliant paper in die two first 
numbcfs of Nardisk Tidskrift for 1881.* 
It is not too much to say, that a more crush- 
log and masteriy reply was never penned. 
This instructive and sparkling paper should 
appear in an Englbh dress. 

Pausing over to Norway, Prof. S. Bugge's 
first Part 00 the Nordiem Mythology, con- 
taining hb Prolegomena and the myth of 
BaUor, has in general not been fisivoral^y 
received outside Norway. My own English 
Lectures against it, as delivered in the Dsmish 
Univccsitj, wiU be printed in due time. I 
am inibimed that Pro£ Bugge luu hap{»ly 
a b and o ned his jdan of continning Ids work 
in gradual Puts, and that all tiie re^ will be 
g;iven at ooce in one volume. Meantime a 
lemaikable and fruitfiil enquiry has been set 
OD foot by a distingdsht Norwegian archaeo- 
logist, Hr. A. Lorange, tiie Keeper of the 
Bcigcn Mmfirni. He has been cramining 
the sing^e^dged and double-edged Noise 
Wikii^-swQffdi of tiie 8th, 9di, and loth 
centimes^ many of which are bcantifully 
damaKened, while some bear inscriptions. 
He finds Oat tiie letters and coonter-marks 
are by inlays siad wire kamm€red m^ and it 
now tnras out that seveol of diem are in 
Rmmk or wtixt Rmic and Roman staves, 
odiers bearmg only JE^MM letters. Itwouki 
aecm, dKrefixe, diitt these coidybcands were 
made 41/ iwr in S candin avia itsdl Rumor 
says, that Hr. Locsmge intencb taking op the 
whole que^ion of the fiibrication and types 
of the Wiking weapons, and I hope diot this 
Bay prove tme. 

* Tlfj/Bwi— ai VUm^ 



In Denmark I would draw attention to a 
fine folio volume, publbht by assistance 
fit>m the Danish Ministry of Public Instruc- 
tion, on the Country Churches of Seidand* 
The measurements have been executed by 
A. L. Clemmensen and J. B. LofBer, while 
the latter gentleman has added a valuable 
text The thirty-six Plates give Plans, 
Views, Fonts, Details, &c., of great mterest 
to the examiner of middle-age architecture, 
and English students will gather much infor- 
mation here, both technical and general 
The Chamberlain Worsaae has publisht a 
second and improved edition of his iV^//^/r 
Fort History. \ Beginning with the Stone 
Age, which he minutely discusses, he passes 
to the splendid Bronze Period, whose close 
he places a littie before Christ The begin- 
ning of the Iron Age he dates at about the 
Christian era, thus going considerably back. 
But Dr. O. Montelius, of Stockholm, in his 
last essay, goes to about 200 years before 
Christ Iron, however, is mudi older in the 
Nortii than even this. Worsaae ends with 
the Wiking period, and adds a welcome 
short outline of his new ideas on the myths 
of the Northmen, and the ancient Marks tnr 
which their Gods were symbolized. His 
great work hereon, with its many Plates, is 
eageriy expected. Before I conclude, 
another extraordinary find has been made in 
Denmark, in one of the Mosses, or ^Anti- 
quarian Bogs," for which this country is so 
fiunous, this time the Ddbjerg Peatbog, 
Ring^jobingy North Jutland. It is no less 
than consideiable remains of a Chariot or 
Waggon firom the Eariy Iron A^e, wood 
kigeiy covered and strengthened wuh admir- 
ably workt Bronze fittings. A couple of the 
pflhzs have been regularly turned. Dr. 
Harry Petersen, who has superintended the 
diggings, has just returned with his spoil to 
die Danish Museum, and stena will now be 
taken to preserve aiid arrange and engrave 
iHiat is Idft of tiiis precious object This ia 
die second Barbarian-Roman Car, fiagments 
of which have been found in DenmariL One 
such was previously discovered in Fijn, and 
was made public by the Chamberiain 

« ^cdUnkf s SUfisiamdthykirkir. Kjdbealumi. 
ittoi \jtixn feliow 
i HonUm Ftrkittnit. Svo. KjdbtahafO. Mi, 



66 



NORTHERN ANTIQUARIAN LITERATURE. 



Schested in his splendid 4to volume de- 
scribing the Museum at Broholm. At 
present we cannot see whether this second 
Chariot was a Temple car, or one intended 
for some other use. 

George Stephens. 



tCbc Xtbrari?** 



nQBT cannot well be said that due honour 
R|m| H is now withheld from the Librar}', 
^Hynfl for the fault is rather to be found 
""^""^ in the opposite extreme of expecting 
too much from it Thus we read in a leader 
in The Times anent Carlyle's theory that 
the modem library has superseded the 
ancient university, that "it is scarcely an 
exaggeration to say that on the choice of a 
librarian for Sir Thomas Bodle/s great 
institution, the whole future of learning in 
Oxford may depend." Here there seems to 
be the expression of a very exaggerated 
belief in the teaching power of a mass of 
books. Surely experience has shown us that a 
doz^ books well mastered, are more useful 
than hundreds merely scanned, and further, 
that those dozen books should be the 
property of the student and always by his 
side. 

We should be the last to say a word which 
might be construed as slighting treatment of 
such magnificent establishments as the 
Bodleian, the British Museum, the Cam- 
bridge University, or the Advocates' Libraries. 
These institutions are for research rather than 
for study, and the books they contain are 
intended for consultation rather than for 
reading. We fear that as public libraries 
increase, private libraries decrease, and that 
men are content to borrow rather than to buy. 
We talk largely about books, but it is a fair 
question to ask whether we really read them 
and study them as much as our fathers did. 
We would express the hope that all classes of 
libraries may go on increasing, but here we 
have to deal with the private library alone. 

Mr. Lang has written a very charming little 

* The Library, By Andrew Lang. With a Chap- 
ter on Modem English Illustrated ]£x>ks, by Austin 
Dobson (Art at Home Series). London : MacmillaD 
& Co. i88i. Sm. 8vo, pp. XV.-184. 



book in which he sketches with a light hand 
some of the scenes dear to the heart of die 
book-hunter, and really his description of 
our old friends the bouquinistes^ who set 
their boxes on the walls of the embankment 
of the Seine, makes us long to be able to 
take our ticket for Paris, and visit these 
delightful hunting grounds once again. In 
spite, however, of ^ the pleasant stories of 
treasures picked up at bookstalls, most of us 
have to content ourselves with dirty fingers, 
when we turn over the contents of tiie 
miscellaneous boxes. There may be valuable 
books there ; but if so they are much like 
the proverbial needle in the bundle of hay. 
Few can hope to emulate the good fortune 
of M. de Resbecq, who bought a book for 
six sous, which has been valued at ^600^ 
or of the Rugby schoolboy, who obtained 
the quarto of King John^ from an old woman 
for one shilling. Mr. Lang does not appear 
to allude to the fluctuations in pncet. 
One is apt to fancy that books are con- 
tinually becoming dearer, but this is a 
mistake, for while many have increased in 
price, whole classes of books have been 
depreciated in value of late years. The 
collector to be really successful should be a 
pioneer, and obtain his objects before public 
attention is drawn to them. He is hardly 
likely to find his collection grow in value 
who buys at the high tide of the fashion. We 
are glad to find that Mr. Lang alludes to ttl 
sad paucity of libraries among our well4o^ 
fellow countrymen. How true is the follow- 
ing picture ! " By the library we do not 
understand a study where no one goes, and 
where the master of the house keeps his 
books, an assortment of walking sticks, thb 
Waveriey Navels^ Pearson an the Creei^ 
Humis Essays^ and a collection of semions. 
In alas ! too many English homes, die 
library is no more than this, and each geneia- 
tion passes without adding a book, except 
now and then a Bradshaw or a railway 
novel to the collection on the shelves. The 
success perhaps of circulating libraries, or it 
may be the Aryan tendencies of our race^ 
which does not read, and lives in the open 
air, have made books the rarest of possessions 
in many homes. There are relics of the age 
before circulating libraries, there are fing- 
ments of the lettered store of some scbolariy 



THE LIBRAE P. 



67 



great grandfather, and these with a few odd 
numbers of magazines^ a few primers and 
manuals, some sermons and novels, make 
up the ordinary library of our English 
household." 

How different is the Frenchman's idea of 
a library, his books are few but they must be 
choice, as the Bibliophile Jacob observes 
*'the book has become as it were a jewel 
and is kept in a jewel case." We do not 
entirely approve of our neighbours' ideal, 
for the^ selection may be too rigid, but it is 
Ais widely spread ideal that has caused 
Paris to continue to be what it was in the 
day of that earliest of bibliophiles, Richard 
de Bury, who exclaims, in his PhUobiblon — 
*^^ O God of Gods in Zion ! what a rushing 
river of joy gladdens my heart as often as I 
have a chance of going to Paris ! There the 
days seem always short ; there, are the goodly 
collections on the delicate, fragrant book- 
shelves." 

Mr. Lang's anecdotes are very delightful, 
such is the one of M. de Latour, who picked 
vp a copy of the Imitatio Christi for 75 cen- 
times, and found that it was Rousseau's own 
copy, with notes written by him, and with 
the &ded petals of his favourite flower, the 
periwinkle between its leaves. Was not dus 
enough good fortune for the book-himter I 
No I some years after he found what he had 
not discovered before — ^viz., an allusion to 
Ihe Imitatio in Rousseau's works. In turn- 
ing over the leaves of the (Euvrcs ItUditas 
he came upon a letter in which Jean Jacques, 
writing in r763, asked Motiers-Travers to 
send him the Imitatio. Now the date, 1 764, 
is memorable in the Confessions for a burst 
of sentiment over a perimnkle, and here in 
M. de Latoufs volume was the identical 
flower that Rousseau had treasured. The 
same of the publisher of a play of Moli^e's, 
and his place of residence, reminds Mr. 
Lang of a scene in one of Comeille's come- 
dies, and of Gravelofs exquisite engraving of 
die scene, and so he loiters along his road 
picking flowers as he goes. We hope we are 
not ungrateful, but we somewhat resent the 
attention given to French bibliophiles, while 
so little is given to English book-lovers. 
In iaxX Mr. Lang seems rather less at home 
vAien he is dealing with Englishmen than 
when he is amongst Renchmen. For in- 



stance, the description of a sale, on page 19, 
is so imlike that at any London book auction- 
room we know of, that we can only express 
our siuprise. We are told that " the chamber 
has the look of a rather seedy ' hell/ " that 
the bidders are largely Jews, that the sale is 
a *' knock-out," and that amateu]:s who drop 
in by chance are run by the professionals. 
All this might be accurate if it applied to a 
furniture sale, but at a London book sale- 
room there are few Jews, and the booksellers 
are so used to the presence of book-buyers 
that they take it as a matter of course. 
While we are finding fault we may remark 
that the lists of famous collectors and of great 
binders seem somewhat miscellaneous, and 
show a want of thorough knowledge of the 
subject There are, however, some very 
good suggestions as to the mode in which 
variety may be given to the ordinary mono* 
tonous half-bindmgs. 

Mr. Lang's colleagues have produced very 
excellent chapters — ^The Rev. W. J. Loftie 
one on manuscripts, and Mr. Austin Dobson 
one on illustrated books, but 178 pages 
seems all too small a space to treat Uie 
library in, and we should have preferred had 
Mr. Lang occupied it all. We shall pass 
Mr. Loftie's contribution without notice, 
because, although it is very good in itself, it 
is too technical to be in character with die 
plan of the rest of the book. 

Mr. Dobson has an excellent subject, and 
we hope that he will take an opportunity 
in the future of amplifying this short chapter. 

The Annuals naturally occupy an important 
place in the history of book illustration, and 
we are told that about a million pounds were 
squandered in producing them. The Land- 
scape Annuals are not mentioned, and we 
think they should have been excluded 
from the censure justly passed on the 
Keepsake and its somewhat frivolous com- 
panions. Volumes of Jermings's Land- 
scape Annual^ and of Heath's Picturesque 
Annual are now before us. Each year a 
particular county was illustrated by Prout, or 
Stanfleld, or Harding, and delight^ volumes 
were the result One point in modem book 
illustration is worthy of special note, although 
Mr. Dobson does not allude to it It is that 
most of the so-called illustrations in modem 
magazines illustrate nothing in particular. 



68 



THE LIBRARY. 



Cruickshank and Phiz illustrated the most 
important portions of Dickens's novels, and 
they so thoroughly entered into the concep- 
tions of the author, that their figures are to us 
an integral part of the book. Fagin seated 
in his cell is as vividly impressed upon our 
mind's eye, as is the verbal description of the 
novelist. Now, the least important incidents 
of books are taken, and the illustrations 
would often do as well for one story as for 
another. They are pretty in themselves, but 
they give the readers no ideas. There are, 
of course, many exceptions, and the most 
brilliant is Mr. Randolph Caldecott, whose 
pictures are the delight of old and young 
alike. 

In taking leave of Mr. Lang's volume we 
must not omit to mention the pretty head 
pieces, the fine reproductions of old bindings, 
and the capital series of specimens of illus- 
trated books all of which go to form a 
singularly pleasing volume. The appropriate 
black-letter verses by Mr. Dobson and Mr. 
lang also should not be forgotten. 




1?eview0* 



The Poems of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Edited, 
with an Introduction, by John Churton Collins. 
(London : Chatto & Windus. 1881.) Small 8to. 
Pp. xxxiv. 136. 

ORD HERBERT is so original a character, 
and his fame is still so considerable, tiiat 
we must feel thankful to an editor who 
helps us to a better understanding of his 
remarkable individuality. His Occasumal 
Verses^ collected by his son, and published in 1665, 
seventeen years after his death, is a veiy scarce 
volume, and few critics have paid anv attention to it. 
Those who do not ignore Lord Herbert's poems are 
unanimous in condenming them ; and as the reader 
turns over the pages casually he will probably feel 
very much inclined to agree with the critics. I( how- 
ever, he will read Mr. Collins*s Introduction, he will 
find that that gentleman has made out a verygood 
case for his prot6g^. He shows that, althou^ Donne 
exerted great innuence over the style of hu young 
friend, yet the latter's rhythm was essentially his own. 
' ' Where it is musical, its music is not the music of the 
older poet ; where its note is harsh and dissonant, it 
is no echo of the discords of that unequal and most 
capricious singer." He further finds verses dosely 
resemblii^ those of Mr. Browning and others recidling 
work of the Laureate's. There are few of the poems 
that are good as a whole, but some of the linesposseat 
vigour, m some swcetncH. We are sorry that iht 



spdline has been tampered with, because in a repiiiit 
which follows the style of the original so carelimy at 
this, the old forms seem most appropriate, and while 
nothing is gained by the change, some of the old 
aroma is lost. The paper, print and binding Is all that 
can be desired. 



Introduction to the Study of Ef^ish History, 'Bif 
Samuel R. Gardiner and J. Bass Mullingbr. 
(London: C. Kegan Paul. 1881.) Small 8vo. 
Pp. zviL 424. 

This book is divided into two parts : Introdnctioo 
to English History, and Authorities. The former takes 
up in an admirable manner the main threads of the 
events which go to make up our fourteen hnndred 
years of history, and the latter gives us, in a condae and 
very usefiil form, the best authorities for the different 
periods. Now and then Professor Gardiner, in tlie 
somewhat dry process of cramming into 200 pases 
the history of a nation so full of historf— if we 
may say so — as England, bridges over events 
with the magical powers of comprehensive thoi^g^ 
which show at once a knowledge of the events 
which have led the nation on nom one oentniy 
to another. These historical g^pses into the 
progress of a country are of very great value to thoee 
who cannot spare ue time to make such neceaaiy 
observations for themselves, and to tho^e — ^legblaton 
as well as students — ^we conUally recommend this booic. 
Of course, it is not to be supposed that every greit 
event can be fully dealt with, nor in some cases 
dealt with at all, because Mr. Gardiner is carefiil 
to choose those which lead on to subsequent events ; 
but we should have thought that the conquest and 
annexation of Ireland would have found a place 
in the book. Mr. Gardiner concludes his Introduc- 
tion with a few words to be recommended to many 
political thinkers of the present day. '' We may be 
sure," he savs, *' that [the nation] is less in danger of 
shipwreck, because more than other nations it does not 
disregard its past, and because it does not hastily cast 
ofi) or even profoundly modifjr, its old institutions till 
they have become beyond all dispute hurtful rather 
than benefidaL" Mr. MuUinger is a very carefiil and 
accurate guide through the vast mass of authorities on 
English history, and he does not forget the important 
section — the b^[inning of our institutions — which is 
bein^ elucidated by the aid of the comparative stndy 
dl histories. We must, however, disagree with his 
verdict upon Mr. Coote's valuable work, and cannot 
think he nas studied the Romans of Britain so care- 
fully as he has the Saxons in Engtand^ by KemUe. 



An Introdu£tion to the Science of Comparative 
Mythology and Foih-Lore. By the Rev. Sir 
George W. Cox, Bart. (London: C. Keeu 
Paul. 1881.) Small 8va Pp. xvL 38a 

If we begin by objecting to the title of this mort 
interesting and valuable b^k, we do so in the intereiti 
of the study of folk-lore. Sir George Cox seems to be 
wholly unaware of the original de&ition given to the 
term folk-lore by its author, Mr. Thorns, and of 
the liberal interpretation which subsequent students 
have given to this definition. "Folk-lorei" sayt Sir 



REVIEWS. 



69 



GeofceCox, "is perpetually mnning into mythology, 
and there are few mirths which do not exhibit, in some 
of their features, pomts of likeness to the tales usually 
classified under the head of folk-lore." It appears 
to us, on ti^e contrary, that it may be more properly 
said that myttiology is perpetually running into folk- 
lore. It is just because mythology, displaced as a 
national reli^on, becomes perpetuated as popular 
beliefe, that it can be classed as folk-lore, and placed 
aide by side in that long cat^ory of manners and 
customs, superstitions ai^ bel&fe, old sayings and 
proveibs, legends uid traditions, hero-tales and God- 
tales, which go to make up the lore of the people. 

bi the work before us, Sir George Cox examines, on 
theKneshchas before soably worked, the old mythology 
of Greece, Rome and Germany, and seeks for illustra- 
tkm of his theories in such folk-tales and legends as fit 
m with his general conception of the subject. It needs 
acaicdy be said that this produces another book, which 
thoee who already pooess the previous works of 
the author will desire quickly to obtain. The work 
deals with the heavens and the light, the fire, the 
winds, the waters, the clouds, the earth, the under- 
wofld and the darkness, and the epical traditions 
and poems of the Aryan world. Tms arrangement 
brings together in Uie most concise form the salient 
foatnres of Indo-European mycology. There are 
many occasions idiere we should have to differ horn. 
tiie author in the process of working out his subject. 
We think, for instance, that some of the suggested 
moral explanations of mythical ideas might be more 
forcibly and correctly explained by illustrations which 
the study of customs and ideas of primitive man 
now enables us to make. Our space will not admit 
oC our going into these critical differences, but 
ikuBj do not prevent us fipom stating that the book 
fills up a gap in the literature of comparative mytho- 
k)6T, aikd will give some n^w pleasures to those who 
d^gfat in learning still more about the gods of 
Olympia, the Vedic gods, and Odin, Thor and Fro 
of okl Teutonic life. 

A Book of ike Beginnings, By Gerald Massey. 

(London: Williams & Noigate. 1881.) 2 vols. 

large 8vo. 

The author of this book styles it an attempt to re- 
cover and reconstitute Uie lost origins of the myths 
aad mysteries, types and symbols, religion and 
lanspage, with Egypt for the mouthpiece, and Africa 
as Uie mrthplaoe. Those who know Mr. Massey as 
a poet will read the poem which introduces these 
ponderous vdumes with much of their old delight in 
nis w<»k ; but, alas ! on turning to the text of the 
book itsdf, we must confess that it only becomes 
valuable by t leaving out all the comparisons and 
conclusions with v^ich Mr. Massey surrounds his 
fitcts. The industry displayed by Mr. Massey in col- 
lecting a really curious assortment of customs, tra- 
ditions, and superstitions is very great ; but when we 
come to note the fer-fetched and altofi;ether erroneous 
interpretation put upon these relics of local antiquities, 
we can only regret that Mr. Massey, before under- 
taking his self-imposed task, did not think fit to study 
aome of the most elementary treatises on philology 
and comparative mythology. It vi^ould be impossible 
ior vs to give any adequale idea of the contents of 



these volumes without entering more fiUly into the 
critical questions which they raise ; and this, it ap- 
pears to us, would be fii^ firom beneficial, either to the 
author or our readers. The contents of the fijrst 
volume relate to the Egyptian origines in the 
British Isles, and take us into subjects of hiero- 
glyphics, water names, names of personages, place 
names, popular customs, and the records ot the great 
stone circles. The second volume relates to Egyptian 
origines in the Hebrew, Akkaddo-Assyrian, and 
Maori, and takes up Uie interesting question of 
Egyptian origines in the Hebrew Scriptures, religion, 
language, and letters. ^___^ 

An Outlitu History of the Hanseatic LeoffUi^ more 
particularly in its bearings upon English Commerce. 
By Cornelius Walford, F.I. A. (London : 
Printed for Private Circulation. 1 881. ) 8vo, pp. 61. 

This is one of those remarkable pamphlets, full of 
information, statistically arran^^ed, for which Mr» 
Walford is so well known. It is not so voluminous 
as some of its predecessors, English Gilds^ or 
Famina of the Worlds but it is distmctly a gain to 
the literature and lUstory of English commerce. 
Tracing out the rise of trading communities, such as 
the steel-yard merchants of £ondon (who probably, 
says Mr. Walford, settled as far back as Ethelred II.), 
the author gives some of the features of the inner life * 
of the members, which was as strict as a monastery. 
'I It was about the year 1167, when the commercial 
cities of Julin and Winnet had been destroyed by the 
Danes and other pirates, and when Lubeck, Rostock, 
and other cities had received their dbpersed inhabi- 
tants, that the Hanseatic Confederacy acquired force. 
The first towns were Lubeck, Wismar, Rostock, 
Stralsund, Grypeswald, Ankam, Stettin, Colberg, 
Stolpe, Dantzic, Elbing, and Koningsbeig.'' The 
cities, in order to be able to enter the League, must 
have the civil jurisdiction in their own hands, but they 
were allowed to acknowledge a superior lord. 

The Steel-3rard merchants of London became the 
agents of the Hanseatic I.«eague in England; and Mr. 
Walford has much to say about the influence of this 
upon English commerce. We are carried step by 
step, chronologically, through the main facts ot this 
interesting and important subject ; and it is shewn 
very clearlv how the spirit of enterprise which 

f>vemed thb dawn of commercial progress in 
urope has been the means of originating and pre- 
serving some of the most important rights of local 
government and independence. Nay, it has done 
even more. Mr. Walford's closing words tell us that 
this combination had played a most important part, 
not only in the commercial progress, but, more or less, 
in the political supremacy of Europe for four centuries. 
It had subsidized our kings. Henry IIL had granted 
the English representatives privileges in acknowledg- 
ment of money lent him. The Emperor Charles V. 
had availed himself of its bounty. It had aided in 
creating, as in dethroning, many kings and princes, 
and the only monument (n its own greatness lives in 
the memories of the few who have made its real 
history a matter of persmud study. We heartily con- 
gratulate Blr. Walford upon his powers of vrork, and 
wish he had issued this bttle booK for ale, so that all 
might obtain it. 



JO 



REVIEWS. 



The Index to the Pdper and Printiftg Trades 
ymmai. Compiled byEdwin R. Pka&ck. Nnmben 
I to 32. (Taunton : fiamicott & Son. 1881.) 410. 
Pp. 3«. 

We have here a cnrioos illustration of the spread 
of interest in index literature^ whidi has induced a 
country publisher to produce an index to the contents 
of a London periodical. The work appears to be 
fairly well done, although we notice one or two points 
which might have been improved bv a little more re- 
%'ision — as for instance. Of English Dogges under 
*'0/' and not under "Dog," although there is a 
reference to " British Dogs" in another place. The 
index, however, is far above the average of indexes to 
journals. 



(^;»;v) 



fl>eetind0 of Bntiauatton 
Sodetfea. 

METROPOLITAN. 

Society op Antiquaries.— June 16. — ^Mr. A. W. 
Franks, V.P., in the Chair. — Mr. J. W, Comerford 
presented a bronze processional cross and a bronze 
figure from a crucifix. Hie former had been dug up 
on Bosworth Field. The figure from a crucifix bore 
traces of enamel in one eye and on the tunic It was 
found on piercing an arch, thirty years ago, in Withy- 
brook Church, Warwickshire. — Mr. J. R. R. Godfrey 
exhibited a drawing of a cofier now in Shanklin 
Church, and bearing the name of Thomas Silkested, 
who was Prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester, from 
1498 to 1524. The date on the chest was 15 12. Only 
the front of the chest was old. The inscription ran : 

" DOMINVS THOMAS SILKSTED PRIOR . ANNO DNI 

1512." In the centre were the initials, " T. S.,"and 
the arms of the see of Windiester. — Mr. Morgan 
exhibited a drawing of a portion of a Roman pave« 
ment found at Caerwent ; also an old knife washed 
up by the Usk, near Aber^venny. — Mr. J, A. 
Sparvel-Bayly presented rubbings of two brasses at 
Laindon Churcn. — Mr. H. Laver communicated an 
account of a Roman altar found at Colchester in some 
sewerage excavations. — Mr. Leveson-Gower exhibited 
two quarries of glass, each besuing the Gresham crest, 
a grasshopper. — Mr. T. H. Middleton exhibited a 
silver-gilt dish, formerly in the Demidoff Collection, 
with the "Adoration of the Shepherds** in repoussi 
work, date seventeenth century. Mr. Middleton also 
communicated an account of a Roman villa recently 
excavated at Fifehead Neville, Dorset, together with 
drawings of a tessellated pavement and other antiqui- 
ties found on the spot. 

June 23.— Mr. E. Freshfield, V.P., in the Chair.— 
Mr. A. Nesbitt exhibited a bas-relief, of unknown 
origin, which he had recently procured in Florence. 
It represented the head and bust of a young woman, 
weanng a close cap, and a piece of drapery thrown 
over the left shoulder, the right being left uncovered. 
— Mr. A. W. Franks read an elaborate Paper on the 
Buddhist sculptures from the tope of Amrav&ti, which 
had been placed under his charge in the British 



Museum. Mr. Franks had socoeeded in ^cidAtiii| 
many of the subjects on these scolptnresy wfaidi bin 
hitherto baffled the ingenuity of archseologistB. 
' Anthropological Institute. — June 14. — 
Major-General A. Pitt-Rivers, President, in the Chair. 
—General Pitt-Rivers read a Paper " On the Dii* 
covery of Flint Implements in the Gravel of the Nile 
Valley, near Thebes." The worked flints wcr 
found embedded two or three metres deep in stratified 
gravel. — Mr. A. Tylor read a Paper " On the Hnnaa 
Fossil at Nice, discovered by M. Iscfaa in Deoembcif 
18S0."— Mr. F. £. im Thum read a Paper ''On 
some Stone Implements from British Guiana.'* — Mr. 
J. P. Harrison exhilnted a collection of Danish and 
French photographs. — ^The following Papen vac 
taken as read : " On Sepulchral Remains at Rath* 
down, CO. Wicklow," by Mr. G. A. Kinahan,— and 
" Notes on some Excavations made in TtamaU, neir 
Copiapo, Chili, in June, 1880^" by Mr. J. H. Majge; 

June 38. — Major-General Pitt-Riverst PzesideBt, ia 
the Chair. — Sir H. Bartle Frere read a P^per en 
'* The Laws afiecting the Relations between Oviliaed 
and Savage^ Life, as bearing upon the Dealiqp of 
Colonists with Aborigines." Sur Bartle Frere oosh 
menoed by sketching the historical evidence^ refierri^g 
to the r»ults of the Aryan immigration on the 
aboriginal races of India — the efiects of the oonlKt 
of civilized with uncivilized races in Assyria, Egypt* 
and Greece, and the treatment of conquered natkav 
by the Romans. He then proceeded to describe the 
various native tribes inhabiting South Afinca* and 
traced the influence upon them <» contact widi Eno- 
pean civilization. 

City Church and Churchyard Pbotbctkii 
Society. — June 23. — Second Annual Meeting. The 
Lord Mayor in the Chair. — ^Mr. Wright, Hon. SeCiy 
read the report The Council were ame to annonnoe 
that the yearly destruction of a City gh^rcfc^ which 
had been the average for the past ten years* has^ siaoe 
the formation of the Society, happily ceased. Tbgr 
cannot, however, believe that aU attacks ha^e cndei 
but have been postponed, in order that the public 
mind may be prepared for some more drastic schcflie 
on the publication of the census returns of those nrfio 
slept in the City on the first Sunday in ApriL But, 
fortunately, there will be equally trust wor th y statistio 
from the day census taken by the CorpontioB as to 
the vast numbers of those who spend the groafcer 
portion of their lives within the confines of the Qly 
parishes. The attention of the Council has beea 
drawn to a return published in the St, yarned s GauOt 
for June 13, 1881, professing to give retains of the 
congregations of tne City churches, whkh thcj 
believe to be misleading. That census is baaed on 
the attendance at the morning service ; but those 
in the habit of worshipping in the City cfanrdies 
know that the evening services are finequented by 
much larger numbers. 

Folk-Lore.— June 22. — ^Annual Meeting. — ^Etri 
Beauchamp, President, in the Chair. — ^Ine Hob. 
Secretary, Mr. G. L. Gomme, being unfortonatdy 
absent in consequence of illness, Mr. H. B. Wbeatky 
read the Anntud Report. The report showi thit 
there are members of tne Society in I>ennuuk, Fkaaoe^ 
Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, Chiaav 
Japan, India, Africa, Canada, United SuUcs^ aad 



MEETINGS OF ANTTQUAHIAN SOCIETIES. 



71 



Anstnilia. From these fects the Council justly hope 
to be able to do the best for the study of folk-lore. 
MSS. have aLready been received from ProC D. 
Comparetti, of Florence, Prof. Z. C Pedrosa, of 
Lisbon, and Lieut C Temple, in India, on the folk- 
lore of their respective countries ; and it will be the 
earnest endeavour of the Council to print these as 
soon as possible. Dr. Dennys, of Singapore, and the 
Rev. H. Friend have also promised assistance on 
Chinese folk-lore, and Miss Frere has promised to lay 
before the Council a scheme for the collection of 
Sooth African folk-lore. Pe^ps the most important 
feature of the meeting was the Report of the Proverbs 
Committee. This Committee was appointed by a 
resohition passed at the Annual Meeting; 1880, and it 
seems to have made some considerable progress on 
the question of dealing with the proverbs of Great 
Britun. The report sets forth the main facts with 
reference to the proverbs of Britain as follows : — 
I. That exisdngprinted collections are neither scientifi- 
cally arranged, nor possess scientifically-arranged 
i nd exe s ; 2. That there exist in the hands of l<x:al 
collectors many very valuable proverbs which have 
not yet been printed ; 3. That the work of collecting 
fxroverbs mi^t still be vigorously pushed with a con- 
siderable amount of success. Under each of these 
headings the Committee recommend some portion of 
work to be done. In the first place, they suggest the 
repnUication of the earliest printed collections of pro- 
Yofos by Camden, Howell, and others, but so re- 
anai^ged as to be on the basis adopted in the great 
Russian collection printed by Snegiref in 1834, and in 
theG^pnan Dictionary of Proverbs printed by Wander. 
In 1854, Snegiref issued in four volumes his Classifica* 
Hem oifkussioH Proverbs, The heads of this classifi- 
cation are : — Book I. Introduction : i. On the foreign 
sources of Russian proverbs ; 2. On the relation of 
Russian proverbs to Russian philolc^. Book II. 
Anthropological ; proverbs relating to the moral and 
physical causes of^ differences between nations ; pro- 
verbs relating to heathenism, faith, superstition ; 
manners and customs in proverbs ; ethical. Book III. 
Political, Judicial : legislation ; laws ; crimes and 
punishments ; judicial ceremonies. Book IV. Physi- 
cal Proverbs :. a, meteorological, astrological ; ^, 
rural ; r, medidnaL Hbtorical Proverbs : a, chrono- 
logical ; h, top(^;Taphical ; r, ethnographic ; d, per- 
sonal; e^ mottiJes. The reissue of English early 
printed proverbs in the form suggested above would 
answer all the purpose of an introductory manual of 
English proverbs. Under the second heading, the 
Committee have the gratification of reporting the 
acquisition of a MS. coUection of some two thousand 
Scotch proverbs, besides the oflfer of some collections 
by the Rev. Canon Hume, Miss Courteney, and 
odiers. All these- will be utilized^y the Society. 
Under the third heading the committ^recommend the 
issue of a complete handbook of folk-lore by the Society. 
Among those who took part in the proceedings were 
Messrs. Thoms, A. Nutt, Hill, Moncure Conway, R. 
Harrison, 'Udal, Tolhurst, and Sir Bartle Frere. 

Historical. — Jime 16. — Lord Aberdare, Presi- 
denty in the Chair. — The following Papers were read: 
*' The Struggle of Civilization from tne Era of the 
Crusades to the Fall of the East (14^3)/' by the Rev. 
Prebendary Irons, D.D., — "The Life and Character 



of President Lincoln," by the Hon. L N. Arnold, — 
u)d '* Historical Review of the Characters of Arch- 
bishop Cranmer and Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam,'' 
by Mr. O. A. Ainslie. 

June 17. — Lord Aberdare, President, in the Chair. 
— At a special meeting of the Society, Major-Gen. Sir 
F. S. Roberts, Bart, was presented with a diploma 
of Honorary Fellowship. 

Philological Society. —June 17. — Mr. Alex- 
ander J. Ellis in the Chair. — ^The Paper read was : 
'' The Psychological Method in its Application to 
Language," by Mr. Herbert Morton Baynes. — Ex- 
amples were given from the following languages : — 
Chmese, Egyptian, Koptic, Sanskrit, Hebrew, 
Arabic, Manka, MaJay, Mponwe, Salish, Buriatish, 
Tamil, Telugu, Gredc, liitin, German, Swedish, 
French, and English. — In the discussion which fol- 
lowed, the President, Dr. Murray, Prof^ Martineau, 
Mr. Sweet, and Mr. Furnivall took part. 

Royal Asiatic.— June 2a — Sir E. Colebrooke, 
Bart., M.P., President, in the Chair.— Mr. N. B. E. 
Baillie read a Paper " On the Duty Muhammedims 
in British India Owe, on the Principles of their own 
Law, to the Governm^t of the Country." — Mr. A. 
Gray read extracts firom a report by Mr. H. C. P. 
Bell " On the Maldive Islands." The language is 
certainly Aryan, and closely connected with Sinhalese 
in its older form. — ^M. Terrien de la Couperie 
read a Paper " On the Sinico-Indian Origin of the 
Indo-Pali Writii^," in which he gave reasons for 
rejecting the Semitic, Sabsean, and Greek h3rpotheses, 
implying as these do an Indian influence in Southern 
Apibia, while, at the same time, he rejected also the 
" urdigenous origin," as not supported by any impor- 
tant fiu:ts. On the other hand, he pointed out that 
historical &cts as well as traditions demonstrate that 
relations did exist between India and China so early 
as the third century b.c. 

July 4. — Sir E. Colebrooke, President, in the Chair. 
— ^A Paper was read by Mr. V. Portman, "On the 
Andaman Islands and the Andamanese,'' in which he 
pave an account of the geographical position of the 
islands, of the strange savage people inhabiting 
them, with valuable details as to theur social posi- 
tion, referring, at the same time, to what we sdready 
knew from &e visits of earlier officers or dinlians 
who had been employed there. Mr. Portman illus- 
trated his paper by the exhibition of a laige number 
of objects he had collected there, including bows, 
arrows, personal ornaments, skulls, &c &c 
: Royal Society op Literature.— June 22. — 
Mr. J. Haynes in the Chair. — Mr. C. F. Keary read 
the concluding portion of his Paper ''On the Genuine 
and the Spurious in Eddaic Mjrthology,*' and showed 
that as the first part had dealt with the myihs of 
death and of the other world — ue,^ with the world in 
time — so the second portion dealt with the world in 
space. The writer drew a picture of this world from 
the Eddas, and showed that the m3rth of the earth- 
tree (Ygg-drasill) must be referred to a Teutonic 
origin, the German races having been especially 
accustomed to a life beneath trees, and having so long 
preserved the custom of building houses round them. 
So, too, the myth of the Aohru, or rainbow, as told 
in the Eddas, forms a connecting link between the 
Medic and the mediaeval German l^ends of the 



72 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Heavens-Bridge. The intrasive elements in Eddaic 
belief are to be looked at rather as a change in the 
tone of the stories than as an ixnportadon of New 
Legends. Thus, the character of^Baldur has been 
altered through Christian influences, as have also the 
concluding stanzas of the " Voluspi." 

Society for the Promotion op Hellenic 
Studies.— June i6.— Mr. C. T.Newton, C.B., Vice- 
President, in the Chair. — Annual Meeting. — The Re- 
port of the Council was read, giving an account of the 
progress of the Society for the past year. Prof. P. 
Gai^ner read extracts from a Paper bpr Dr. Schliemann, 
giving a full account of the results of his excavations at 
the Boeotian Orchomenus. Extracts were read by the 
Chairman from a Paper by Mr. Cecil Smith on an in- 
teresting^ vxise of the British Museum which represents 
the exploits of Theseus. — Miss Amelia B. Edwards 
exhibited a very beautiful gold earring, said t6 have 
been found at Athens, and representing two draped 
archaic female figures. 

Society FOfe the Protection of Ancient 
Buildings. — Tune 24. — Annual Meeting. — His 
Excellency the Hon. J. Russell Lowell, the American 
Minister, m the Chair. — Mr. William Morris read the 
fourth Annual Report, which stated that '' the Com- 
mittee have been steadily at work at the business of 
the Society since we last met together. They do not 
doubt that its principles are being more and more 
accepted; but tne fact must be faced, that ignorance 
and thoughtlessness are so busy, and are so entirely 
uncheckS bv any more direct influence than that 
opinion of cultivated men, of which they know little, 
or for which they care little, that the destruction of 
the art and history of our ancient monuments is still 
going on with terrible swiftness, both in this country 
and elsewhere ; and unless those who really care 
about the preservation of these treasures bestir them- 
selves, and sacrifice some time and mone^ to fiirthering 
a distinct agitation against restoration, it will not be 
long before there will be no ancient building which 
can be looked on by men of sense and knowledge 
without suspicion and discomfort ; and verv few 
which will be able to sustain a claim to be considered 
as ancient buildings at all. The very list of those 
buildings for whose protection the Society has in- 
terfered, shows how swift the destruction is that 
is going on at one end of the line, while we are 
laboriously building up a public opinion at ,the 
other end." The report went on to describe in detail 
the action which had been taken b^ the Committee 
with rep;ard to the proposed restoration or destruction 
of ancient structures. Reference was made to the 
proposed widening of Magdalen Bridge, Oxford — a 
step which the Committee assert to be wholly un- 
necessary as well as destructive of the beauty of the 
bridge ; to the fall of the tower of St. John's Church, 
Chester, owing to " the neglect of the advice given 
by the Committee" in reference to the building ; to 
Wimbome Minster, Ashbumham House, and other 
buildings, some of them in Italy. — ^Among those who 
took part in the proceedings of the evening were Mr. 
R. S. Poole, who urged the Society to make strenuous 
efforts to save the Arab monuments of Egypt from 
destruction; Miss Amelia B. Edwards, Frofessor 
Sheldon Amos, Mr. G. Howard, M.P., Mr. C. Kegan 
Paul, Lord Houghton, and the Hon. R. C. Grosvenor. 



PROVINCIAL. 

Newcastle Society of ANTiQnARiBs.-Jii]ie 6. 
^Dr. Bruce in the Chair.— The Rev. Dr. moppdl 
(South Shields) read a Pl^>er with r r frr enr j e 
to the demolition of property at the east-end of tibe 
town, and the revelations it frmiished of the old 
walls of Newcastle. A long stretch of the old 
Town Wall of Newcastle has been discove r ed, extend- 
ing right across the Dene, from the w e s t ern bknk near 
the Manors, to the eastern bank at the Sallypcut 
Gate. Much of it has been already deployed, tad 
little, if any, of it will be visible when the wons npim 
whidi the Corporation are ensiged shall be oompleted. 
The finest portion of the wul still foims the end tA 
Angus's iron warehouse in Stockbridge^ and will not 
be demolished, though it will soon be oompleteiy 
hidden asain. This contains about 900 square fetX^ 
and stands about 30 feet high. From this point the 
wall ran across the Dene. As soon as the old street 
that ran up the Dene was crossed, the wall was seen 
rising to a considerable height ; and, viewed fpom. tlie 
inside of the ruined houses, presented many fiae 
squares of splendid masonry. Near the Sallyport Gate 
it was still standing many feet in height, and con- 
tinued so past the gate for a considerable disbmoe 
down Causey Bank. It was faced on both ades wi^ 
magnificent square block^ sometimes as much as 
18 mches in length, by 12 inches in breadth, and the 
inside was grouted in Roman fruhion. The thick- 
ness, from face to face, was eight feet. There are 
se^reral peculiar features to notice at various points. 
Thus, in the splendid piece of wall forming the north 
end of Angus s iron warehouse at Stockbrii^^ge, the 
excavation revealed several coures of chamferad 
stones, one above another, rising like steps as the 
hill rises. Near to the Sallyport Gate, again, is a 
striking feature. There must have been a hreaidi in 
the wall on the west side of the gate at some early 
{>eriod, made either hy assailants in some war or 
siege, or by the authorities of the town for porposesof 
reconstruction, for thejunction of new and old masomy 
is most observable. Beyond the Sallyport Gate, goiv 
down Causey Bank in a southward direction, there n 
a fine piece of wall, exhibiting on the outside disa- 
fered work like that at Stocklmdge, and on the inside 
the remains of a tower or platform, with nine huge 
projecting corbels still in position. The oocurrenoeof 
the chancered work on the two banks, but not in die 
Dene, suggests the possibility of there haviiiff been ia 
early times a detached work on the hei^t o^Palldoi^ 
which was at a later period connected with the town 
by the ''Long Wall" spanning the valley. Great 
additional interest is imparted to the uncoverii^ of 
these extensive remains of the ancient town waU of 
Newcastle by the consideration that very probaUy 
where it crossea Pandon Dene the wall took the exact 
line of the great Roman Wall from Wallsend to Bow^ 
ness. Indeed, the lower part of the wall nmy be 
Roman work. On reaching the western bank of (he 
Dene the wall turns north^^^ird. It does so at a right 
angle, or nearly a right angle. At the comer is a tower, 
stuiding about twenty feet above the plateau of the 
western bank, and very picturesque in its nun. The 
wall, as it runs northwara from the tpwer, stands she 
or eight courses high, exhibiting one chancered oonise 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



73 



at the bottom, and making direct in the line of Croft 
Lane and Croft Street, for the recently destroyed 
Weavers' or Carliol Tower. If the connecting wall 
between the Sallyport Gate and the tower on the 
western bank of the Dene marks the line of the Roman 
Wall, the phenomena that it indicates later work at 
its junction with the portion of the Town Wall now 
forming the end of Angos's iron warehouse at Stock- 
bridge, where the Town Wall used to turn to the 
loath, would be explained by the supposition that the 
Roman Wall had been intentionally broken down there 
in early times, either to allow ingress and egress to the 
lower part oi the Dene, or to admit of the construction 
of a fosse along the side of the hill on the outside of the 
Town Wall, or to prevent assailants from using the 
Roman Wall as a platform from whidi to make 
attempti upon the Town WalL In fact, it is certain 
that it the Roman Wall existed there, and came up to 
tiie Town Wall, the mediaeval builders would break it 
down where it was in near proximity to their own 
waU, unless it was included in their own scheme of 
fortification. Mixed with the grouting of the core of 
tiie Wall are many pieces of unbumt coal, some very 
miimte, some as laige as peas or marbles. 

Socimr OF Antiquaries of Scotland. — 
Junei. — Rev. Dr. Madauchlan, Vice-President, in 
the Chair. — ^The first Paper read was a notice by Dr. 
Ardrar Mitchell, of a small vase of bronze or brass 
iiHiich had been found in Eilean Texa, a small island, 
conlaming an ancient Celtic ecdesiastiod site, ofi* the 
coast of Islay. The little vessel was found about three 
feet underground, and about fifty yards distant from 
the old Church. Dr. Mitchell remarked on the great 
interest of this Ishnr specimen, as the first found in 
Sootland, and one ot a class of ecclesiastical vessels of 
whose precise use we were still ignorant— The 
second Paper was a notice by Mr. J. Romilly 
Aflcn, of sculptured stones at Kilbride, Kilmar- 
tin^ nd Dunblane. The old burying ground of 
Xilbiide lies three miles south of Obu. Close to 
the tooth wall of the present churdi, which is not 
older than 1740, lie the firagments of a very beautiful 
Sjpedmen of a West Island cross, from whidi the rub- 
Ungs exhibited were taken. The shaft is broken in 
two places, but none of it is wanting. Its total height 
is II feet 6 inches, and it is elaborately carved on both 
ades. One side presents the Crucifixion, with the 
mononam, '« I.RS." The shaft U filled with the 
Qsnal foliageous scrolls, and lower down is the inscrip- 
tion, which shows that it was erected by Archibald 
Campbell, of Laerraig, in 1516. On the other side is 
n shield df aims, displaying two galleys and two boars' 
heads, qwutexly. No other Island cross bears a shield 
of arms. Mr. AUen suggested that the Society should 
endeavour to secure the preservation of thb monument 
from farther injury by its being removed to some place 
where its permanent preservation and safety would 
not be doubtfuL Mr. Allen noticed two cup-marked 
atones in the neigjibouihood of the Church, and one m 
the island of Kmera. The cross at Kilmartin stands 
in the churchyard, and b 5 feet 6 inches high. Its 
fi>nn and ornamentation are purelv Celtic, thnsdiffer- 
ing fipom the ordinary West Islana crosses and slabs, 
wEodi are covered with foliageous scrolls. Its oma- 
mmtation ronristt of interiaced wgrk, divergent spirals, 
and key-pattens or frel-woriL. Drawings of the cross 
VOL. IV. 



to scale, reduced firom rubbings, were exhibited, and 
also photographs. The sculptuzed slab at Dunblane 
has been known for some years, but never described 
or illustrated. It bears a cross of the Celtic form ; 
the heading, which forms the outline of the cross, 
terminates m spirals at the top and serpents* heads at 
the bottom. The reverse of the slab b covered with 
figures of animals, human figures, and symbols. 
Drawings of both skies of Uie slab were exhibited. — 
The next Paper was a notice of a very large and impor- 
tant collection of implements and ornaments of stone, 
bronze, &c, from Glenluce, Wigtownshire, which has 
been acquired for and presented to the National 
Museum by Rev. George Wilson. The objects, which 
are upwards of 3iCOO in number, comprise a large 
number of such instruments as hammer- stones, bones 
and whetstones, polishers, celts (or imperforate axes), 
perforated axes and hanimers, stones with circular 
hollows on both faces, spindle whorls, socket stones; 
personal ornaments of stone, such as finger-rin^ and 
bracelets, heads, pendants, and buttons of jet and 
amber ; a vast variety of flint implementB, such as 
scrapers, borers, knives, saws, flakers, chisels, &c ; 
a very large collection of arrow-heads (about 240 in 
all), leaf-^aped, lozenge-shaped, barbed and unbarbed, 
kite-shaped and triangular; an extraordinary variety 
of objects in bronze or brass, some of the Bronze Age, 
but many of much later date, including some very rare 
varieties of implements and ornaments, such as a 
bronze knife-dagger, a long narrow chisel of bronze, 
a small bronzebSl, a number of ornamental belt-tags, 
and mountings of various kinds, brooches, and pins, 
needles, and fish-hooks, of archaic forms. Among the 
metal objects is also a small ingot of silver and several 
spindle whorls of lead. The collection is remarkable 
for the great variety of objects formed in one district, 
and for the presence of objects very rare in Scotland, 
and even unique. It is the first enort in the direction 
of the formation of an exhaustive collection from a 
special district, and the result has been a very remark- 
aole revelation of fiicts previously unknown and un- 
suspected in the archseoloQr of Scotland. The want 
of space in the Museum wfll prevent such a collection 
from bdng displayed to advantage in the meantime. — 
Mr. John Camck Moore, of Conwall, co mm unica t ed 
a notice of some remarkable burials discovered last 
autmnn, at Donnan, near Balkntrae, under several 
layers of sand and sea shells. The skulls and other 
portions of the skeletons recovered, which had been 
sent to the Museum for examination by Sir Herbert 
Maxwell, were reported on by Proiaiior Turner and 
Dr. John Alexander Smith. Thar presented no 
peculiarities sufficiently distinctive to Ve assignable to 
any special period m prehistoric antiqui^. — Mr. 
Anderson described some peculiar features which he 
had recognizoi in the ornamentation of the silver 
brooches found at Skaill, in Orknev, firom which he 
was inclined to r^ard them as probably produced in 
the district in which thev were found, and not im- 
ported firom Asia, as had been hitherto the opinion of 
the Scam^vian archseolopsts^— Mr. William Forbes 
commumcated an additional notice of the seal of the 
fabric of Metz Cathedral, presented to the Museum 
some time ago by him. The seal, it Mems, was not 
known at Metx, and so much intere#was therefore 
attached to it, that a kmg Paper on the subject had 

O 



74 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



appeared in the fifteenth volume of the Mhnoires de la 
Society <P Archaologie de la Moselle^ from which some 
extracts were read. 

ARCHiGOLOGlCAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY 

OF Durham. — Annual Meeting. — After the official 
business was over, Canon Greenwell told the members 
they were in danger of losing their Cathedral, which 
was gradually crumbling away. He had observed 
that many of the mouldings had lost now their sharp- 
ness by this crumbling process, and any one could 
scrape off much of the surface of the stones with their 
hands. This destruction was going on over the whole 
of the Cathedral ; and unless it was stopped it would 
in the course of years prove destructive to great 
portions of the building. This was very much 
to be deplored, and they might naturally ask what 
was the cause of it. It was by exposing the surface 
of the stone to the action of the atmosphere. The 
stones had been covered for many centuries with 
whitewash, and when this was removed some sort of 
wash ought again to have been applied. A wash of 
lime of a better quality than the ordinary whitewash 
might have been used. There could be no question 
whatever that the stoves and the gas were working in 
a very injurious manner upon the stones deprived of 
their protection of whitewash. This was a subject 
of the very deepest importance. He did not know 
that they had any power to do anything ; but he 
trusted that the subject would be brought before 
the attention of the Cathedral authorities, and that 
they might take the necessary steps. 

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club.— June 29. 
— One party visited "Edin's Hall," an interesting 
and very extensive building on Cockbumlaw, supposed 
to be of Scandinavian construction. Another party 
went to "Fast Castle," the scene of Sir Walter 
Scott's Bride of Lammermoor, whilst the botanical 
section of the gathering went in various companies to 
Penmanshiel Wood, iBlackbumrigg Dean, and the 
Pease Dean. It was through the Pease Glen ti^at the 
Duke of Somerset led an army of nearly i8,ocx> 
English soldiers the day before the battle of PinJcie, 
Septembef 10, 1547. The glen is called "Peathes" 
by Holinshed, and by Haywards " Peaths," which, 
according to the latter, is the same with PcUhs, and 
denotes *'deep paths running slope wise down the 
descents on the sides of the nollow ground through 
which the path lies." ** So steep be these banks on 
either side, savs Patten, " and deep to the bottom, 
that who goeth straight down shsdl be in danger of 
tumbling, and the comer up so sure of puffing and 
pain ; for remedy whereof the travellers that way have 
used to pass it, not by going directly, but by paths and 
footsteps leading slopewise, of the number of which 
paths, they call it, somewhat nicely indeed, the 
* Peathes.'^* At this meeting Mr. Hardy, the Secre- 
tary of the Club, was presented with a microscope 
and a purse of a hundred guineas. 

Lincoln Diocesan Architectural Society. 
— ^Junc 16. — This meeting was held at Sleaford. The 
places of interest in the town and neighbourhood 
were visited. The church, which is dedicated to St 
Denis, was described by Mr. Charles Kirk. From a 
manuscript found in the parish chest it appears that 
this church was built in the vear 1 271, oy Roger 
Blount and Roger Brickham, of Sleaford, merchants. 



The plan comprises a nave, with a doable north aisk 
(of which the northernmost is modem, retaining the 
original windows), a south aisle, noith and sooth 
transepts, chancel, west tower and spixe, and south 
porch. — The Bishop of Nottingham described the old 
castle. The Manor of Sleaford, with otHer land% 
were given by the Conqueror to Reznigius. Here 
Bishop Alexander built a castle, besides doing so at 
Newark and Banbury, in the reign of Stephen. 
These were seized by Stephen, bat afterwards re- 
stored to the Bishop. The castle consisted of a laree 
quadrangle, defended by strong water defences in me 
form of a feu, and a wide double moat It was 
flanked by square towers at the angles of its masnve 
walls, and was in good order in i$45, acooidingto 
Leland's testimony. Probably the tmiber and Indof 
its roofs were sold by the Duke of Somerset, and tbe 
stones for building purposes. In 16C4 it is called 
** The late fidr Castle at Sleaford," hence it was not 
destroyed by Cromwell, according to popular belief 
Down to 1720 a considerable portion of the western 
elevation remained in a ruinous condition, but oolj a 
fragment of its overturned north-western tower now 
remains. The party then proceeded to Asgaxhj. 
The church of St. Andrew, at this villaee, is a neat 
Gothic fabric, with a handsome tower and spire. — ^At 
Great Hale the church (St. John the Baptist) con- 
sists of a tower, nave, north and south aisles, and a 
chancel. The tower is Norman, but the exterior of 
the north aisle, together with the south porch, are good 
specimens of the reign of Richard I. — The btantifiil 
cnurch of St. Andrew, at Heckington, attracted mncb 
attention. It consists of a nave, wi^ north and 
south aisles, and south porch, norUi and south tnm- 
septs, chancel, and a western tower and spire. The 
whole fabric is nearly of the same period, bat not 
quite coeval, and may be placed between the yens 
1320 and 1380. The south porch is proved bv the 
shields upon it to be of the early years of Richard IIL 
— At Howell the church, which is dedicated to St 
Oswald, consbts of a nave, north aisle, and chapd, 
chancel, south porch, with a bell hung in an arch it 
the west end. The arch within the porch b Nonnan. 
— At South Kyme all that now remains of the prioT 
is the south front of the present parish churcn (Au 
Saints), which has been a large fabric According to 
Leland, a "goodly house and parke" existed in the 
parish, but of these there is now scarcely any vestige^ 
except a fine stone quadrangular tower, which seems 
to mive formed the northern part 0^ the ancient 
castle. The entrance leads into an apartment Tanlted 
and groined. This room, which is lighted only by 
narrow loopholes, appears to have been intended as 
a place of confinement or security. Ascending a 
staircase a chamber is reached, which seems to have 
formerly communicated with the body of the castle. 
This is called the Chequer Chamber, from the cir- 
cumstance of the floor being covered with a kind of 
pebble called "a chequer." Above this were two 
other chambers, the coof and floors of which have 
entirely disapp^u^. At one angle of the tower, and 
over die staircase, is an elevated position, piobaUy 
used as a watch-tower, or signal post The old Jtaii, 
or castle, which was pulled down between the yesa 
1720 and 1735, stood on the south of the tower, to 
which it was attached, and seems to have beenajjoge 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



75 



and handsome baildin^. The course of a great part 
of the moat may still be traced. — At Anwick the 
church is dedicated to St Edith; it is rather a spa- 
cious edifice, with tower, surmounted b^ a beautiful 
spire. The interior consists of a nave, with north and 
south aisles ; the nave is supported by six slender pil- 
lars, terminating in pointed arches; those on the 
north being surmounted with a handsome fretwork 
border, which descends to the pavement along the 
pillars, at the east and west end extremities. — At 
Ewerbv the church is dedicated to St. Andrew ; it is 
a handsome structure, and consists of a nave, north 
and south aisles, chancel, and south porch, with a 
lofty tower, surmounted by a beautiful spire, which is 
a conspicuous object throughout the dis&ict Under 
an arch in the east end of the north aisle is the re- 
cumbent effigy of a knight in armour, said to repre- 
sent Sir Ranulph R;^e, who lived in the reign of 
Edward I., and who is supposed to have obtamed a 
charter fin: a market hercL and to have erected a cross, 
the base of which is stiU extant. — At Kirkby Lay- 
thorpe the church is dedicated to St Denis, whidi 
consists of a low embattled tower, ornamented with 
pinnades. a nave, north aisle, and chancel, with south 
porch. It is a small ancient structure, except the 
chanceL The entrance by the porch is through a 
fine Norman arch, with circular pillars, and the aisle 
is divided from the nave by three round pillars, 
sapporting Norman arches. This church is in "a 
most lamentable condition," to use the words of the 
Bishop of Nottingham, the roofe in particidar re- 

Sniring prompt attention. — ^At the evenin? meetinjg[s 
iie £onl Bishop of Nottingham, in me Chair, 
Pkipers were reao. The Chairman read a Paper 
entitled, "King against Kin^ by a King of I^- 
colnshire." These kings are James II. and William 
III., and the Paper desut with a local incident in con- 
nection with their strugfi;le for the Crown.— The Rev. 
Precentor Venables read a lengthy Paper on '* The 
Episcopal Visitation in Lincolnshire ot 1614.'' — Mr. 
KerslaJce and the Rev. Precentor Venables read a 
Ptoer '* On the Dedication of the Churches of Lin- 
comshire as illustrating the History of the County," 
and Mr. Charles Kurk on *' Kyme and its Tower." 

YoJULSHiRS Philosophical Society.— June. — 
Mr. W. C Anderson in the Chair.— It was announced 
that a list of books had been presented to the Society, 
• M well as a list of specimens. The latter included 
an Anglo-Saxon seal found in Collie Street, presented 
by Dr. Tempest Anderson ; a round box of^ stamped 
leather, with the inscription impressed, ''Edwd. 
Hawke, 1605,*' presented by Mr. T. S. Noble ; and 
also an equisetum (horse or mare's tail) from Millstone 
Grit, Bflunlnr Fall, Leeds, presented by Captain 
Twyford, of York Castle. 



PROFESSOR TH£ODOR BENFEY. 
Bom 1809; /PMk/July, 1881. 

After studying at Gdttineen and Munich, Professor 
Benfey took his degree of Ph.D. in 1828. He first 



became known through his Grieschisckts Wurzellexicon 
(1839-4^), and he published, in 1848, the text of the 
SAmaveday together with a translation and glossary, 
followed by a complete translation of the first volume 
of the Rigveda, lie now turned his attention to 
Sanscrit grammar. The result was the publication of 
his Vollstdndige GrammaiiJk,yfh.idti appeared in 1852, 
the Kurze Grammatik in 1855, and his Practical 
Grammar in En^ish in 1863. These were followed 
by his Sanskrit'English Dictumary in 1866. His next 
task, a translation with notes of the PandMtantra^ 
contributed more than any other to spread his already 
great fame. In thb he established his startling dis- 
covery that European fables are to be traced not to an 
Indian merely, but to a Buddhistic source. Besides 
these works may be mentioned a treatise on the re- 
lation of the Egyptian language to the Semitic family 
of speech, his contributions to the knowledge of Zend, 
and his decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions. 
In 1869 appeared another very important work, his 
History of the Science of Language and Philology in 
Germany, Alter this Professor Benfey devot^ his 
last years to the study of Vedic literature. 



REV. HENRY OCTAVIUS COXE, MJL 
Bom 1811 ; Died, July, 8, 1881. 

Everyone must regret the great loss which the world 
of letters has sustained by the death of Mr. Coxe, 
Bodle/s Librarian. Mr. Coxe had for some time been 
more or less disabled from active work by recurring 
attacks of the painful malady which finally kill^ him. 
He took the B.A. degree in 1833, and entered at once 
upon work in the MS. department at the library of 
the British Museum. In 1838 he became one of the 
sub-librarians of the Bodleian Library ; and succeeded 
the late Dr. Bandinel as Librarian in 186a Mr. Coxe 
was the editor and author of many works, all bearing 
on his own department. He edited The Chronicles 
of Roger of Wendover^ in 1841, The Metrical Life oj 
Edward the Black Prince^ by Chandos Herald, in 1849, 
and Gower's Vox Clamantis^ in 1850, as well as a 
facsimile of the Bodleian manuscript of the Apocalypse. 
He was author of various catalogues — that of the 
manuscripts of the coUe^ libraries, of the Greek 
manuscripts in the Bodleian ; of the Laud and the 
Canonical collections. Many other catalogues, as of 
the Tanner, Row, Anson, and other collections, were 
edited under his superintendence; but the greatest 
work achieved under his direction has been the new 
Catalogue of the Bodleian Library. Few men had a 
more gracious and sjrmpathetic cordiality; not only of 
demeanour but of act. Every visitor to the Bodleian 
benefited by his courteous suavity and ready help. 
He was blessed with a bright and active a tempera- 
ment, and visitors to Oxford will miss one who has 
been a fiiend to all book lovers for so many years. 



JOHN FERGUSON McLENNAN, MA., LL.D. 
Died June It, 1881. 

Mr. McLennan was the author of some remarkable 
works on the earliest forms of civilization. He took 
great interest in the early history of mankind, and his 

G 2 



76 



OBITUARY. 



work on Primitive Marria^e^ published nearly twenty 
years ago, and reprinted lately, together with other 
articles, imder the title of Studies in Ancient History^ 
marked a point of departure in the course of study 
which Sir John Lubbock, Mr. £. B. Tylor, and others 
have since successfully pursued. He has been for many 
years engaged upon a larger work on the history of 
primitive man, of which the various studies he had 
published, either as book or magazine articles, were 
to form parts. Mr. McLennan had for some years 
past been a great invalid, wintering each year in 
Algiers, where he had built a house. Mr. Tylor, who 
knew and appreciated Mr. McLennan*s work better 
perhaps than any man in England, although he fre- 
quently differed on some of the conclusions arrived at 
by Mr. McLennan, has written a sympathetic and ad- 
mirable notice in the Academy, 



FREDERIC OUVRY, V.P.S.A. 

Died June 36, 1881. 

All fellows of the Society of Antiquaries will mourn 
the loss of Mr. Ouvry, known to them so well for his 
kindly and feeling nature and for his deep interest in 
the study of antiquities. He was elected a fellow of 
the Society of Antiquaries in 1848. For twenty years 
he filled the office of treasurer to the Society. .On the 
death of Lord Stanhope, his colleagues unanimously 
elected him to the vacant presidentship. Mr. Ouvr/s 
literary tastes were not confined to antiquarian science. 
There was no literary undertaking of mark which he 
was not ready and even anxious to promote ; and the 
writer has often heard one of his most intimate friends, 
Mr. Thoms, mention many remarkable instances of 
this. He frequently printed from time to time fee- 
similes of rare tracts or other publications of 
which only one copy was known to exist. Fore- 
most among the literary men who were proud to 
number Mr. Ouvry among their friends was the late 
Charles Dickens, who, it will be remembered, 
drew a picture of Mr. Ouvrv in one of his papers in 
Household PVords, under the alias of Mr. Undery. 
Last year Mr. Ouvry accompanied, as he usually did, 
the summer outing of a smsul club of members of the 
Society of Antiquaries, and how he contributed to the 
enjoyment of fun and learning which these gatherings 
exhibit, all who knew him can tell. This year he 
wrote his letter to say he was coming, if possible ; but 
before he could even make the effort ne was dead. 
Thus to the last he was among his friends, who loved 
him well and will love his memory. 



^be Entiauan?'0 Viote«£ooft. 



Petertide Fires at Penzance. — (Communicated 
by the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma.) — Aii ancient cus- 
tom has existed at Penzance from time immemorial of 
having bonfires, not only at Midsummer Eve, but on 
St. Peter's Eve also. This year (1881) as from local 
circumstances (Thursday being market-day) it was 
inconvenient to keep up St. John's Eve in a proper 
manner, the town was placarded by bills, in the name 



of the committee (who always direct this festival),* 
calling on the public to ''keep up the old custom 
with spirit" on St. Peter's Eve, the other day of the 
summer fires. Although there were bonfires in the 
neighbouring villages and on the hills on St. John's 
Eve, there was not much done then. But on Jane 2S 
the iowa. of Penzance was the scene of a spectacle 
rarely, if ever, now seen in Europe, though in 
many of its features it must have once oeen oonunoo 
during the Middle Ages in European cities. In 
most of the chief streets, as the stimmer twilidit 
waned, large bonfires were lighted, varied occanoouly 
with the old' English tar-barreL Thus the town soon 
assumed one of the characteristics of a mediaeval dty 
en flte with blazing bonfires and tar-barrels in thie 
middle of the streets. The Cornish custom of waving 
" torches" (1. e,^ blazing masses of rope dipped in tar 
and hung to an iron oiain) was extensively followed 
and had a weurd effect. May not this be a heathen 
custom, observed at the summer solstice, symbolizing 
the movements of the heavenly bodies. -The main 
scene of the festival was the market-square— another 
survival of mediaeval use, seeing that in Paris and 
elsewhere in Europe the market-places were the chief 
seats of the Midsummer fires. Here the spectacle was 
verv striking and had a sort of pandemonium aspect, 
difficult to describe. There was a curious com- 
bination of the fire customs of remote antiquity with 
some excellent modem fireworks. The custom of 
leaping over the fire was, indeed, not kept np^ bat 
many couples danced between the fires to the ancient 
Cornish ** Furry tune'* (as used at Hekton on Funy 
day), perchance a last survival of the very ancient 
heathen rite referred to in Leviticus xviiL 31. The 
directors of the fire-festival, quaintly dressed in red 
hunters' coats and leathern gauntlets, moved about the 
crowd with squibs and Roman candles. Nearly all 
the fireworks were let off from the hand, and some- 
times the changing effects were extremdj strikiqg. 
After the ''fun" (as it is locally called) had lasted 
about two hours a set-piece was brought into tibe 
s(^uare and marked the culmination of the fire-festifal 
with modem improvements. The history of European 
fireworks might prac^cally have been studied in their 
main features, from the almost pre-historic bonfire 
and waving torch in the fire-dance (bringing one Into 
contact with primitive Aryan heathen usages) down 
through the tar-barrel and squib to the improved fire- 
works of modem science. They%r thus combined 
in a striking manner the features of an andent, a 
mediaeval, and a modem fire-festival. It is much to 
the credit of the good order and sobriety of Penzance 
that such a/fl(^ could be carried out without the least 
impropriety or rowdyism. This satisfactory result 
was, however, as much due to public opinion as to 
the authorities. It must be a satisfaction to those 
who love old customs to learn that both the Funy 
day festival at Helston and the fire-festival of Peter- 
tide at Penzance were kept up this year with as much 
spirit as in days of old, and tnat neither festival gives 
tne least symptom of dying out. The old features are 
well kept up, though they nave added to them modem 
additions wbich tend to preserve their popularity. 

The Grave of Bradshaw, * the Regicide. — 
(i. 224; iiL «3i.) Communicated by J. A. Finney, 
Macclesfield.— As to the tradition rife in Treeton, near 



THE ANTIQUARYS NOTE-BOOK. 



77 



Sheffield, respecting the bones of " Bradshaw/* allow 
me to say that thS Bradshaw was bom at Marple 
Hall, near Stockport, and received the latter part of 
his education at tne Free Grammar School in Maccles- 
field. In a History of Macclesfield, published about 
the year 1818, it is stated that "s^er the Restoration, 
twenty-three persons, who had sat as judges on the 
King^ were attainted, though in their graves. Brad- 
shaw, who died in 1659, Ming among the number, 
his body was taken up, and on the 30th January i66a-i, 
the day appointed tor this act of retributive justice, 
was drawn on a sledge to Tyburn, where he, Crom- 
well, and Ireton, were hanged on the several angles 
of the gallows, under whidi their mutilated trunks 
were afterwards buried, their heads having been first 
cat off, and fixed on Westminster Hall." 

Popular Names of Tumuli Barrows and 
Stones.— {iii. 280). — CommunicaUd by William Cros- 
siiig. — The following are the load designations 
cf some of the principal monumental relics in Devon 
and Cornwall Of those mentioned in Devon, all but 
the last two are situated on Dartmoor: — 

The Grey Wethers. — ^Two stone circles in the easj 
quarter of the forest. They closely adjoin one another, 
and are both 1 10 feet in diameter. They are so called 
from their fancied resemblance, at a distance, to a 
flock of sheep. 

Kin^s Oven, — A cairn, forming one of the boundary 
marks of the forest, and thought to have been the 
locality of an ancient smelting-house. 

BamUmm Man, — A maen on Bairdown, near Two 
Bridges, 1 1 feet in height. 

DeifiTs Frying'Pan. — A rock basin on the summit 
of Great Mistor — sometimes called Mistor Pan. 

Grimspound. — A hut village, surrounded by a wall 
composed of inunense blocks of granite, enclosing an 
area of four acres. Grim, or grimgie, is the name 
given to an evil spirit supposed to haunt the moor. ^ 

Plague Market. — The remains of a very extensive 
British village, containing hut circles, avenues, and 
odier relics, near Merivale Bridge. It is said to have 
derived its name from being used as a place for the 
lale of provisions during a plague at Tavistock, from 
which it is distant about four nules. 

Spinster^ s Rock. — A dolmen (or cromlech) in the 
psmh of Drewsteignton, having a legend connected 
with it to the effect that it was raised by three spin- 
fters, when returning from their work. . 

Gtanfs Grave. — 'uie name mven to a tumulus for- 
merly existing on Mardon Down, near Moreton- 
Hampstead. A small dilapidated mound is all that 
now remains of it 

In Cornwall there are: — 

Treuetl^ Stone. — A dolmen at St. Cleer, near Lis- 
keard, stuiding on an artificial mound a few feet high.' 
The impost had formerly seven supporters, one of 
whidi has fallen inwardly. The name Trevethy signi- 
fies The place of Graves. 

The HurUrs, — ^The remains of three stone circles 
in the same neighbourhood. The tradition goes that 
tfa^ were men transformed into stones for engaging 
in the old Cornish game of hurling on the Sabbath. 

The Other Half Stone. — A fragment of a cross, 
about seven feet h^h, in the parish of St. Cleer. 
Near it is a part of an inscribed stone, but it is not 
thoaght that the two ever formed one monument. 



Nine Maidens, — A stone circle in the parish of St 
Columb Major. There is also a circle called the 
Merry Maidens in St. Burian, and near it two un- 
wrought granite pillars known as The Pipers. 

Giant* s Quoit. — A fedlen dohnen in St. Breock 
parish. The Lanyon dolmen is <also called by this 
name. 

Trippet Stones. — ^A small circle of stones on the 
manor of Blisland, about three feet in average height 

New Bronzes recently found at Pompeii. 
— Communicated by Henry Wm. Henfrey.— The 
first is a statuette of a young Faun or Satyr, 
twenty<one and a half inches (55 centimetres) in 
height, found upon the front of the peristyle of a house 
in the eastern quarter of PompeL It is of very fine 
work, but the surface unfortunately is spoiled by the 
rough green corrosion which covers it. The head of 
the Faun is wreathed with a branch ; and he supports 
on his left shoulder the leather bottle which he has on 
his arm, and firom which used to flow the water of a 
little fountain. His right hand, with the fingers con- 
tracted, is stretched forward. The forcible movement 
and the look of desire which he casts upon the liquid 
contained in the bottle, and which runs over him, 
indicate the intoxication to which this disciple of 
Bacchus is a prey. There seems, indeed, little doubt 
that he ought to have had in his right hand some cup 
or .glass to receive the liquid which used to run from 
the mouth of the bottle. 

The second statuette was also found in the 
peristyle of a house and represents a winged 
Cupid holdii^ up a young dolphin on his right 
shoulder. He^pports the animal with his right 
hand, while he squeezes one of its fins with his 
left. He has his eyes turned upwards and his mouth 
half open, as if he was going to speak, entirely occu- 
pied with the fish which calls for all his attention — 
and as if rejoicing at having got possession of the 
dolphin. The height of the statue is a little under 
what it should be ^5 centimetres). It is placed upon 
an elegant pedestaL As to the style of this statuette, 
it may be observed that some portions do not seem to 
be very carefiilly executed, for the drawing is less 
correct, and the surface worked with less knowledge 
than in other Greek works. Nevertheless, it descfrves 
to be reckoned as a good specimen of ancient sculpture, 
showing as it does so much force of sentiment, and so 
much truth of expression. 

The last "find'* is a group of statuettes, 
of smaller dimensions, which was found in the 
larariumf or family chapel of domestic gods, of a 
Pompeian house. A ngure of Fortune is seated 
between two Lara^ in front of whom, suspended by 
a fine chain, hung an elegant lamp. It is common 
to see in frescoes Fortune, together with the divini- 
ties called Lares, but they are only rarely met with 
in bronze and represented in this manner. The 
goddess is dressed in an ample tunic and a mantle ; 
m her right hand she holds a patera, in her left 
hand a cornucopia ; her feet are protected by elegant 
sandals. She is seated upon a chair or throne, with 
a back, which is elegantly ornamented on all sides. 
Her feet are placed upon a footstool, in front of which 
are two winged Sirens. On either hand of the figure 
of Fortune were placed (in the above-mentioned 
chapel) the two go^ the Lares, close to and in con* 



78 



THE ANTIQUARVS NOTE-BOOK. 



nection with the goddess, but not jomed to her statue. 
Each stands upon a circular pedestal, coyered with 
elegant ornaments in guillocht (or " engine-turning") 
upon silver, of which Pompeii has supplied many other 
remarkable specimens. The **Lar^ who is placed 
on the right has a glass in his right hand, the other 
has one in his left ; and each of them holds his glass 
lifted up to the heavens. The lamp spoken of above is 
in the form of a human foot inside a shoe, elegantly 
ornamented with silver. The throne upon which For- 
tune is seated is very beautiful, and might be cited 
as a model of the sculptured chairs which are found 
in nearly all the ruins of ancient buildings. 

[Extracted and translated from No. i oi Pompeii, 
an illustrated review of archaeology, Naples, March, 
1881.] 

Roman Remains near Aynhoe, Northampton- 
shire. — {Communicated by Sir Henry Dryden, Bart.) 
— These were found in a field called Spitchel, in 
Aynhoe parish, near the boundary of Croughton 
parish, about three-quarters of a mile S.E. of Rains- 
borough camp, and on the S.E. of the road from 
Charlton to Croughton. The land is the property of 
W. Cartwright, Esq., of Aynhoe, M.P. TTie field 
has a slight fall to the S.E. It is sandy, with patches 
of limestone near the surface. In November, 1874, 
the plough dislodged some stones of oolite whidi 
covered the mouth of a large vase. One large thin 
one covered the mouth, and smaller ones lay on that. 
The vase is 2ft ojin. high, and ifl. iiin. wide, of red 
pottery, perfect except a chip in the rim, loin, wide 
m the mouth, and loin. wide at bottom, and weighs 
861bs. It was placed upright, and one thin stone was 
placed upright on each side of it. The top was 
about seven mches below the surface. Nothing was 
found in it except a little soil. The texture of it was 
too porous to hold liquid. Either thp vase was empty 
when last covered over by the users or contained com 
or other substance which has completely decayed. 
It is said that in the museum at Oxford is a similar 
vase from some railway cutting, and at Brixworth was 
found in 1874 a somewhat similar one, but smaller. 
Round it were found bits of pottery and burnt stones, 
and about four or five yards S. were many pieces of 
pottery, and bones of cow, sheep, and pig. Many 
stones were red from fire. The pottery was of about 
fifteen vessels of red and black ware — all of common 
make and apparently Roman. Probably some dwell- 
ing had existed close by, and this jar was for storing 
corn and other dry matter. The broken pottery and 
bones were probably part of a domestic rubbish de- 
posit. About 1872 was found near the same spot 
about ten yards in length of large stones on edge, 
about two feet deep, and coming within a few inches 
of the surface. In the same field, about fifty yards 
S.E. of the spot where the vase was found, three 
sepulchral chests were found in February, 1881. The 
field is now let in allotments. No. i chest, the 
northern of the three, lay N. by E. and S. by W. It 
was 5ft. 5in. long, by ift 2in. at head, and ift. lin. 
at foot wide inside, and loin. deep, formed of fla^ 
mostly 2in. thick. The bottom was paved with thin 
flags, and the cover was formed of four stones of the 
same kind, about I ft. 6in. below the surface. The 
skeleton lay en the back with tlie head to the S., with 
the arms extended on each side of it. The bones 



were in a very friable state, and parts were totally 
destroyed. The coffin had very tittle soil in it. The 
front of the skull was decayed. The skeleton was 
apparently of a young person, and measored from 
the top of the skull to the bottom of the leg bones 
4ft. 5in. No ornaments or pottery were foimd. Naa 
chest lay; in the same line as No. i, and to the S. of 
it, with about jft. interval between the two. This 
chest was 5ft. Sin. lon^, ift Sin. wide at head end, 
and ift. at foot end inside. It had no stones at the 
bottom. The sides were of one long stone each, 
about 2in. thick, and one short one at die foot end. 
The cover was of several stones. The skeleton lay 
on its back with the head to the N., with the ams 
extended down the sides as in the last. The bones 
of this skeleton had been somewhat disturbed bcfeie 
I saw them, so that I could not measure the height 
Many were mudi decayed or gone. It was laiger 
than the last, but apparently a female. No wea- 
pons, ornaments, or pottery were found with it 
No. 3 chest was about loft. from the foot end of 
No. 2, and to the E.S.E. of it. It lay W. by N. and 
£. by S. It was composed of four stones boides 
the cover, aft. 3in., by 9in., and ift. deep inside. 
The cover was about 6in. from the sar&oe. Tliis 
chest was partly filled with soil, but no bones or other 
remains were found in it. Probably it had contained 
an infant, so young that the bones h^ completely 
perished. 



(^«rr 



Hntiquarian Dewe. 

On the 6th July, the fine old church at Holtbj, 
near York, after having undergone the process of 
"complete restoration," was reopened for Divine 
service. 

Mr. A. Featherman has in preparation a book to be 
entitled The Social History of the Raca of Manktrnd^ 
to be completed in about teh volumes, 8vo, Messis. 
Triibner have issued the prospectus, which promises 
a formidable amount of work. 

Mr. John Potter Briscoe is editing the SonmOs amd 
Songs of Robert Millhouse, the artisan poet <tf Not- 
tingham, who was bom in 1788, and died in 1839. 
The edition will be accompanied by a biogrcphical 
sketch of the poet. 

A bog at Pemcrenty, County Sligo, was bdng cot 
away, when, at the depth of six feet from the simaoe, 
a supposed Druidical edifice, twenty-one yards in 
circumference, was discovered, and several other in- 
teresting relics are now on view. 

During the progress of the works at the xestoration 
of the parish church at Famham, when the men were 
taking^down the east wall of the north transept, Uiey 
came upon traces of a three-light window of mt 
twelfth century. The committee have decided to 
restore this interesting relic. 

Mr. A. H. Bullen having completed the issue of 
his edition of John Day's plays now proposes to 
issue a series of rare old English plays by various 
authors in four small quarto volumes. Subscribers 



ANTIQUARIAN NE WS. 



79 



names shoctld be sent to Mr. Bullen, Clarence House, 
Godwin Rood, New Town, Margate. 

Not long ago^ whilst some workmen were engaged 
in making alteiations in the smoking-room of the Old 
White Hart Inn, Hull, they discolored an ancient 
arched fireplace, ten feet wide, in a fine state of pre- 
servation, the brickwork of which is said to be an 
eacdlent rxample of the workmanship in olden times. 

The andent bmial gromid of St Botolph's, Alders- 
gate Street, after having been closed for a number of 
years, has recently been tnnsformed into a pleasnre- 
gaiden, greatly to the benefit of the dcnixms of this 
busy and popoloos neigUxxirhood. With a view to 
date and mark this improvement, the vestiy have 
erected a handsome smi-dial in the centre. 

Bentley Priofy, near Stanm o re, isnowforsale. For 
a quarter of a century past it was the seat of Sir John 
Kdk, and previously to that of two snccrwtve Mar- 
quises of Abercom. It is a place of contideiable 
antiquarian and literary interest, and the BmUer^ of 
July 3, coitfains an encdlent summary of the chief 
■ H Hirts in its histoiT* 

to be that the rooms 



diKO v ei e d at the Roman villa, in the Isle of Wi^, 
and, indeed, the entire villa, indicate mifitaay tenure. 
Mr. RoUfdi Smith, oo the cootxary, we uadcfstaod, 
suggests an agricultural dHnacter. Captain Thorp 
p w>po scs that excavatioBS be made as soon as ccxi' 
vcnient, oo the N.W., where he has discotcred traces 
of ibundatiOML 



Colwa ll 

lentuiy cilifice, was reopened lately, after rcstoratioB 
and dieadditioo of a north aisle. The mieh ttpm- 
tedftouidieaBvebyan arcade of Bromsgrofe stooe, 
ctf^five ■buT'-oeutrBd Jicnes, supported on octagonal 
^mJiiiiiik. a guQcry has been removed book the 
church, tibe old naie opened out, and the ytipk^ 
dated 163^8^ which a 
the churchy has been 

Tk aHual mcetxiC <^ t^ 
kgpal Society will he 

addics by Mr. E. H. EIzou, QewtAsmCamX 

win be vMcdL On the 
-riTf br nrrfr m TTiHrifciW, 






Cadbuiy.a 
afr-Gonhnou 



a V2HC wiQ be made 
; FortiArad, mi. W 



%a 




Runic characters, stated to indicate its having be- 
longed to the coffin of Etbelwald, son of Oswald, 
King of Deira from A.D. 6<i to 660. The present 
restoration has been confinea to the chancel, and hat 
htca carried out by the authorities of thr University of 
GbLford, in whom, as lay rectors, the maintenance of 
the building is vested. 

We regret that the amendment to the Irish I^md 
Bill proj^ised by Mr. Cochran- Patrick has not tjcen 
accepted by the Government. It ran as foUows — 
" That whoiever advances are made from the Treasury 
for the purpose of reclaiming or improving waste or 
uncultivated land on which archaeological remains 
exist, likely to be injured by the operations, accurate 
plans, views, and descriptions of such remains shall 
De taken in triplicate, and one cop^ shall be deposited 
in the British Museum, one copy m the Isbranr of the 
Royal Irish Academy, and one copv in the NatiMial 
Museum of Scottish Ant^uitie., in tdinburgh," 

The Museum of Methodist Antsqnities, Bisbopsgate 
Street Within, has been enriched by a copy of 
Edward Perrouh's scarce satirical poem, dated 1756, 

g'ven by the Rev. H. L. Church, a portrait 01 the 
te Dr. Dixon, presented by Mn» Nfcholvm, w\ 
several interesting objectA from the collection of the 
Ute Dr. Punsbon, the gift of Mrs. Pumhon. Thr 
latter include a mast tve white metal idol <4 Had^ihZf 
the hiU dress of a North American Indian merl>cine« 
man, and letters written by I^y Hantiflfd^yn, the 
Rev. lohn Wesley, the Rev. T. Charles, of Kahi 
(dated 1799), and other nr>tablc»» 

We referred last asonth to the rcatoratioii f4 the 
charchof Sc Mary, Wedmore, SooMvsei, a fme isfied^ 
Bca of Early Perpendicular work. The church ommmU 
of eeutial tower, diamrH, nave, aitln and trMmtf^ f4 
north and south chaatnes, tmd abo a k^ chapel *4 
hrterdaie. The ro ugh-cast cwttiug has tcea rem^^ed 
the extoior of the buildMi^ two wind^rws and a 



ta karjw ^ut 



&aa 

ZSL 



doorway hate ben opcMd out m the porch, the ^M- 
hMmtd ^agf^4meked pew* aad Ike pOiaj wjuek 
Uscfced up the mMe wtat wrnAum firve Men vt^ 
■wved, and the bu^drug KMatal la taking d/0wm 
the fr \mm% fAike wMMv£u^-br<afd <yvcr th* pv^ptt* * 

the CUrl jeMii^ was fcroogjie ii> k^ 

It if 0P3p»Med to ir/em a 5k<se<y fmr Mim ^ and 

Liiftinhun^ the more i»pr«tjaK fexfs m Rarfy hit//ttji/k 
UaeaXMft 4s/wm. v> ^ *jmt wh«K cfce wn^iW tatyfpm^ 
heg^ ir> faae ies ^Measetm dtieruv^rimkn, l^m anum 
«f the ^jmfj win emhaot that fe-^^mg amrf r^ 
^phaobn^ ^ rikTAe w<dks whKhy ibvni fktM rttky mA 
pRea^ tee ^^cfxA the weaA *4 ^jf^^farf bwv^n, m 
w^ as <^ pAt^kacma ^A htf^btrVr tmymfM %%%, 
The ^jiMiSij vtS !U!r <«r|pMmf « fvvii 14 >» w^^ 

MMtace w^xk. The Her, Wsiftw ^/jstgjvr, ^/ y^f^sijgp,, 

♦Alt s«CkKait«tti 'vf "Out W-ttrauiwritr 0«t;^.«! ^iVHiM \y 
JMuvao^: fMB tfut z^-A tytsfgfm:Sf9 yv0yjt^A^ The ti/ 

wfk the wkitmr migiUsmr vp«r fjbt 



M <caCffMMity 



8o 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



ing the history of England as associated with West- 
minster Abbey during the six centuries in which the 
Chapter-house was connected with the historical 
interests of the country. The first of these windows 
is already in progress, and it is hoped that the public 
will not be slow to continue the remainder, and 
to complete a work which is so much needed for the 
proper effect of this magnificent monument of mediaeval 
architecture and of English history. 

A curious case was recently decided by the 
Clitheroe county magistrates. The 27th of May last 
was the day after the annual club day at Chipping, 
and, in accordance with the custom which has existed 
for years, the villagers elected the mayor, as he is 
called, in the following manner : — ^The man who was 
the most intoxicated was placed in a chair on a cart, 
and dragged through the village amid great uproar. 
Those who formed the procession carried mops, fire- 
arms, and sticks decorated with different colours. 
Two drunken men headed the procession, playing 
cornopeans. The police interfered, and summoned 
ten of the men before the Clitheroe magistrates for 
being drunk. They denied that they were drunk, 
and the magistrates dismissed all the cases, one of the 
justices remarking that he appnJved of these old 
customs being carried out. 

A correspondent writes to the Glasgow Herald:^ — 
'* A striking instance of the reckless manner in whidi 
antiquities are destroyed, and the necessity for Sir 
John Lubbock's Ancient Monuments' Bill, has just 
come to light in the Shetland Islands. The otiier 
evening it was discovered that the venerable ruin 
called Picts Castle, situated in the Loch of Clickimin, 
but aecessible from the shore, and, in fact, the only 
antiquity of any note in the immediate vicinity of 
Lerwick, was in danger of being altogether de- 
molished. A local shopkeeper was observed carting 
away stones from the ruins for the purpose of build- 
ing a stable in the vicinity. Some gentlemen who 
had observed the proceedings, remonstrated with him 
and ultimately persuaded hmi to desist. Steps should 
be taken to prevent the demolition of a building 
which has been visited by antiquaries frdro all parts of 
the country." 

The Bo3ral Archaeological Institute holds its Annual 
Meeting at Bedford from July 26 to August i. The 
excursions are as follows : — ^July 26. Visit to the site 
of Bedford Castle ; general inspection and perambu- 
lation of the town. — ^July 27. To Dunstable, Eaton 
Bray Chiirch, Eddlesboro' Church, die Priory Church. 
—July 28. Vid Cardington Church to Cople Church, 
and Willington Church, Sandy ; to the Roman Camp, 
the Amphitheatre, near Howbury ; Risinghoe Castle, 
and Bedford.— July 29. To Luton, the Church of St. 
Mary; to the Abbey Church of St. Albans, Uie 
Church of St. Michael, and Old Verulam. — July 30. 
To Ciapham Church, Colworth (Mr. Magniac's col- 
lections), to Shambrook Church, Felmersham Church, 
Stevington Church, Cross ; OaKicy Church. — August 
I. To Elstow Church, &c., Houghton Conquest 
Church, Houghton Ruins, Cainhoe Castle, Wrest 
Park, Wobum Abbey. 

Mr. W. Thompson Watkin, of Liverpool, is about 
to issue by subscription a work on Roman Lancashire, 



In this the author will bring together the many 
scattered records which exist of discoveries of Roman 
antiquities in the county of Lancaster, and proposes 
to enmve every article of interest now extant, includ- 
ing cutars, tablets, miscellaneous inscriptions, rings, 
fibulae, and other minor articles. The roads will be 
particularly dealt with, as it is important that as- much 
light as possible should be thrown upon the Roman 
itineraries. The fact of the Tenth Iter of Antoninus 
passing through the county renders it necessary to 
enter at length into the question of the sites of the 
stations upon it. A map of the county, showing the 
course of the roads and their nature, marked wiu the 
site of all discoveries, large or small, and the posirion 
of the various stations, will accompany the work. 
The destruction of the remaining vestiges of the Roman 
era, which proceeds almost daily, forms a convincing 
argument as to the necessity for a work of this nature. 
The total obliteration of Roman Manchester is an in- 
stance of this destruction, and a plan of the station, 
drawn from old maps, is the only means of preserving 
to posterity the identification of the site. The 
numerous hoards of coins found in the county will also 
form a subject of inquiry. Much new information 
has been gathered from MSS. ; and of several of the 
inscriptions photographs have been specially taken, 
with the view of obtaining absolute correctness, upon 
epigraphic points. 

Many will be interested to learn that the graves 
or trenches in which the bodies of the unfortunate 
Highlanders were buried after the battle of Colloden 
are being cared for by the present proprietor of the 
estate of Culloden. Formerly the graves were dis- 
tinguishable in the level greensward at the roadside 
only by the slightly-raised sod, but stones bearing 
the names of the clans have just been erected at the 
head of each trench. On one stone is inscribed the 
names of the clans **M'Gillivray, McLean, and 
M'Lauchlan ;" and there are separate stones for " Clan 
Mackintosh." Two graves are marked, *' Clans 
mixed.'' At the '*fi[reat caim" a slab has 
been placed bearing the following inscription: — 
" The batde of Culloden was fought on this Moor; 
1 6th April, 1746. The graves of the gallant High- 
landers who fought for Scotland and Prince Charlie 
are mark^ by the names of their clans." The 
interesting prehistoric remains at Clava have also 
received some attention from the owner of the pro- 
perty. Some of the standing stones which had fieLllen 
down have been set up ; unfortunately, one or two 
have been made to face in the reverse way from 
what they did originally. In clearing up the ground 
round the lai^est circle, paved, or ra&er causewayed, 
paths have been discovered leading from the base ot 
the caim in a straight line to three of the outer stand- 
ing stones. Local archaeologists have also recently 
found a great number of *'cup markings" on the 
stones in this locality. One stone discovered the 
other day had cup marks upon both sides. 

The large and important collection of books and 
manuscripts relating to the history and literature of 
America, formed by Mr. Henry Stevens, of Vermont, 
and lately sold by Messrs. Sotheby, contained nearly 
all the early voyages and travels of English, Dutch, 
French, and Spanish navigators, notaUy Theodore 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



8i 



de Bry, Voyi]^a and Travels^ 1 590-1634 folio, first 
edition, complete and perfect as the Grenyille copy in 
the British Museum— ^151. Other copies, more or 
less incomplete, were sold at from ;£^i 3 to ;^i8. Adrien 
Vander Donck, Beschryvinge van Nieuw Nederland^ 
first edition, 1655, vellum— jf* 13 zs, 6d, Georgia: 
Transactions of the Trustees for the Colony of Georgia^ 
&c, the ori^nal manuscript, 173S-1747, in the hsmd- 
writing of ue first Earl of Egmont, President of the 
Board— 3^1 5a Hulsius, CoUectiones Navigationum, 
&c^ 1598-1650—3^100. Peter Martyr, Extraict ov 
Recveiiy &c., containing his letter about Cuba to supply 
the lost report of Cortes, and the relations of Her- 
nando as to the Discovery of Mexico, 4to; Paris, 
153a — ;^33 lox. Smith (Captain John, some time 
(jovemor of Virginia), Historie of Virginia^ 1 584-1 626, 
first edition ; folio, London, 1632 ; some maps restored 
in margin— -;f 10. There were also many books of 
the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with 
examples of early printing, especially in New Eng- 
land, and numerous works of American literature, 
besides the extraordinary collection of Franklin 
letters and writings. The last named has, however, 
been withdrawn from the sale, an offer having been 
accepted of ;f7,ooo for it on behalf of the United 
States Government. 

The Ordinal and Statutes of the Cathedral Church 
of SL Andrew at Wells, from the MS, (No. 729) in 
iLambeth Palace Library, by the permission of His 
Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the consent of 
the Dean and Chapter of Wells, will be published 
shortly by subscription, by the Rev. Herbert Edward 
Reynolds. The contents of the MS. include the fol- 
lowing : — Statutes made by the Pean and Chapter in 
the time of Bishops Joceliu and William de Button ; 
the lattter series principally affecting the status and 
duties of the College of Vicars, disclosing a some- 
what singular condition of society amongst the clergy 
of the Church in Uie thirteenth century. At page 
ninety-one we have the form of enthroning the Bisnop, 
and at page ninety-five a general kalendar of the 
colours tor each season. The *' Modus vel ordo cris- 
matis fadendi,'' "Juramentum ad dignitates promo- 
vendas," and the oath of allegiance, bring us to the 
table of contents, which strangely enough has no 
mention of the ordinate, but begins at page 55. The 
work, which is now nearly completed, will contain an 
explanatory preface, containing much hitherto not 
very accessible information from the registers of the 
Dam and Chapter, such as the Liber Ruber and 
Liber Albus. The Elizabethan Charter, *' that strange 
document," will be added. Its identity and interest 
will be increased by numerous engravings of the most 
beautiful architectural features of this beautiful 
Cathedral, while a plan of the building and the 
Chapter House will assist the student in understand- 
ing the order of processions and the positions of the 
different altars and chantries. 

The July number of the Quarterly Statement of the 
Palestine Exploration Fund contains full particu- 
lars of the very remarkable discoveries which have 
been made in the last few months. First in interest, 
perhaps, comes Professor Sayce's commentary on the 
newly-found inscription at the Pool of Siloam, dating 
from the time of Solomon. Lieutenant Conder has 



found, close to the spot where he places the site of the 
Crucifixion, which is still cedled the Place of Stoning, 
a Jewish tomb of Herodian period, standing alone, 
cut in the rock. A drawing and plan of the tomb have 
been made for the Society. Another drawing has 
been made of the real mouUi of Jacob's Well, recently 
uncovered by the Rev. C. L. Bardsley. The weU 
mouth is much worn by the friction of ropes. It was 
formerly covered over by a Christian Church, and if, 
as is pebble, this Church dates back to the second or 
third century, the stone should be no other than the 
very stone on which our Lord conversed with the 
woman of Samaria. Another discovery, only in- 
directly connected with the Bible, is that of'^the ancient 
Hittite Cit^of Kadesh, on the Orontes. Not Uie 
least surprising thing about this are the facts that 
Lieutenant Conder found it from an Egyptian record 
written 3,000 years ago, and that the old name, 
though it has disappeared firom history since the 
thirti^enth century before Christ, is still attached to it. 
Another paper, in the same number of the journal, 
clears up a curious mystery attached to Ain Gadis, the 
probable site of Kadesh Bamea. It is a most remark- 
able spring — it issues a full-grown stream from the 
rock ; it forms an oasis in which there is abundance 
of grass, with great trees, even in the arid desert of 
Tih ; it runs away and loses itself in the sand. 

The workmen engaged in the restoration of the 
parish church at Preston, Holdemess, whilst digging 
up the floor of the nave, discovered a number of 
beautifully-carved figures in alabaster. After a care- 
ful examination, these figures proved to be portions 
of an Easter Sepulchre, which, at one time, no doubt, 
occupied a Intimate position in that ancient fabric. 
Easter Sepulchres are rarely to be met with in this 
country. They usually stood on iht north side of the 
chancel near the altar, in an arched recess, resembling 
somewhat in design the canopy of a tomb. This 
recess was called a sepulchre, to represent the 
*' Sepulchrum Domini," wherein were placed on the 
evemng of Good Friday the crucifix and pyx. It 
was an ancient belief that the second advent of our 
Lord would take place on Easter Eve, hence arose 
the practice in the very early Church of watching the 
sepulchre until the dawn of Easter Sunday, when 
the crucifix and pjrx were removed with devout 
ceremony to the altar. The purport of these sepul- 
chres was in some instances rendered more pexina- 
nently apparent by a few images being carved on 
the front of the base representing usually the sleeping 
soldiers who watched tne tomb. The only specimen 
of an Easter sepulchre in this immediate neighbour- 
hood is in Patnngton Church, which has a represen- 
tation, amongst other figures, of three sleeping 
soldiers. Amongst the figures found at Preston are 
two representations of the Resurrection and the 
sleeping guard, as well as several incidents in the 
life of our Saviour. Many of the figures are unfortu- 
nately mutilated, no doubt through the fanatical 
conduct of the Puritans. The rector (the Rev. Edwin 
Evers) is now having these interesting groups of 
figures put together for preservation. 

The church of the united parishes of St. Bfargaret, 
Lothbury, St Christopher-le- Stocks, and St. Bartho- 
lomew-by-the-Exchange, was reopened recently, after 



83 



ANTIQUARIAN NE WS. 



haying been closed for upwards of three montlis, for 
cleansing and repairs. The main object of the repairs 
has been to replace the chnrdi, as ur as practicable^ 
into the condition in which it is beliered Sir Christo- 
pher Wren, its architect, intended it to be left It is 
known that the church was intended to be without 
either galleries or an organ. These haye been re- 
moved. The screen erected by Sir Christopher has 
been replaced, the only deviation from his design being 
that the pews have not been bailt of the height nsoM 
in his day. Another restoration consists in opening 
oat the west window of the chnrch, which had been 
blocked by the organ gallery, and in replacing the 
architrave of the door leading from the tower, which 
had been destroyed when this gallery was erected. 
In the coarse of the repairs the workmen found sevoal 
interesting relics of the old church of St. Margaret, 
which was destroyed by the Great Fire of London. 
The west wall appeared to be in situ^ and in the vault 
below the church were the remains of an opening in 
this wall, which must have been the entrance into the 
crypt of the old church. The fragments found show 
that the old church was partly of the reign of 
Edward II. and partly of a penod about a century 
later. A small fragment of the older work, consisting 
of a stone from one of the arches, has been preserved 
and placed in the vestry. This stone bears the mark 
of the mason who originallv laid it There was also 
a curious flight of steps leaaing from the vault up to 
the floor of the present church. The entrance to tnese 
steps was and is still closed, but the steps are visible 
from the vault, and in this case also each stone bears 
the mason's mark. These steps are probably not 
older than the time of Sir Christopher Wren. The 
repairs have also established the fact that the tower 
was open to the street, and this was a common 
feature. 



im><^ffi'nmH' 



Correaponbence* 



BISHOPS OF MAN IN THE SIXTEENTH 

CENTURY. 

I shall be much obliged if any of your readers 
acquainted with Manx history can give me authentic 
information as to the succession of the bishops in the 
See of Man throughout die sixteenth century, and 
especially as to what part bishops of the house or 
name of Stanley bore in it. All the ordinary accounts 
are, I am convinced, more or less erroneous, and the 
confusion is extreme. Thomas Stanley, son (really 
iilegicunate son) of Edward Stanley of Flodden, first 
Lord Montea^le, appears to be put in, put out, con- 
secrated, depnved, restored, to resign or to die, where- 
ever a gap has to be filled or an awkward comer 
turned. In some one or other capacity he is nsed by 
various authors to cover all defects between 1510 and 
1570. Moreover, two writers introduce a real or 
apocryphal "James Stanley*' from 1573 to 1576 ; for 
whom the compiler of a so-called Catalogue of Manx 
Bishops, attached to Seacome*s History of the House of 
StanUv (Ed., Liverpool, 1741), substitutes the already 
terribly over-worked Thomas Stanley aforesaid, as 



successor to Bishop Salisburjr. Seacome hfmsrif, by 
the way, correctly inverts this order, making Stuikj 
SidisbiUT's immediate predecessor ; but he makes tlie 
strange blunder (in which he is followed by Train) of 
affirming that this Thomas Stanley resigned the See 
on succeeding his &ther in the peerage of Mootea^^ 
which, since he was not legitimate, was .aa im- 
possibility. 

Some have suggested — perhaps, rather as a des- 
perate expedient than on solid grounds — that there 
were two bishops bearing the same name. Some 
authorities place Stanley's consecration in 15^ and 
allege that he was deprived by Henry VIII. m 1545 
or 1546, and restored by Maiy in 1556 or 1557, on 
the death of Bishop Man. But there are great diffi- 
culties in the way of jiccepting any of these statements. 
In fact, the confusion is almost endless. 

So fcras I can see at pitaent. the fonowiog fern 
pomts are clear : — 

1. Huan Hesketh, Bishop of Man,, was alhe in 
1520 (as he was executor to his brother's wHl, which 
was proved in November of that yesa^ and dead be- 
fore June, 1523, for— 

2. On June 18, 1J23, John Howden was provided 
to the See vacant by the cleath of *' Hugo^' (Max. 
Brady, Episc. Sue,, voL i. p. 107). 

3. A certain '* John" {Qj. Howden?) was Bishop 
of Man in 1^32, as on July 31 in that year an inden- 
ture was made between him and the EmA of Derby as 
sovereign and liege lord of the island, as appeals in 
the Lex Scripta m the Isle (Train, voL i. p. 344). 

4. In 1546, Henry Man was appointed to &e See, 
then and for some time past vacuit, " per mortesi 
naturalem ultimi episcopi ejnsdem" (Rymer, L xiv. 
p. 85). 

5. On June 21, 1555, in Consistory at Rome^ 
Thomas Stanley was provided to the see "per obitnm 
bonae memorise N. [sic] vacant!'* ; the provision thus 
^orin^ as was natural, the appointment of Man by 
Henry m 1546, though that Dishop was still living 
CAfaz. Brady, voL L p. io8). In this Bull of Proviskm 
Stanley is describea as a simple cleric. ''Ocrid 
Sodoren. sen alterius dvitatis vd dioc." 

6. Bishop Man died October 17 (or 19), 1556 (Br. 
Willis, VOL L p. 367). 

7. In September, 1570, John Salisbury was nomi- 
nated to the See of Man, vacant " per mortem Thonue 
Stanley," and was confirmed April 7, 1571 (&ady, 
voL i. p. p. 109, et al). But, as if errors must pursue 
the unfortunate Stanley to the last, Brady immediately 
adds, *' Thomas Stanley .... died on 19 October, 
155^" which was the date of the death of Bbhop 
Man. Stanley died in 1568 or 1570, exact date un- 
known. 

I shall be much obliged to any learned reader who 
can help to clear up this blurred page in the history of 
a highly interesting island. 

John Walter Lea. 

9, St. Julian's Road, Kilbum, London, N. W. 



r<^r) 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, 
(iv. 32.) 
In my Collectanea Antiqua I have endeavonred to 
pay a tribute of r^ard to the memory of some of my 



CORRBSPONDRNCB. 



H 



friends and colleagues, mider the title of " Biographical 
Notices." For the last volnine I selected Thomas 
Wr^t, Jc^ Yoo^ Akerman, and James Robinson 
PlaiKhd The limits and character of the work com- 
pdled me to omit others, whom I have, however, 
reserved for a separate work, should I be spared to 
write it. These notices, although they are necessarily 
of no great length, contain some salient points in the 
character of es^ of the deceased never before pub- 
lished, and, if known, never before 4welt on and 
emphasized. To supposed defects in the first of these 
Uiree Mr. Parker objects ; but in a courteous and 
friendly spirit, and with a compliment which quite 
covers the charse of cmesidedness for want of infor- 
Biation. I bdieve that were tbe Memoir before 
the readers of The AirriQUAJiY they would see I 
was not called upon to enter into the full causes 
of a division which made the British Archaeological 
A ssociat io n two Societies — Institute and Association. 
My object was to show Mr. Wri^t^s connection with 
me in the origin of the Association To write a fu)l 
history would require from me and Mr. Parker a 
▼olume. I cannot see any errors in what I have 
printed. In Mr. Parkers remarks are two or 
three, of no great in^xntance, but which show how 
difficult it is to secure focts. Mr. Albert Way was 
never Secr^azy of the Association ; he was Joint- 
Secretary with me in the Canterbury Congress, but 
iriiidi he did not attend. 

I never before heard that any party wished to set 
in> Mr. Britton in the place of Frofessor Willis. At 
me Canterbury Congress, Bir. Britton felt himself 
st^lfated in the Architectural Department ; but not, I 
thmk, in reference to Professor Willis. 

Mr. Wr^t was never a writer in The Ttmes, The 
reports of meetings were either made by that paper's 
xegular rraorters, or by some one of the Committee 
or CoundL 

Perhaps this may be a good opportunity to inquire 
why the Institute has never published a memoir of 
Mr. Way ; or caused a statue or bust of him to be 
scnlptcued, or a medal engraved ? Societies, as wdl 
as individuals, should study to b^ grateful and 
coosistent. 

C. Roach Smith. 

Tem^e Place, Strood« 

yufy 13, 1881. 



THE VIVIFIED TAU. 
(iiL 97.) 

The able and interesting Paper on the Tan Cross 
communicated by Mr. Jewitt, has suggested to me a 
theory, which I would advance with sdl diffidence, of 
a possible connection between this symbol and that 
* Mother-Goddess' so widely worshipped throughout 

On coinparing Mr. Jewitt's illustration of the 
''headed Tan" from the Serapeum with the well- 
known coin bearing the image of the Ephesian 
Artemis, a strildi^ resemblanoe is at once apparent, 
the lower part of the body tapering, in each case, 
down to the pedestal representing the swelling base 
of the Tau. The whole resemblance seems too 
cnriously close to.be accidental, and the peculiar 



shape of the Ephesian image, which seems unnatural 
on any other hypothesis, is at once explained by re- 
garding it a development of the vivified Tau. It 
will be remembered that this shape was conventional, 
and considered to be of divine origin (roD AioreroOt). 

Nor is this aU. Mr. Jewitt does not allude to the 
three curved lines on his "headed Tau," but may we 
not compare these with the marks which Schliemann 
terms tne conventional emblems of '*the Ilian 
Athene,*' the swelling breasts and navel, which recur 
so r^;iilarly on his specimens of the fictile art of 
Troy ? It would periiaps be going too Cu* if we were 
to connect this Trojan ^[oddess also with the Tau, 
though some of her rudimentary effigies might sup- 
port this view; but the symbolic meaning of these 
niarks on the headed Tau would be at once confirmed 
if we admit a connection between it and the Ephesian 
image, in which the breasts were an essential feature 
[zride St. Jerome, " iskaai^tiltimafiamiam quam Gracd 
rok^ftofftou vocant, ut scUioet ex*ips4 effigie mentiren- 
tur omnium eibn bestiarom et viventium esse 
mUricem ")• 

If then a posible coDnectioti( may be canoeded 
between the "headed Tau^ and the "Mother 
goddess," the question arises,' firstly, what was the 
origin of the Xau as a symbol ; secondly, how was 
it evolved into a pseudo-human form ? The first of 
these problems is probably insoliU>le^ but may be 
connected with the prtHninenoe of the Triad in 
]E^7ptian mytliology, and illnstrated by St {Patrick's 
traditional adajptation of the shamrock as a sjrmbol of 
the Trinity. The second point admits of closer 
examination. 

In the first pl^^ce, the frequent use of the sacred 
(solar) disc in Egjrptian art would seem to show that 
it was a ^ibsequent and distinct addition to the 
original Tau, and the ori^ of the " loop." JF'rom 
this combination, I should imagine (thouf^ Mi*, jewitt 
does not imply it), sprang the conception of a Tau 
in human form. This development maj be forcibly 
illustrated by a study of Uie Trojan whorls, which 
show how a human form was gradually evolved from 
the simple swastika. A quaint instance of the modus 
operandi occurs injthis rock-drawing found in Jebel 
Shammar (Pilgrimage to the Ne;a), in whidi a 

E'dve "hauled Tan" is transferred into the 
of a Bedouin. Perhaps also, Clement- 
eau's theds (La Mytkologte IconologUpu chn 
Us Grtcs) of an " ocular m3rthology " mi^ help to 
explain the subsequent development of^the Tau, 
much as, in heraldry, ex post facto legends have arisen 
from a misreading of armorial bearings. 

The history of that mysterious goddess whom the 
Ephesians worshipped* but who is found under 
strange disguises in almost eveij religion, would 
require separate treatment. In this note I have only 
dealt of her connection withj" the headed Tan." 

J. H. R. 



FIELD NAMES. 

fiii. 25« ; iv. 35.) 

Your correspondent, Mr. M. Bevan Hay, suggests 
that the local name, Carr^ may be related to the 
Britidi Caer^ a camp. In many parts of Ei^;land 



84 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



where this word is to be found, the idea of a camp, 
British or otherwise, is out of the question. I have 
inserted the word in my Glossary of Words used in the 
Wapentakes of Manley and Corringham^ Lincolnshire^ 
where I have explained it as, " Low, unenclosed land, 
subject to be flooded." I find that the Rev. J. C. 
Atkinson, in his Glossary of the Cleifdand Dialect^ 
gives a definition which shews that in that part of 
Yorkshire the word has a meaning almost exactlv the 
same as here. His words are, " Car^ Carr^ sb., a 
flat, marshy piece of land under natural herbage, 
usually lying at or near the foot of a bank, and in that 
sense, low: not necessarily otherwise. Generally 
used in the plural. O.N. ker^ kiorr ; S.G. kasrr; 
N.hjerr; Dan. kigr. Of the latter word, Molbech says it 
is originally a Norse word, and is commonly used to 
express a track distinguished by depth of soil, and 
burdened with accumuhtted water." 

I have notes of Carrs in Lincolnshire in the follow- 
ing townships, but am certain that the list might be 
much extended : — Scotter, Messinghim:!, Qunsburgh, 
Redbume, Appleby, Haxey, Hibbaldstowe, Wadding- 
ham, Atterby, Snitterby, Blyton, Morton, a^ 
Winterton. Prestwick Carr is in Northumberland, 
Morden Carr in the Bishopric of Durham, Castle 
Carrs in Derbyshire, and Gringley Carr in Notting- 
hamshire. A rental of Molesby in Qeveland, York- 
shire, taken in the reign of Henry VIII., has the fol- 
lowing entry : — " Uno Clauso vocato Law Carr 8» " 
(Monasticon AnHic,^ iv. 568). A swampy piece of 
ground near York is now called Scarcroft The late 
Mr. Robert Davies, in his Walks through the City of 
York (p. 113), mentions this place, and says that 
" its proper name is Carr-crofl^" adding that Carr is 
in Yorksnire a common designation for low, marshy 
land.** 

Edward Peacock. 

Bottesford Manor, Brigg. 



I remember that near the village of Wrington in 
Somersetshire there is a locality which was, and I 
suppose still is, known by the name of " Half-Ys^." 
Though, I think, usually associated in the minds of 
the iimabitants with a portion of the road at the place, 
and which happened to be perfectly straight for some 
little distance,inay not this in reality, origimdly at least, 
be the name of one of the fields adjoining the road ? 
If so, will vour correspondent kindly inform me what 
would be the origin of the name ? 

Henry Denham. 



ESSEX BRASSES. 

(iil 274.) 

If Mr. J. A. Sparvel-Bayly would kindly print a 
list, in your columns or elsewhere, of the interesting 
collection of Essex brasses lately exhibited by him at 
the Archaeological Institute, he would be conferring 
a great favour upon students of those memorials. 
I observe from your report that many of the brasses 
exhibited on the occasion referred to are described as 
" inedited,*' bv which I infer it is meant that diey are 
unnoticed in toe best known Lists, such as those of 



Messrs. Haines, Mannii^, && I have mbbings of a 
considerable number of Essex brasses in my own 
collection, and have auite recently found brasses 
existing at Felstead, Writtle, Hatfield Peverel, ftc, 
which are unnoticed by Mr. Haines in the List ap- 
pended to his Manual — by far the best and fullest m 
existence. I have been also 'inclined to think that 
many may have escaped notice in the less accessible 
portions of the county, such as the Hundreds of Den- 
gey, Rochford, &c., and shall hope to find this 
expectation confirmed by Mr. Sparvet-Bayly. 

As a brass-rubber of twenty-four years standing 
I r^;ret to be able to endorse the »unful statements 
of your correspondent, Mr. Arthur G. Hill, as to the 
rapid disappearance of these memorials. Whenever 
a church which contained them has been ''restored,* 
it is the rule rather than the exception that they 
should be swept away as the contractor's or the work- 
men's perquisite 1 

Frequently, also, if preserved, they are treated with 
much mdignity, being removed fh>m the graves of the 
persons whom they commemorate, and placed with 
ludicrous irreverence against the walls of tne baildJbt^ 
sometimes at such a height as to preclude the pos* 
sibility not only of rubbing, but of examinatioo. 
They are also almost invariably injured during the 
progress of any repairs,, owing to the absence of a 
little intelligent watchfiUness on the part of those in 
charee. Supposing these various hazards all escaped, 
we shall too often find the slabs which they adoni 
have become the chosen depositories of a lectexn, a 
gas-stove, a stack of hot-water pipes, and so forth ; 01^ 
u free fix>m such incumbrance, carefully obsoued by 
cocoa-matting and the tenacious yet gritty deposit 
which invariably underlies that vile materiaL 

I should like, by the way, to indicate, as an excep- 
tion to all that I have said, the care which has been 
shown for the preservation of an interesting series of 
brasses by the Vicar of Brightlingsea, in Essex, al- 
though he has carried out an extremely satisfactoxy 
* restoration of his noble church. 

Referring to Mr. Hill's letter it may not be oat of 
place to state that the word Yenk^ signifying either 
thankt or, possibly, think {which seems rather 
uncertain), occurs on the fine gateway into the 
Cathedral Close at Norwich, built by Sir Thomas 
Erpin^ham, somewhere about 1420. Formerly this 
was misread into pena^ and an absurd belief, moUy 
destitute of other foundation, arose therefrom that 
this gateway had been erected by the kni^tly soldier 
of Agincourt, whose kneeling emgy at the summit of 
the structure seems designed to express his thank' 
fulness towards his Almighty Preserver, as a pememu 
for imagined Lollardite proclivities 1 

The legend, *' Thinke and Thanke God of all^* 
also occurs on the fine tower of Great Ponton Church 
in Lincolnshire, built by Anthony ^Uys, merchant of 
the Staple, about the close of ue fifteenth century. 
His tomb within that church has also been destroyed 
within my recollection. 

C. G. R. Birch. 

Brancaster Rectory, Norfolk. 



Correspondence. 



H 



TRADITIONS ABOUT OLD BUILDINGS. 
(iiL 8, i88; iv. 33.) 

Besides the parish church of Wrexham (referred to 
io my letter, published in the Antiquary for July,) 
there are, it now appears, three other churches in 
Wales concerning which has been told the now familiar 
story of the gobUns that pulled down in the night 
what had been built in the day. These are the 
churches of Llangar near Corwen, and of Corwen it- 
self, and that great church which Robert Dudley, 
Earl of Leicester began to build in the outer court of 
Denbigh Castl^ but which he never got completed. 

(i.) Concerning Llangar Churchy I quote tiie 
following sentences firom the " Gossiping Guide to 
Wales'* :— " There is a local tradition that Llangar 
Church was to have been built where the Cynwyd 
crosses the Dee. Indeed, we are told that the masons 
set to work, but all the stones they laid in the day 
were gone during the night, none knew whither. The 
builders were warned, supematm^y, that they must 
seek a spot where, on hunting, a ' carw gwjm ' 
(white deer) would be started. They did so, and 
Llangar Church b the result. From this circumstance 
the church was called Llangarw-gw3m, and from this 
name the transition to Llangar is easy.'' The position 
of Llangar Church is peculuj: ; there is tibe church, 
bat there is no village. 

(a.) Corwen CAurcA^—Vflicn the British Archaeo- 
logical Association visited this church in 1878, the 
rector, the Rev. W. Richardson, said, there was " a 
singular legend in connection with a rude stone which 
was built mto the wall of the north porch of the 
building. All attempts to build the church on the 
ate first selected were frustrated by the influence of 
certain adverse powers, till the founders, warned in 
visTon, were directed to the spot where this stone 
stood." 

(3.) OUSi. JDavufs, ZVpi^^.— The following sen- 
tences relating to this church are taken from a 
Gtdde to Denbigh, published by Thomas Gee: — 
••Tradition .... tells us that this great building 
could not be completed, being a vain-glorious under- 
taking, like the Tower of Babel ; that the plan and 
the site met the disapproval of heaven, and that what- 
ever portion was finished in the daytime was pulled 
down and carried to another place at night by some 

invisible hand It may have htxn true that 

Leicester's enemies .... didpuU down pk>rtions of 
the buildings at night by way ot revenge." 

(4.) I distinctly remember a story current, twenty 
years ago, among the boys of the Grammar School of 
Thetfoid, Suffolk, to the effect that when a particular 
gateway on the Place Farm was bricked up. Sir 
Richard Fulmerston, driving a spectral coacn and 
four, would dash through at nisht and throw it open. 
Sir Richard was the founder of the Grammar ScJiool, 
and had formerly lived at Thetford Place. This' 
story was reported in spite of the manifest fact that 
the gateway referred to was then actually bricked up, 
and so remained. 

Alfred N. Palmer. 
3, Ar-y-bryn Terrace, Wrexham. 



■•> /Cyi *• 



THE LITTLE MIDSHIPMAN. 

One of the " little midshipmen, in obsolete naval 
uniforms, eternally employed outside the shop-doors 
of nautiod instrument makers in taking observations 
of the hackney coaches "—as they are described by 
Dickens — is about to be removed to the company of 
his compeers in the Minories, from a post ne has 
occupied for some sixty years or more bv the door of 
No. 157, Leadenhall Street. It would appear that 
the principle laid down by the Court of Appeal on 
the 3rd of March last does not apply in the present 
i nstan ce. There the question at issue was the pro- 
perty of the historic signboard, representing King 
Charles II. in the Boscobel oak, of the Royal Oak 
Inn at Bettwys-y-Coed. The sign, painted in 1847 
by David Cox, was fixed by holdfiists over the 
entrance to the house, which was then held bv a 
yearly tenancy, and subsequently on a lease. In 185 1, 
Cox touched up the picture agam. On a sale of the 
lease, in 1876, to a Miss Thomas, by Mrs. Richanls, 
the assignee of the lease under her marriage settle- 
ment, the signboard was expressly excepted from Uie 
assignment to Miss Thomas. When Mrs. Richards 
afterwards claimed the signboard, desiring to remove 
it, the local aeent of Lady Willoughby de Eresby 
interfered, her ladyship being the owner of the free- 
hold of the house. In effect the Court ruled that the 
signboard belonged to Lady Willoughby de Eresby, 
as being annexed to the freehold, and had never come 
vnthin the category of "tenant's fixtures." The 
picture, valued at ^ 1,000, was produced in court as 
an exhibit, having been removed by the trustees in 
certain liquidation proceedings. But the •premises 
aninst which our little friend has b^n set up day 
affer day, and from which,, for security, he has been 
taken down and placed indoors each night, have been 
sold, and the Messrs. Wilson are about to transfer 
their business to the Minories. There he will again 
be placed, standing with hb left leg (not his «* nght 
leg ') foremost, dressed in his laced cocked hat, dark 
blue coat, yellow kerseymere, flapped wautooat and 
breeches, white silk stockings, and buckled shoes of 
a bj^ne age. Of the two wooden midshipmen 
ahready in the Minories, one of nearly life-size stands 
over the quaint, old-fiuhioned shop, with b6wed win- 
dows, of Mr. John Omer, optician, at No. 99. He 
wears the more sober uniform of the present time. 
The other, arrayed in an impossible suit of a sky-blue 
coloured coat and white pantaloons, confers special 
singularity upon a shop on the same side of the way, 
near the railway bridge. An exact counterpart of the 
former of these two, but much reduced in proportions, 
may be seen at Messrs. Hughes and Son's, in London 
Street, Fenchurch Street Readers of D(fmSey and 
Son need not be reminded how large a part the 
wooden midshipman plays in the still-Ufe of that 
story. It is not always easy to identify the places 
which Charles Dickens describes in his novels ; but 
there can be little question that the shop soon to dis- 
appear from Leadenhall Street was that of Solomon 
Gills. There we may yet see the little back parlour 
in which Old Sol and Captain Cuttle kept a reckon- 
ing day after day, and worked out the course of the 
Son and Heir^ with the chart spread before them on 
the round table. In that room the sunple-minded 



86 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



sailor, reading softly to himself the Burial Service the 
while, and stoppinfi^ now and then to wipe his eyes, 
committed Walters body to the deep. Into that 
room one eveQing later on, whilst the Captain was 
toastine a slice of bread which he had put upon his 
hook, Uie shadow of Walter Gay enters, to tne con- 
figision and delight of Florence. In the attic at the 
top Gills was wont to keep watch, thinking of the 
boy to whom he was so attached ; and there Florence 
found a refuge when other home or resting-place was 
denied her. To many, perhaos— certainly to myself 
— some of the characters in tnis tale are more real 
than the actual wayfiurers and inhabitants who throng 
that crowded street, and it is not inappropriate that 
the coming change should be recorded in your 
colunms. 

W. E. MiLUKSN. 

A-5, Cornwall Residences, N.W. 



STONEHENGE. 

(ii. ISO-) 

At the above reference t>r* B. Nicholson alludes to 
some of the upr^t stdlnes having fallen. In The 
European ^d^siii^ of January, 1797 (voL xxxi. p. 76), 
is an account of an accident whidi befel these stones. 
Can thb be the date, that the stones, spoken of by 
Dr. Nicholson, fell to the ground, or is there any 
period Imown other of their having been displaced ? 

I have extracted the paragraphs from The European 
MaMMnUy which are as follows : — 

'H>n THiesday, the 3rd inst., some people employed 
at the plough, near Stonehence, remarked three of 
the lai£er stones had fallen, and were apprised of the 
time of their fall by a very sensible concussion, or 
jarring of die ground. These; stones prove to be the 
western of Uiose pairs, with their impc^ts, which have 
had the appellation of Trilithons. Thev fell flat 
westward, and levelled with the ground a stone, 
also of the second circle, that stoc^ in the line of 
their precipitation. From the lower ends of the 
supporters oeing now exposed to view, their prior 
depth in the ground is satisfiurtorily ascertains; it 
appears to have been about six feet. The ends, how- 
ever, having been cut oblique, neither of them was, 
on one side, more than a foot and a half deep. Two 
only of the five trilithons of which the adytum con- 
sisted, are now, therefore, in their original positions. 
The destruction of any part of this grand oval we 
must peculiarly lament, as it was composed of the 
most stupendous materials of the whole structure. 
The above accident is to be attributed to the same 
circumstances that occasioned the disclosure of the 
subterraneous passage at Old Sarum two years ago ; 
and there is no necessity of calling in the aid of any 
other agency than that of repeated moisture on the 
foundation, and particularly of the rapid thaw that 
succeeded the late deep snow. 

The second account runs thus: — "On Tuesday, 
January 3, in consequence of the rapid thaw succeed- 
ing a very severe frost, the weather beinp^ per- 
fectly calm, one of the Trilithons in the inner circle of 
Stonehenge, which were so called by Dr. Stukely from 
their being formed of throe stones (an impost resting 



upon two upright stones), suddenly iiu*HwiH and lidL 
It had long deviated from its true perpendicular. 
There were originally five of these Trilithoiis, two of 
which are, even now, still remaining in thdr ancient 
state. It is remarkable that no aocoont has ever been 
recorded of the falling of the others, and periutps no 
alteration has been made in the appearanos of Stooe- 
henge for three centuries prior to tne present tremen- 
dous downfidL The impost, whidi is the smallest of 
the three stones, is supposed to weigh twenty tons. 
The^ all now lie prostrate on the groand, and have 
received no injury from their aerial sepaiatioa.** 

G. H. OSBOENI. 

Perry Barr, near Birmingham. 



CROMWELL FAMILY. 

(iL 168.) 

It is rather late to call attention to a mistake whidi 
appeared in an article on the above subject in the 
second volume of The Antiquary. One niic»«irf jn 
that article has already been corrected ; but in the 
scrap of pedigree there given by B(r. R. S. Chamock, 
the mistakes are so frequent that it wants altogether 
re-writing. The pedigree, as fiu* as diis poition is 
cancemed, should stand thus : — 

Moigmn ¥^lliamss Katharine, dau. of Walter Cromwdlt 

and lister ofXIioaias, Eari of '^ 



Sir Richard Williams, 
alias CromweU. 



r 



Fnuices, dau. and ooh. of Sir 
Myxffin, Loid Mayor of l4)ndon. 



Sir Henry CromwelLof Hinchin-^ 
brooke, called "The Golden 
Knigh^** died 7 Jan. 1603. 



Joan, dan. of Sir Robot 
Wamn, KnL 



J 



I 



Sir Olivers z. Eliz., dan. Robert Crom-sEIu, dan of KHl- 



Cromwell, 
Kniflht of 
the Bath. 



of the Lord 
Chancellor 
Bromley, a. 
Anne, widow 
ofSirHpratio 
PalavicmL 



well, M.P. for 

Huntingdon, 

in the 3<th of 



liam Stewud, ef 
ElTJudwidowef 
WOiiam Vipam^ 
of Bassiaf- 

Ok 



Ohver Gromwdl, Pracector of ^^g'«i4. 

Mr. Chamock will find ample proof of these stat^ 
ments in the VisitaHon of HunHmgdmuhire^ pub- 
lished by the Camden Soaety ; Burke's VkiaUmdei 
of Famtlia; Thomas Cromwell's ^wer C\ iisiiff 
and his Times, and other works. 

Bertram Wilvulton. 

Leeds. 



PAROCHIAL REGISTERS. 
(iiL 46, a86.) 

Since I last wrote to you on this subject, a case has 
occurred which aptly shows the importance of Ir^^pwig 
these registers where they are. An action was bcoufiht 
in the County Court, by the sexton htt^ for 13^. 6dL 
received b^ a person who, claiming to be sexton, had 
intruded himself into the chuidiyard and wroi^;fiiII|f 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



«7 



received the sexton's fees. The case involved the 

anestion — ^not onlv who was sexton, bat also who had 
tie legal power of appointing him to that office. The 
andenf terrier deaded this latter point, and, as is 
Qsoafly the case^ this terrier is bound up with the 
parish register. A fortnight ago, I, as its custodian, 
nad to attend the County Court, and produce it there ; 
and it settled the case. 

No Act of Parliament — so far as I am a¥rare — 
provides for the admission of a copy of a terrier as 
evidence, whatever may be the case in certain instances 
vrith marriages and burials, and, consequently, if this 
register had been removed to London, some one would 
Ittve had to bring it thence into West ComwalL 

Oar County Court is seven miles firom the place 
where this di^mte arose, but upwards of three hundred 
from Loiid<Hi« 

Frederick Hockik. 

Philladi Rectory. 



THE SURNAME SEABORNE. 
(iiL p. 286.) 

This Scandinavian name is doubtless=:Sea-Bear. 
Many of our old Scando-Gothic nouns have a double 
form, a shorter, and a longer in -N, of which only 
one remains in Uie modem dialects. Thus, both An 
and Arin (Am), an Eagle, now only Am (£m) in 
English ; so Biri and Birin (Bim) ; Old-English had 
already laid aside the form im -N, and used only Bera, 
oar Bear. In modem Scandinavian the shorter side- 
form has gone out, and they now have only the word 
with the N-ending, thus Bjom, &c Sea-Bome is, 
therefore, the modem Scandinavian man's name, Sjo- 
Bjom, Sd-Bjom. In ancient Scandinavian Runic 
moonments this name occurs as Si-Bium and Sai- 
Binm. In Icelandic it is Sse-Bjom. 

George Stephens. 

Cheapin^^isven* 



THE TERMINATION "HOPE.'* 

Those who have been interested in the corre- 
poodenoe on this subject in vols. L and iL of The 
AmriQUARY will be glad to have their attention 
directed to the following extract from a Border Survey 
of 1542, print«l in the introduction to The Nemminster 
Cartuiary (Surtees Soc., Vol. IxvL, p. xviii), from 
Hodgsons Nortkumherland, III. ii. 222-226. <* The 
aid valves or hoopes of kjrdland lyeth so dystante and 
devyded by mounteynes one from an other that suche 
as inhabvte in one of those hoopes, valyes, or graynes 
can not heare the Fniye, outecrye, or exclamac'on of 
soche as dwell in an other hoope or valley upon the 
other syde of the said mountayne, nor come or 
SMemble to theyr assystance in tyme of necess3rtie." 

J. T. Fowler. 



fZ<^ 



ALEXANDER CRUDEN. 

Can any reader of The Antiquary throw any li£ht 
he biliary of the frmily of A. Craden, author of ue 
finnoiis Comcordance? I am told that the family 
origiiiated at Crudeoi near Aberdeen, in the ninth 



century, in which neighbouriiood there exist to this 
day persons bearing the name of Cmden. What is 
the earliest known date of the existence of Craden as 
a surname ? I shall be very glad of any information 
on the subject. 

M. Cruden. 



• "•WV •".•«■ 



SAINT LAURENCE. 

(ill 286.) 

In The CaUndar of the Prayer Book, lUusirated, 
(Parker, 1866), it is stated of Saint Laurence :— ** In 
England he is one of the most popular saints, about 
two hundred and fifty churches being dedicated in his 
name, one to SS. George and Laurence, and one to 
S. Laurence and All Saints, and one to SS. Mary 
and Laurence." What is the authority for your cor- 
respondent's supposition that the saint was ever in 
England ? It is not in Mr. Baring-Gould's Lives 
of the Saints. ^ 

Albert Clowes. 



TURNER'S PICTURE OF " BLOIS." 

Can any of your readers tell me where I can see 
Turner's "Blois"? The engraving of it is in his 
"Rivers of France," and Ruskin speaks of it in 
** Modem Painters," but I cannot find the original. 
It is not in the National Gallery, nor is it mentioned 
in any of the catalogues of Tumer's pictures in private 
collections, given in Thombur/s ** Life of Turner." 

G. Washington Moon. 

A CURIOUS BOOK. 

I have in my possession a book entitled " Baptistse 
Mantuani Carmelitae Adolescentia seu Bucolica," 
bearing date 1669. Could any of your readers give 
me any information regarding it, as my curiosity has 
been awakened by the fact that it is from lAomas 
De Quincey*s library ? 

A Book-hunter. 
Edinbuigh. 



PETERTIDE FIRES. 

Can any of your readers inform me : — 

I. Were Petertide fires common in the Middle 
Ages in England as they are in Penrith and especially 
Penzance at present ? 

3. Have we any existing cases of them on the 
European Continent in ad£tion to the fires of St. 
John's Eve ? 

3. Is the waving of torches over the head a peculiarly 
Cornish or a general ancient custom ? 

yf» S* L* S. 



CORRECTION, 

By an oversight the Latin quotation on p. 31 col. 
2 was left uncorrected. It should, of course, read 
'7ngera ruris, &c." 



<• 



si 



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i 



i 



/ 



THE RIGHT OF PREEMPTION IN VILLAGE COMMUNITIES. 89 




The Antiquary 



X\^/A 



SEPTEMBER, 1881. 




trbe *Ri0bt of pre-emption in 
IDillage Communitiea. 



|N£ of the fundamental principles 
of the Village Communities of India 
and Germany is the principle of 
reciprocal assistance among the 
members of each commune, resulting in a 
number of privileges which the individual 
may claim from the commune and the 
commune from the individual. With especial 
jealousy did the early conunimes guard 
themselves from the intrusion of strangers 
into their midst, and their safeguard against 
that intrusion took the form of the Right of 
Preemption : that is, that if a villager desired 
to sell his homestead and village-plot it was 
inciunbent on him to offer it first to the 
commune ; and if the seller neglected to do 
this, the commune claimed the power of 
reclaiming the lot from the foreign purchaser 
at the price he gave for it. Thus we find 
that in India 

In the stronger commttnities with more decided rights, 
the land was not an individual but a common property, 
and thoefore one man could not, without the consent 
of the others, sell to a stranger whom they probably 
would not choose to admit into their society.* 

In Germany, where the Village Community 
flourished wiUi luxuriance, the right of 
preemption existed in full vigour. 

A villager's homestead, before it could be offered 
to strangers, had first to be offered to individual 



* Sir G. Campbell : Modem India, 94, confirmed 
in the Cobden Club's Systems of Land Tenure, 3rd 
ed., 143, 'the communities claimed a right of veto.' 
I ought to mention that I wis in error in sajring 
(Times, Aug. 10) that preemption was traceable in 
the Indian law-books. I had for the moment con- 
fused with preemption the r^;ulations for the 
inheritance of personal property. 
VOL. IV. 



communists or to the commune itself, and these had the 
right of preemption in fi-ee as well as in manorial 

vulages If the homestead were sold before it 

was offered to the communists, these had the right of 
redeeming, within a certain period, the land sold to a 
stranger. ( Wellicher eyn guit in der wallstatt verkouffle 
vneroottenn wye vor stat, so mag dem nach der nechst 
vnnd yedes nechsten frund dem selbenn koujfer das gut 
wol absyehenn bis sum nechstenn gericht, aber eym 
framdenn hatt eyn yeder waltman eyn jor seeks vmchen 
vnnd dry tag sU vnnd mast, cUsdann aber inn syn 
hand syeAenfi). Traces of the old law are found in 
France and even now in Germany. According to the 
Customary of Bayonne, the communists (voisins) had 
a right of preemption over strangers (/e voisin et 
habitant de la dtte ville est prefer^ ^ Pestranger 
acheteur). And if the alienation to a straneer were 
completed, they had the right of redemption {siaueun 
habitant de la dUe ville et citi vend navire et autre 
batteau, le znnsin de la dite citi le peut retenir pour 
mesme prix,'^ 

A survival of the right is still, according 
to Professor Stubbs, to be found in England, 
for 

the right of the markraen to determine whether a 
new settler should be admitted to the township exists 
in the form of admitting a tenant at the court-baron 
and customary court of every manor, t 

If we extend our research beyond the limits 
of the Village Community, strictly so-called, 
we find other examples of the right It was 
recognized by the early Hebrews, who com- 
bined it with their form of the levirate as 
one of the functions devolving upon the goel 
or next of kin. X It still survived in Talmudic 
times, but was transferred, in consequence 
of the altered circumstances of landholding, 
from the next of kin to the ifar mitzra * the 
son of the boimdary* or adjoining owner, 
who had an absolute right of preemption over 
his neighbour's property .§ In Muhammadan 
law the right also occurs, and has been fully 
expounded by Dr. Badger, in the Times of 
August 4, 1 88 1, to which I must refer the 
reader for details. The noteworthy feature of 

* Von Maurer, Dorjverfassung, i. 320-322 ; cf. 
Grimm, Rechtsalterthiimer, 530, 531. Hallam, also, 
speaks of the retrait lignager of French law, which 
gave the relatives of the vendor a preemption on the 
sale of a fief, and a subsequent right of redemption 
{Middle Ages, ch. ii.), but I am not well enough 
acquainted with early French law to sav whether this 
custom has any historical connection with those quoted 
by Von Maurer. 

t Stubbs's Const, Hist., i. 84. 

% Cf Ruth iv. passim; Levit. xxv. 33. 

§ Rabbinowicz, Ugislation Civile du Thalmudm. 
A^Z.Jf' Restrictions on the right were, however, 
theii growing up. 

H 



90 THE RIGHT OF PREEMPTION IN VILLAGE COMMUNITIES. 



the Muhammadan right is the limitatioQ of it 
primarily to a co-partner in a property or in 
the benefits of a property. The Prophet is 
recorded to have said that ' theyVir (neigh- 
bour) has the better (or the best) claim to 
preemption when his house is contiguous.' 
The precise interpretation of these words is 
matter of doubt among the orthodox schools 
of law, the Milikite school holding that 
neighbour must be defined solely as a partner^ 
and the Hllnafite school holding that ccm- 
tiguity constitutes a man a neighbour,* 

Another form of the right or rather a 
survival of it, is found on the contract-tablets 
of Assyria. I have elsewhere pointed out 
the analogy between the great family-cor- 
porations of Assyria with the House Com- 
munities of Aryan civilization. Under the 
rule of the monarchs of the great empire 
(circa B.C. 850-B.c 600) these great families 
became fief holders, and there are instances 
of grants of their lands by a monarch to his 
successful generals. But the great houses 
seem to have fought for their ancient rights, 
and to have often disputed the validity of 
such grants. In earlier times it had been 
sufficient to invoke the wrath of the gods 
upon such disputants, but under the empire 
the exercise of the right of preemption was 
barred by the imposition of a heavy fine — 
often ten times the amount of the purchase- 
money — for which provision was made by 
a special clause in the contract of sale. The 
clause ran in a set form, which I will give 
in the Latin translation of MM. Oppert and 
^ M^nantt The clause refers to the sale of a 
field for five minas of silver by Nabu-irib to 
ta Samas-sillim : — 

Quhquis in fiUuris diebus^ quandoctmque petti a 
mtf sen Nabm-iribt sen fi/tNs e/Ns, seu fratra ejus^ ex 
Samas-sillim y filiis ejus^ filiis filiorum ejus^ dicem 
mifias argenti, unam minam auri in thesanro dea 
Istaris hditantis Ninua depanet ; frtHi dtcima fars 
(or pretium ad decimam partem — the meaning of the 



* The Malikite view is clearly given by Dr. Badger ; 
the Hanafite view may be found in Hamilton's 
Hedhyay iii. 561^, where the Prophet's words are 
given substantially as above where Dr. Badger's 
rendering is followed. 

t Documents Juridiptts de VAssyrie^ 189, 190. The 
reader should know that the French translations 
in this work are very lax, and ou^ht always to be 
compared witli the original. 



Assyrian is not clear) ad dominum suum retNkit ; a 
negptm nm iiSemimt erii non wmUdiHe,^ 

The interesting point of this clause is that, 
as the learned French translators remark, the 
redemption is never absolutely forbidden, but 
simply barred by the exorbitant fine. For a 
long time the clause remained unique to me, 
the only light that appeared being in a sen- 
tence of Sir G. Campbell's : — 

The ordinary form of alienation [in India] was 
not by selling or letting, but by mortgaging, if the 
term can properhr be applied to the transActioiu The 
mortgagee, or depository, undertook to discharge 
what was due upon the land, and obtained the use of 
it, while the onginal owner retained an almost in- 
definite right of reclaiming it on repaying the mort- 
gage. Nothing has been more difficult to settle than 
ue adverse claTmi of persons lonp; in possessioOi and 
of others claimii^ to be very ancient mortgagaii.f 

This showed clearly the collision between 
the ancient custom and the necessities of 
existence in advancing times, and, so &r, 
allowed the presumption that the same Jthing 
might have occurred in Assyria. But I after- 
wfljrds came across a very remarkable instance 
of the conflict between communal and feudal 
tenures in Orissa. Here there appear to hare 
been originally village communities of the 
normal type, with series of village officers who 
were allowed the use, in the ordinary fashion, 
of a plot of ground in return for their services. 
These offices seem to have been hereditary in 
some families, who thus had a perpetual user 
of the land without acquiring any proprietary 
right in it. But when the Mogul Empire 
spread ovet the land, the entire body of hmd- 
owners, of whatever kind, were turned into 
feudal tenants, and among them the village 
officers, who, by reason of their intelligence 
and vigour, frequently became small lonjs of 
the manor. But this position, though sanc- 
tioned by the Government, was not recognized 
by the village communities ; and therefore, 
when an officer sold his office with the emolu- 
ments thereof, thejcommune endeavoured to 
reclaim the land. Hence, it became neces- 
sary to convey the assumed proprietary in- 
terest in the land to the seller, and at the same 

• I give this version with resen'e, as being subject 
to revision by further research, but the high rank of 
its authors guarantees the care with which it has been 
made ; and so far as I myself am able to test it, it 
seems to rest upon generally accepted 'I'alues of the 
Cuneiform characters. 

+ Systems o/Land Tenure, 3rd cd. 143. 



THE RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION IN VILLAGE COMMUNITIES, pt 



time to indemnify the latter against the claim 
of the commime. From some of the deeds 
of sale, translated by an investigator in the 
early part of this century, I quote the clauses 
containing the indemnity : — 

.... Let the above-mentioned take possession 
of the land, and bring into cultivation, and expend 
the profits in maintaining himself and other Fakirs 
and Baishnus. Should we or cur heirs ever attempt to 
resume it may we go to hell, 

.... neither we nor our heirs will ever here- 
after have Dawi, Dukhl, or Hua of any sort in the 
above-mentioned parcel of ground. 

.... Should any chief, or Huqdar, or neigh- 
bour, or heirs of mine advance any claims, I shall be 
responsible for satisfying them. Till the day of 
resurrection you will possess the Hita* land, and 
everything above and beneath it — water, dry land, 
mineral products, ponds, wells, trees, sionts—you may 
eut daiffn and plant trees at your pleasure, "^ 

At the first glance one would imagine these 
indemnities to be merely formal, like the 
mention of ' heirs, executors, administrators, 
and assigns' in English deeds ; but the ex- 
press mention of the power to plant and cut 
down trees, which is a most jealously guarded 
right of the commune, combined with Dr. 
W. W. Hunter's remark that even now in 
India one never buys land itself, but only 
the right to receive the rent of it,t seem 
convincing proof that the clauses must be 
taken seriously, as an actual conveyance of 
proprietary rights, despite the prior claim of 
the commune. And so taken, they exhibit 
a stage of village history exactly parallel, in 
its own sphere of development, to that shown 
in Assyria. 

With this example my space is exhausted. 
Doubtless there are other examples to be 
found. I have not entered on the familiar 
ground of Roman law with its Oriental branches 
nor on the Byzantine codes. Still less have 
I been able in my allotted space to treat 
these examples historically, tracing the history 
of each custom, or investigating the causes 
which led Hebrews, Assyrians, and Muham- 
madans, starting from the same base, to 
develop such divergent forms. Still each 
example represents a distinct epoch in the 
history of the right of preemption. Its 
earliest form, perhaps, meets us in India ; its 

* Hita is land held rent free in return for service, 
t Asiatic Researches^ xv. p. 251. On the whole 
question of Orissa tenures, see Hunter's Orissa^ ii., 



X Hunter, uH supra^ ii., 228. 



full development is seen in Germany ; in the 
Talmud the commune is breaking up, and 
the right has become the private right of 
any adjoining owner. In the Muhammadaui 
law the progress of commerce has still further 
restricted the operation of the right to cases 
of actual partnership, while in Assyria and 
Orissa it exists only in a modified form as a 
survival. 

Yet the mere juxtaposition of these in- 
stances will be useful if it draws attention to 
their fundamental unity of type. The in- 
dependent development of such similar 
customs in various lands is to be traced, not 
to the action of chance, but to the orderly 
working of natural causes, and those causes 
are the influences which agriculture invariably 
exerts upon the form of the commtmities 
which practise it. The same identity of type 
extends to all the features of communal life. 
Common holding of property is a custom of 
Zulus, Eskimo, and Germans. The periodical 
redistribution of land is common to Scotland, 
Mexico, and Afghanistan. By far the finest 
example known to me of a communal village 
is one depicted in Commander Cameron's 
Across Africa, In fact, wherever mankind 
have adopted the agricultiu^l life, they have 
been led to adopt one and the same mode of 
social life, modified only in details. Each 
development must of course be studied his- 
torically. We cannot invoke at random an 
Eskimo custom to fill up a gap in our theory 
of the Zulus, or insert an Afglian decision in 
the middle of a German decree. But we can 
use each to throw light upon the other, and 
whichever branch we may especially study, 
we ought never to forget that it is only one 
point among many in the evolution of the 
agricultural communities of mankind. 

John Fenton. 



>M«w^^',«, 



flDonmoutb as a Sbfre 
HDarcber. 

By Hubert Hall. 

N the earliest times Wales may or may 
not have been the reserve region 
of Keltic barbarism. 

Following this, it may or may 
not again have been a ralljring ground for the 
hardy renmant of an effete British population. 

H 2 




92 



MONMOUTH AS A SHIRE MARCHER. 



Snowdon may have been a later Camp of 
Refuge of the Kelt against the Saxon, just as 
the eastern marshes were of the Saxon against 
the Frank : and the ever-narrowing circle of 
the limestone towers of Lords' Marcher the 
triumph of military genius over guerilla 
tactics. Or the former may have been a nest 
of marauders, the latter a defensive military 
cordon. 

The question whether the Saxon conquest 
of Wales was in reality such, or merely of 
the nature of a border inroad, is clearly 
immaterial with regard to the position of 
Monmouth. 

Of whatever kind it was, whether it left the 
English territory richer or poorer, it settled 
for ever, in the eyes of. each future statesman 
or historian of merit, the boundary line 
between the two countries. 

This boundary, known traditionally as 
" Offa's Ditch," ran from north to south, from 
the mouth of Dee to the mouth of Wye, from 
Chester to Bristol, according to seventeenth- 
century reckoning. But, like all undefined 
boundaries, it admitted of extension, and 
this, of course, in the interests of the stronger 
and ever-aggressive nation. 

Thus, in Domesday the fairest portion 
of Monmouth, the tract between the XJsk and 
the Severn, from Caerleon to Gloucester, 
broadly speaking, was counted as an appan- 
age of Gloucestershire. Thus, too, Cher- 
bury and Montgomery were both included 
in Shropshire j so that a second line must be 
drawn within OfFa's Ditch on the Welsh side, 
to make the final boundary between the 
English and Welsh counties. 

This line, we learn from manuscript autho- 
rity of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
turies, will be foimd to stretch from the source 
of Dee to the source of Usk, or more nearly 
speaking, from Bala to Caerleon; nor was this 
a merely arbitrary and informal arrangement ; 
it was solemnly confirmed by the Exchequer 
Barons in the reign of Edward III.* Hence- 
forth Monmouth might be known as the 
marches adjoining to Gloucestershire ; Cher- 
bury and Montgomery as the marches adjoin- 
ing to Shropshire. But, in fact, such a trivial 

♦ PlHta cor. Rege, Mich. T. 9 Ed. III. Thus we 
read: "Factu fuit nobis Caerlyon id est Claudio- 
cestrijt — in confinio Cambrioe." 



point soon dropped out of sight before the 
more important interests which supervened. 
Though Wales was always rcgaided as a 
distinct country from England, a distinction 
carefrilly maintained and even magnified by 
the common lawyers of the sixteen^ centuiy, 
it had from the earliest times been held, no- 
minally at least, in chief from the English 
crown ; a position laid down for die last time 
with effect in the tenth year of Henry IV. 
Thus the princes of Wjdes were bound to 
appear on a summons before the English 
Parliament, just as the kings of Scotland were 
before the barons at Westminster, and the 
dukes of Normandy and Anjou themselves 
before the peers at Paris. 

Thus, in official parlance, the Welsh were 
never known as ** hostes," but as " rebelled" 
Thus, too, the sweeping statute of conquest 
in the twelfth year of Edward I. speaks of 
the country as " prius nobis feudali jure sub- 
jectum — ^jam dinna providentia— coronae 
regni — annexit et univit." 

Down to the reign of Henry IV. the con- 
quest of Wales went rapidly forwards ; and 
after that date the government of the country 
exacted a labour and a vigilance far in excess 
of the pains of subjugation. 

The advance of the Crown was uneven, 
but the result may 'be recorded briefly as 
follows : — ^ 

Comparing this progress in different reigns, 
we find that a certain portion of the Welsh 
territory was presumably more or less per- 
manently in the hands of the English kings. 
The order of Henry II. for the administration 
of justice by the sheriffs of the conquered 
districts applies to an area slightly in excess 
of that ceded to Henry III. by several 
treaties with Welsh princes; and again 
somewhat less than that formally incorporated 
in the principality as recorded in the investi- 
tures of his son and grandson. 

In 1263, four cantreds of Wales, together 
with the whole river of Conway and the 
White Castle, were ceded absolutely to the 
English Crown for ever. 

In a treaty with Llewelyn in the same year 
this territory is defined as ** Quatuor can- 
treda in finib5 suis — simul cu oib3 terris 
quas ide dfis R cep^ seisire fee' in manu 
sua, vel alio aliq° m*" acquisiv* extra tcrr. 
Anglesie." 



MONMOOTH AS A SHIRE MARCHER. 



93 



These— 4ie is to hold *' 6«ely and smdy "— 
'' sicttt ante gaena tene cdsuevo^." 

In the 38th year of his reign, Henij 

III. invested his son Edward wiUi a sciT.t- 
what nK»re extensive tenitorj, indudji^ 
Montgomery and Bristol 

In 1277, liewelyn made, in default of 
issue, Edward I. his heir to Anglesey — ^as 
having been granted to him '' by the same 
king Us lord." 

Edward L invested his son Edward with 
his Lordships in Wales, independent of 
the English Crown. 

Edirad II. granted to Edward III. all 
North Wales, Anglesey, the four cantreds, 
and all West and South Wales, together with 
the forfeited domains of Rece ap Meredith 
and the dties of Montgomery and Chester. 

Those lands had been granted to Meredith 
by Edward I., " for his lawful service," and 
included, I strongly suspect, the north-west 
portion, at least, of Moimiouthshire. But 
as neither Moimiouth nor Chester were ever 
held to be part of Wales — by many they were 
not even considered as shires marcher — such 
an inclusion can scarcely be counted as a 
precedent 

Edward III. invested his son, the Black 
Prince, with all his lordships and lands in 
North, South, and West Wales, and the same 
form was usual up to the reign of Edward 

IV. The investiture by that lung of his son 
Edward as Prince of Wales, marks a new era 
in the history of the Welsh marches. But, 
in order to niake this clearer, it will be well to 
allude to a few circumstances which had 
preceded it 

The crown had early Cause to repent of the 
absolute and unfettered jurisdiction which 
it had committed to the lords marcher ; but 
though it had the wisdom to foresee the evil 
results of its policy, it dare not at once 
reverse it. Lordships marcher were safer 
expedients than Counties Palatine in the eyes 
of Norman and Angevin kings taught-by the 
experience of their own feudal relations with 
the French crown. 

Early in John's reign we find a Custos 
Marchie WaUie \ and this, according to the 
famous interpretation of Comes Littoris 
Saxonid, can only mean the marches over 
against Wales. Later in this reign we find, 
in Magna Charta, an explicit statement as to 



the existence of separate Welsh, English, and 
marcher jurisdictions in the article com- 
mencing ** Si nos dissaisivimus-Wallenses."' 

This jurisdiction of the lords marcher 
^as again acknowledged in the most im- 
portant charter of Edward L, wherein he 
grants to his son Edv^-ani a sei^uate antlio- 
rity in Wales, independent of the English 

crown "sic^ alii marchiones Kent in terris 

suis in March WaD."* 

Yet very soon the Crown b^an to cncroadi 
upon the feudal jurisdiction of its vassals. 
It had been content at first to leave them to 
settle the country and to preserve a rough 
justice in the rear of its own fitfiil conquests ; 
but now that a permanent hold had been 
obtained on the greater \ajX. of Wales, the 
independent rule of these turbulent barons 
was an object of increasing jealousy. 

This position of things, the strength of 
the Crown coincident witib the loss of prestige 
of the lords marcher, can best be seen under 
Henry IIL 

It was only natural that the border nobles 
should view the progress of the Crown with 
anxiety ; but they went further, and resisted 
it "by every Intimate means"— that is, 
rather by sedition than by violence. 

Several cases exist to prove this. Richard 
de Clare was arraigned in Gloucestershire 
for a disseisin committed in Glamorgan, 
but denied the jurisdiction of the Crown as 
having transgressed "within his own 

liberties."t 

Thus, too, Simon de Montfort, for his 

wife Eleanor, claimed compensation for loss 
of the government of Pembroke.^ In an- 
other case of pillage and violence, tried in 
Hereford, the accused demanded exemption 
from English jurisdiction, as the crime was 
committed in " Walshr}- ;" and he was borne 
out by his lord, who claimed trial of the 

case, "qd terra ilia est in Wallia et infra 

libtatc sua et nuqua solcb* pli'tare in com 

sed infra libtate." 

Another marcher baron refused to co- 
operate with the king's justice, but raised an 
unseemly disturbance in court, haranguing 

» 13 Ed. I. 

t Mich. T. 32 lien. III. A district of Glamorgan 
was called the ** InglyNlir>'e** as late as Kli/al)cth. 

X Pembroke was once to all intents a County 
Palatine. 



94 



MONMOUTH AS A SIflJRB MARCHER. 



the suitors by way of giving vent to his 
feelings. 

The Crown also took occasion to dirqpt 
the administration of justice in the marches, 
through proclamations to the sheriffs, ignor- 
ing the jurisdiction of the lords marcher, 
and even curtailing it. For instance, the 
sheriffs of Stafford and Shropshire were com- 
manded to keep the peace with Llewelyn 
from Chester to Gloucester " that is in the 
marches." 

A royal investigation of the mismanage- 
ment of an inquest in Worcester was even 
threatened. Yet in the next century (1333- 
48) the whole of Gloucester, Hereford, and 
Shropshire, were admitted by the Crown to 
be " in the marches of Wales." But it was 
not till the reign of Edward IV. that the 
Crown acquired a permanent jurisdiction 
over both Wales and the marches, and this 
only in a limited degree. 

Still to this period the apologists of the 
Council of the West alwa)rs looked in after- 
times for a precedent, which they readily 
found in the Charter of Investiture of the 
Prince of Wales.* 

By this instrument, power was given to 
the prince to appoint justices in Gloucester, 
Hereford, Shropshire, and Worcester, within 
or without the liberties, " eisde c5m et eoru 
cuilibet adjacen" — as well as in Wales. 

Baronial justice was not indeed all that 
could be desired, but its course was not 
much assisted by the interpositions of the 
Crown. 

It suited the former well enough to pre- 
serve a sort of no-man's-land, blessed with 
an interchangeable code of procedure through 
which conviction for licensed rapine could 
be most safely escaped. 

The policy of the Crown, however, was 
wholly different. The English were warned 
to shun the contamination of the accursed 
Kelt for fear of perishing with him. 

For an Englishman to pillage over the 
borders, vmless in the ranks of a royal army, 
was a piece of well-meant patriotism to be 
deprecated, but not punished ; unless indeed 
the Saxon were smitten with the charms of 
some Welsh maiden, in which case he was 
adjudged to lose the rights of citizenship.f 
But for a Welshman to cross the border, 

* 16 Ed. IV. t 2 Hen. IV. 



was to venture his life with every able*bodied 
marcher who obeyed the smmnons.of the 
hue-and-cry. None of Welsh blood, it is 
needless to say, could hold any royal or 
municipal office. But, above all, woe to the 
'^ waster, rymer, minstrell or other vagabund," 
who dared to court an audience for 4iis 
seditious music!'*' As an instance of the 
extreme animosity of the official mind against 
the alien, we may take the official document 
which bitterly complains how certain Welsh 
had been permitted to buy and sell in 
Hereford "and after return without griev- 
ance." 

Complaints, undoubtedly well-founded, 
were indeed nfe, respecting the atrocities of 
the " Walshry."t Yet, I am inclined to be- 
lieve, from many circumstances, that theie 
stories should be taken in coimection with 
other charges of legal chicanery and arrests 
for feigned debts freely circulated against the 
Welsh. No nation perhaps was ever so 
. litigious, or so deeply versed in the forms of 
the civil law as they were at a slightly later 
period — a fact of which I am deeply con- 
vinced from a long study of contempoiaiy 
suits. The remedy of the Crown then against 
these disorders was found in the creation of 
a special court, nominally under the authority 
of the Prince, really in the hands of the 
trivy Council. 

According to a later State Paper, though 
after the reign of Henry VI., there were no 
more rebellions ; yet the state of the country 
was such, that Henry VII. sent Prince 
Arthur with, for the first time,t a resident 
coimcil "to terrefie and keepe under the 
Walshe, and to defende the Englishe counties 
adjoyning from theire spoyles." 

The shires of Shropshire, Hereford, 
Cheshire, Gloucestershire, and Worcestor- 
shire were placed within the jurisdiction of 
the justices, who had powers of Oyer and 
Terminer and special gaol delivery through- 
out Wales and these the marcher shires. 
As Monmouth was not specified as one of 
the latter, and as its position did not need 
explanation till Henry VIII.'s Act of Union, 

* 2 Hen. IV., cap. 27. 

t This name is used contemptuously of both countfy 
and people. We may compare with it Irishry, 
Jacquerie, and some others. 

X Edward IV's. council was not res dent, as it is 
often conplained. 



/ 



MONMOUTH AS A SHIRE MARCHER. 



95 



it is almost certain that it was tacitly included 
with Gloucestershire as a Lordship marcher 
placed now for the first time under the direct 
jurisdiction of a commission from the English 
Crown. The judges of the school of 
Fortescu<i Icnew their business 4s well as 
their brediren of the Exchequer in the days 
of Edward III. — at least in the opinion of 
Elizabethan autboAties. This account is 
coiroborated by the statute 17 Heniy VIII. 
We there learn, that from the long absence of 
a resident prince^ Wales and the marches are 
fidlen into a bad state, justice being greatly 
impeded by the distance from a civilized 
centre. 

All these drawbacks will, it is hopedi be 
removed by a new-modelled council ; evil 
doers being punished, and good men ''con- 
dignely cherished and rewarded." There 
are also, as elsewhere, special enactments 
against comortha, a forced '* benevolence," 
whereby dissolute nobles repaired their 
squandered fortunes; and provisions to 
Cftcilitate the valuation or management of the 
king*^ possessions in those parts. 

The justices, or a quorum of four, were to 

^ take no bribe, but work hard at receiving bills 

finom complainants^ and writing their answers 

No such bill however was entertained 
without the certificate of a justice of assize — 
to prevent abuse of equity. 

Yet their sterner labours were also relieved 
by the care of the princely household. In 
this seventeenth year of Henry VIIL's reign, 
the Princess Mary was the titular head of the 
Western Council. The lady governess and 
tiiie officers of the Court were under its 
control, and were to be guided by its dis- 
cretion in their system of teaching Her 
Highness the art of her '' Vix^ginalls," and, 
in moderation always, Latin and French. 
Especially, too, these were to regulate 
her diet, and see to the '^ cleanliness and well- 
wearing of her garments — both of her 
chamber and bodie ; '' and ever to order 
Ihonselves '' sadlie '* in her presence, with- 
out lewdness or profanity. 

From such trivialities as these we come 
fidy enough to the two pretentious, confused, 
and mischievous statutes of the close of the 
leigni the Act of Union and its Confirmation.* 

• ay Hctt. VIII. and 34 and 3$ Hen. VIII. 



The first of these is ushered in by an Act 
in the previous year, reciting the old stories 
of Welsh atrocities, and introducing some 
tyrannical restrictions on freedom of action. 

The Act of Union itself, in so far as it 
concerns Monmouthshire, is clear enough, 
though the ignorance displayed of the pre- 
vious history of the question is not re- 
assuring. 

Whereas^ it is stated, the larger share of 
the Lordships marcher are now in the king's 
hands ; five of these, the position of which 
admits of doubt, shall be redistributed. One, 
Monmouth, is to be an English county, and 
sue in English Courts; the other four — 
namely, Radnor, Brecknock, Montgomery, 
and Denbigh — ^are to have, for convenience, 
a special Chancery jurisdiction of their own. 

It is important to note, however, that none 
of these are marcher shires proper, but lord- 
ships marcher, abutting on English or Welsh 
counties respectively, to which they are now 
respectively relegated, Monmouth being 
carved out of Gloucestershire as permanently 
an English county. 

In the Confirmatory Act, Wales is to con- 
sist of twelve counties, of which eight were 
Welsh counties in ancient times, and four new 
ones are added. 

The old counties were Glamorgan, Caer- 
marthen, Caernarvon, Pembroke, Cardigan, 
Flint, Anglesey, and Merioneth. The new 
ones, Radnor, Brecknock, Denbigh, and Mont- 
gomery, as before. 

Ovejr and besides, the Act continues, 
the shire of Monmouth, and divers other 
dominions, manors, lordships, in the marches 
of Wales, united and annexed to the shires of 
Salop, Hereford, and Gloucestershire. 

The Act thus acknowledges, if in part it 
overrides, the verdict of Domesday^ and of the 
Exchequer Barons. 

But whatever interpretation be given to 
these Acts, their existence is of little consti- 
tutional importance as affecting the position 
of Monmouthshire; for the question was 
never an open one before, and was never 
asked afterwards. 

Had it been otherwise, any sovereign 
of the Tudor or Stuart families might have 
enacted in a servile or illegal Parliament 
the redistribution of any English, Welsh, or 
French district, in such form as a particular 



96 



MONMOUTH AS A SHIRE MARCHER. 



courtier, mistress, or minister should suggest; 
but it is doubtful for how long the arrange- 
ment would have lasted. Local patriotism 
is, when justly stirred, very warm and very 
lasting, especially when inspired by a Keltic 
imagination. 

From this time forward the case of the 
shires marcher resumed its normal form. 
Volumes of legal and official treatises were 
compiled to prove that the "four shires" 
either were or were not in England or the 
marches. Sometimes Monmouth was included 
with them ; sometimes it was omitted. But 
none ever attempted to prove rationally that 
any of these were, or had been, parts of 
Wales. 

The confirmation of this opinion, as seen 
in the official documents at such a distance 
of time as late in the reign of Elizabeth, is 
very striking. 

In a list of the deputy-lieutenants for 
Wales and four of the march shires in the 
year 1575, we find the twelve Welsh shires 
as laid down by Henry VIII.'s Act; then 
for the march shires, Monmouth, Salop, 
Hereford, and Wigom. In a list to be pre- 
sented to Her Majesty for the year 1572, of 
the Welsh coimties which returned sherififs; 
there are twelve counties, amongst which is 
not Monmouth. A duplicate retimi by the 
justices of assize bears like testimony. 

In a list of English and Welsh counties 
returning sheriffs for the year 1573, Mon- 
mouth is in its alphabetical order amongst 
the other English counties, and the Welsh 
counties are headed " Wallie." But here a 
Minister was piqued into "ticking" the four 
border coimties with the letter W! The 
same order is preserved in the Liber Pacis 
for 16 Eliz., Monmouth being included with 
Oxon, Berks, and five shires marcher in one 
circuit. 

In I s 75 Monmouth is not to be found in the 
list for the Justices of the Peace of the twelve 
Welsh counties. 

In an original pricked sheriffs' list "for the 
twelve counties of Wales," November, 1589, 
there is no trace of Monmouth. In two 
original pricked sheriffs' lists, on the con- 
trary, for England, one of Elizabeth, the 
other of James I., Monmouth does find its 
place. 

In the face of sucli evidence as this it 



would be, I imagine, somewhat difficult to 
alter the immemorial position of Monmouth- 
shire. 



^\myff^<fm] 




Hn £arlf Coolieins Booli. 



IMONGST the beautifiil and rare 
manuscripts which enrich the Hoik- 
ham collection is a small volume, 
which, from the curious nature of its 
contents, may well claim the attention of the 
antiquary. This Noble Bake of Cookry^ 
consists of about eighty leaves, written ytx^ 
neatly and clearly in black ink still of a 
good colour, with headings and ornamentation 
in red. The paper has here and there 
suffered from diunp, but is on the whole in 
excellent preservation. The style of the hand- 
writing gives the impression of a date some- 
what earlier than can really be claimed for the 
manuscript, for among the feasts placed at its 
commencement is included the installation 
feast of " Nevell, Archbishop of York, and 
Chaunceler of England," which took place 
in the reign of Edward IV. 

The first eleven leaves of the volume are 
devoted to the mentis of certain roval feasts, 
and very amusing they are with their mixture 
of French and English, and their descriptions 
of the wonderful " subtiltes" with whidi the 
tables were adorned. On looking over these 
lists we shall surely lament that we cannot see 
the " gret swan and vi. signets echon with a 
skriptur in his bille," or " a leshe of braun with 
garters," or a " brod custad with a castell ther 
in with a stuf in the castell of a gille and the 
demon in the myddes bringing a doctur to 
suttlete in a pulpit in clothing of grene tabard 
and hood with a roUe on his hed, wrytin ther 
on 'in deo salutare meo/" but we shall 
rejoice even more decidedly that we in these 
days are not set down to feast on stewed 
"porpases" or roasted "whelpes," or re- 
quired to eat our venison " in furmenty" (a 
sort of porridge made of wheat and milk) ; 
or "gobbettes of pork" in "custad." 

The first feast described is : " The ffeste of 
kynge henry the iiij to the herawdes and 
ffirenche men when they had justid in Smyth- 
felde;" the second is: "the crownacon of 
kynge henry the fl^e;" the third is: "the 



AN EARLY COOKERY BOOK, 



97 



stallinge of Clifford, Bishopc of Londone ;" 
the fourth is : "the ffeste of Nevell, Arch- 
bishope of Yorke, and Chaunceler of England, 
at his stallacon in York," which fills twelve 
pages, and seems to have been a very grand 
a£^. These feasts have all their first, second, 
and third courses, and Nevell's seems to have 
been a series of feasts, all of three courses ; 
but it is impossible to discover any sort of 
method in tfie courses — in fact, each course 
of each feast seems to have consisted of every 
kind of bird, beast, and fish; without any 
particular order, except that "potage" of 
various kinds; or, "venison in furmente," 
generally came-first, and " custad,'* " ffriturs," 
"appilles" and "peres," "wayfiirs and 
yjXKTas** last. 

After the feasts comes — 

Seruys in the montht ofyanyuarie. 



lambe. cony, 
and bitur and 
then for a soket 
dottcets of friturs 
of appilles. 



bmnn and mustard 
nombles to potage 
pestelles of pork 
and swans 
martyns to potage 
pige. pelle. 

A detur for a housold in the same monethe, 

iTurmente to potage 
with venjrson 
bee£ moton 
swan and pigge 
martins to potage 

Then we have: — 



vele. lambe 
cony, and 
wild fowle 
birdes and friturs. 



Semis in the monethe offffeurieiU, 

braun and mustard wigions 

gnielle ptuche (?) 

beef quailes 

pestelles of pork tansay 

swane ffrittures 

lambe wavfurs 

heron and ypocras 

The first course, 

fHrst braun and mustard wodcok 

nombles to potage bakmetes 

beef, moton then a sewet 

pestelles of pork tansey 

capon and lesche small birds 

martins to potage bak quynces 

lambe peres and apilles with 

cony blanche pouders 

bittur 

All these lists of dishes are picked out and 
ffamished with red ink, and then, much " llor- 
ished'' in red, " Her endethe the ffests ryalle 
and the seruis to a Kynge or a prince, her 
begynnethe the kalendar off the book of 
cookiy." 



This kalendar is a list of all the recipes 
which follow, or should follow, for unhappily 
eight leaves of the manuscript are wanting, 
a fact which is only discoverable on careful 
comparison of the kalendar with the recipes, 
for the manuscript has been rebound so neatly 
that the end of one recipe is pieced on to the 
beginning of another, and only close examina- 
tion shows that thirty recipes are wanting. 
Of the recipes given we may mention the 
headings of a few. "To mak ij capons 
of one.'* " To mak a salt lampry freche in 
a nyght" "To counterfet a kidde." "Sauce 
camelyn for a whaile." " To bak porpas." 
" Pies of paris." " Mylk rostid." " Blank 
mange of fisshe." " Chekyns in cawdelL" 
".Hennys in gruelle," and suchlike oddities. 

Here is evidently the ancestor of our game 
pie: — 

fflesshepies of capon or ojfffessand. 

To mak pyes of fflesshe of capon or of ffessand tak 
good bef pork vele and venyson, hewe it smale, do 
Uier to pouder of pepper dowes maces guingere and 
mynced dates and raissins of corans mele it with 
malmsey or vergius and cast in saffron and salt and 
luk it be welle sessoned then couche it in a large 
coffyn and coudie in the capon or fessand hole and yf 
ye will smyt diem in peces and colour them wiUi 
saffron and put ther in other wild fowle yf ye wiUe 
and plant ther in herd yolks of eggs and straw on 
cloves maces dates mynced, raisins of corans quybibes (?) 
then close them up and bak them and seme them. 

In the first part of the next recipe we 
surely have the progenitor of the familiar 
**toad-in-the-hole" — the toad being personi- 
fied by "smal birdes" on flesh days, and 
" wardens, or other pears," on fast days : — 

To mak custad lombard. 

To mak custad lombard mak a large coflyn then 
tak dates from the stones, tak gobbettes of mary and 
small birdes and parboile them in salt brothe and 
couche ther in, then tak clones maces and raisins of 
corans and pynes frycd and strawe ther on and sett 
them in the oven to bak 'and luk ye have a coup of 
cow crcme yolks of eggs good ]x>udures sanron 
Sanders and salt, then fillthc coffins ther with, and on 
fisshe daies boille wardens or other peres paire them 
and hole them at the crown then fill them full of 
blaunche poudur and torn them in blanche pouder 
and skoche them all about that the pouder may abid 
ther in then set the stalks upright and ye may mak 
your coup of crcme of almondes and bak up your 
custad as ye did of fliesshe and when they l)e bak gilt 
the stalks of the ))cres and serve them. 

What a memorable day must that have 
been when some careless cook, having pre^ 



98 



Ahi EARLY COOKERY BOOtC. 



pared the pears to counterfeit the birds, and 
covered them with almonds and custard, 
forgot to coffyn and consign them to the 
oven, and was compelled to serve them cool 
and juicy as they were — a delicious dish of 
pears in custard ! 

And now to show that, in spite of their 
oddities, our forefathers knew what was good, 
we will give the recipe for 

A stewed capon. 

To stew a capon tak parsly saige isope rosmary and 
brek them betweene your handes and stop the capon 
ther with and colour it with safliron and couche it in an 
erthen pot and lay splentes under nethe and a bout 
the sides of the pot and straw erbes about the capon 
and put ther to a quart of wyn and non other licour 
then couer the pot close that no brothe passe out then 
set it on a charcole fyere and stew it softly and when 
it is enougfae set it on a wispe of strawe that it touche 
not the ground for brekinge then take out the capon 
with a prik and luk yf it be enoughe or els stewe it 
better and mak a coupe of good wyne, mynced dates 
and caneDe and draw it with the same wyne put ther 
to raissins of corans sugur saf&on and salt and gulnger 
and wyn then lay the capon in a disshe and put Uie 
fat of the sew to the coupe and pour it on. 

Indeed, we feel satisfied that many of the 
recipes are excellent. The principles of 
good cookery were the sa,me then as now, 
but the kitchens of those days were sadly 
deficient in appliances, and the cooks had 
but a few " ponders" and " erbes" wherewith 
to flavour their dishes. The enormous 
quantities of eggs and almonds used in these 
recipes are 'surprising, while we see that 
every fish that swims, and every bird that 
flies (many of which are now extinct in 
England) were put in requisition. Thus, of 
strange animals, we have a "dragon," a 
" martynet," and " gotwheli5es :" beside the 
common kinds of flsh, we have the 
"whaile," the "porpas," the "congur," 
and the "lampry." Of the rarer birds we 
have the " crayn," the " bittur," the " egret," 
the "brewe," ** yarrowe-helpes," and the 
"sarcell." Of birds which we have but 
do not commonly eat there are the "pe- 
cock," "dotterelles," "railes," *' sparrowes," 
" redshanks," " colombes." Of fruits, mention 
is made of ''appilles," "peres," "dates," 
"quynces," "figges," grapes, "raissins," 
and " raissins of corans." 

Some dishes were evidently great favourites, 
as, for instance, one recipe is headed 
thus : — 



Pik and eles in ballok brothe 
that must our dame have, or 
els she will be wrothe. 

Some sauces appear over and over again, as 
"SauceMadame," a kind of rich gravy; "egre- 
douce," corresponding to our mint-sauce ; and 
" Sauce Camelyn,'' a sharp sauce. But there 
was one point of culinary etiquette the cook 
of those days had always to bear in mind. 
Nothing less than the whole bird or fish must 
be set before a " kynge" or " other estate ;" the 
" pik and eles" above mentioned were to be 
served whole to " a lord," but to be quartered 
for the commons, and this rule seems to have 
been invariable. 

Perhaps the longest and most elaborate 
of these recipes is that which tells how 

To mak a fresche lampry bak, Tak and put a 
quyk lampry in a pot, and put therto a porcyon of 
red wyne, then stop the pot close that he lep not 
out [&c. for a page and a half, then] mak a large 
coffyn of puied flour and put thy lampry therein, 
and close it round about to tne pen, for ye must haue 
a pen betweene the lidde and the coffyn to blow the 
pen that the lidd may ryse well, and luk the ovone 
be hoot, and set it into it. 

A number of the dishes are prepared with 
the addition of bread in some shape or other, 
and the reason is not far to seek, for the lack 
of vegetables is remarkable. Potatoes, of 
course, were not; but neither is there 
mention of turnips, carrots, or any other 
vegetable except onions and " yonge pesen," 
which were made into a kind of thick soup. 

Minute directions are given for colouring 
the different preparations. The finer roast 
meats were " endored," that is, egged over 
and browned ; while almost every stew was 
coloured with saffron or " sanders" or " greene 
erbes." And, when all was complete, it was 
poured into a *^ chargiouf' or " dysshe ;" and, 
if a sweet dish, it was "florished" with 
almonds or "comfets," or strewed with 
flowers ; but the only flowers mentioned are 
"violettes," "primeroses," and "floures of 
borage.'' One dish of stewed apples is directed 
to be ornamented with " floures firom the sam 
tre," showing that at any rate they had good 
keeping apples. 

Although we have confined our attention 
to the subject-matter of this little inanuscript« 
it is not wanting in other attractions. It is 
pretty in appearance, quaint in language, and 
instructive with respect to the manners of the 
period. R« N* 



AMCOdfC LAND CUSTOMS AV SCOTLAND. 



90 



Hrcbaic lanb Cnstoms in 
ScotIan^« 



PgniR HENRY MAINE happened to 
^^^1 come aoosSy during his researches 
^■^U into the histoij of the Village Com- 
mimity, a Pazliamentaiy Return of 
Boroughs and Cities in the United Kingdom 
possessii^ common land. This return gives 
a veiy remarkable custom, still eidsting in 
the ^ixgh of Lauder, which Sir Henr>' Maine 
ch a r ac t erizes as, poiiaps the most perfect 
exaoiple dL the primitive culti^-ating com- 
munity extant in England or Germany. Sir 
Houy Maine goes on to say that a re-ex- 
amination of Scottish agricidtural customs 
n^ght be usefully under^en. That these 
primitive land customs existed in the north 
<€ Scotland has been long known, though 
notlung definite has been collected thereon ; 
but it has been generally thought that the 
older usages had been e&ced in the Low- 
lands. 

Lito the general re-examination of Scottish 
agricultural customs we do not propose to 
enter; nor will the archaic customs of 
nordiem Scotland engage our attention. 
Bat it is worth while stating in these pages a 
few of the fiu:ts which the land customs of 
LoiHand Scotland afford to the inquirer into 
archaic land customs. 

Let us start with the peculiar custom of 
the Buigfa of Lauder. It is the most archaic 
in form, and the most complete in detail, that 
is to be found. It will, therefore, enable us to 
tiBce more easily the development of archaic 
custom into later custom, or its break-up 
under the influence of extraneous events. 
Within the bounds of the Burgh of Lauder 
there 



105 sq[Muate portions of land called liurgcss 
Toese vary in extent from onc-and*a-half 
to three-and-a-half acres. To each such acre 
is A separate progress of writs, and these 
"Acres" are the private and absolute property of 

indiTidiials. No one has hitherto been 

admitted a boicess of the burgh who lias not been an 
owner of one of 'th^e Burgess Acres. The lands of 

Ae Biir]gjh consist of Lauder Common, ex- 

toiHing to about 1,700 acres, which has, from all 
time of which there is any record, been possessed 
tins;. Aportionof it has been setoff periodically, 
SKf ODoe m five or seven yearsi to be broken up and 



pkmghed dminj; that time, and at the end ti, the 
tinjc fixed has been kid d»>m-n in gntss arui grA.'<vl 
akm^ with the cchrr lands : w^cn another ^>ortii>n of 
tSie common was. in the same wav« broken up and 
ploacbed. and apdn laid do^*n in cras^ The po^ 
tion of the common so broken up and pKnijiv-heii at a 
time, has. of reomt jrears been about i^"* acres in 
extent. An aDocment of ihis portion of the c^Mmmon 
has been si^*en to the owner of each cA the 105 
bnisess acres, mother he happened to be a burgiKs 
or not, one alK-tfmcnt for each acie. The )X4tion lai«i 
off for culti\'aiio(n is, in the hi-si p«ice, out into the 
number of allotments required, and the share v'U' each 
penon is decided by loL The conditiiHis attached 
to the takiitf of hill parts ha>T been, compliance ^-ith 
a system of cultivation prescribed by the tou-n 
council, and payment of a snull assessment. j;cne« 
rally just suffiacnt to reimburse the bui^ for expenses 
laid out in making drains, roads ^Vc, to enhance the 
value of the land for cultivation. These allotments 
have been callcil ** Hill parts^ A«d the awnige 
worth of each \s> £\ per annum. The whole of tne 
remainder of the common has been uscvl for gra7ing 
purposes, and has been occurrtii as follows : — Kach 
bui^ess resident within the bounds of the bur|[h has 
glared on the conunon two cows, or an ct)ui\'alen(, 
and a certain number of shcej^ — at present, and for 
some years, fifteen ; and each \i*idow <A a bui^jess, 
resident in the buqg:h, has gniTeil on the common one 
cow, or an equi\-alent, ami a certain number of sheep 
present, and for many spears, twelve. 



The chief points to be noted in this ex- 
tremely archaic comnumity arc, first the 
arable mark being cullix'ated under niles 
prescribed by the to\m council ; sci'ondly, 
the arable mark being shif^eii iKfiotlically 
from one part of the domain to am»thor ; 
thirdly, the assignment of ixarccls within 
the cultivated area to members of the 
community by lot ; fourthly, the right to land 
for purposes of tillage being inseixirablv con- 
nected with the ownership of certain plots of 
land within the township ; fifthly, the right 
to pasture on the ixirt of the Common in 
grass.* All these features of the modem 
Scottish burgh are features also of the 
primitive village community, and it rightly 
enters into the field of archa.'ologiail impiiry 
to examine how far this is an isolateil examnle 
of survival of archaic institutions in thin 
particular spot, and how far it may lioli) us to 
discover remnants of such a survival else 
where in Ix)wland Scotland. So far ati 1 
have been able to ascertain from the ReportH 
of the Agricultural Survey, publisluul in 1 79H, 
the Reports of the MuniiMpal (Corporation 
Commission, published in itSj5,and Sir John 

« Maine's VUhftt C^mmunUkt^ p. 07. 



lOO 



ARCHAIC LAND CUSTOMS W SCOTLAND. 



Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, and 
the New Statistical Account of this century, 
Lauder appears to be the only community 
thoroughly to be identified with archaic 
society. What we have to look for, then, is 
those features of archaic society that other 
communities may have kept, while they have 
let the remaining features decay; or such 
examples of the development of archaic 
agricultural customs into modem agricultural 
customs as may be found to exist, and which 
ought historically to exists side by side with^ 
the example of the Burgh of Lauder. 

Of the arable mark being cultivated under 
rules prescribed by the town council we 
have some analogous evidence. This was 
not the only duty of the primitive village 
council. They divided the lands, and deter- 
mined the rights of individual villages ; and, 
in case of alienation of the allotted land, the 
village has a droit de retrait, or right of pre- 
emption.* This right of pre-emption is an 
important one for our present purpose. 
Commencing far back in the history of the 
village commimity, it comes down to modem 
times, and is represented in full force in 
English manorial rites. We have it, too, in 
Lowland Scotland, modified, of course, from 
its early form, but still undeniably a relic of 
the archaic village, rather than a legislative 
enactment for a modem burgh. At Paisley, 
the foUowing custom was observed : — 

Lands, &c, within burgh are held in feu of the 
ma^trates, council, and community, and by an 
ancient and peailiar practice (the validity of which 
has been sanctioned by the Supreme Court), investi- 
ture was gven in burgh lands by a very simple 
process. The heir, or other person holding a convey- 
ance to lands, and desiring to be entered or invested 
in place of the ancestor or granter of the conveyance, 
appeared personally, or by attorney, and, in the usual 
manner, made s3rmboIical resignation of his right in 
the hands of the magistrates, for the purpose of obtain- 
ing what is termed "new and heritable bookii^." 
This "booking** consists in the registry of the res 
gesta (including a description of the land, and a 
statement of the nature ot the party's right in con- 
nexion with the person last " booked '' in the record or 
chartulary of the burgh ; and an authenticated copy or 
extract of registry, under the hands of the town clerk, 
was held to complete the investiture, without charter, 
sasine, or any other written instrument. This practice, 
however, became exposed, in process of time, to great 
inconveniences, and is now little resorted to, except 

* Jjxvtiejt^s Primitive Prcptrty, p. 312. 



in the transmission of property in the different 
churches.* 

At the village of Crawford, in Lanarkshire, 
wfe have something more primitive still. **It 
consisted of about twenty freedoms, which 
were in the form of run-rig. Besides the 
masters of these freedoms, who were called 
lairds, and their wives ladies, there was a 
suboridinate rank, who feued ground for a 
house and a yard. Each freedom consisted 
of four or five acres of croft land par- 
celled out in all the different parts of the 
town, with a privilege of keeping a certain 
number of sheep, cows, and horses on the 
hill, or common pasture. This little republic 
was govemed by a birley court, in which 
every proprietor of a freedom had a vote. 
If the proprietor resided not in the place his 
tenant voted for him. The great business of 
the court, which was' held weekly, was to de- 
termine the proportion and number of sheep, 
cows, and horses which the respective pro- 
prietors should keep on the common pas- 
ture."+ 

I have treated upon the Burlaw Courts of 
Scotland in my book on Primitiife Folk- 
moots^ but not having come upon this par- 
ticular instance before its publication, I could 
not notice the connection between the hold- 
ing of land and the right to be a member of 
the court, which this example from Crawford 
so clearly establishes. This valuable record 
of archaic village life in Lowland Scotland is 
the link that was wanting to connect two sets 
of ancient customs togeAer — namely, the old 
forms of cultivation and the old forms of 
village legislation ; and it enables us to ^o 
forward to less complete relics of the vil- 
lage community with the almost certainty 
that they once belonged to as complete a 
whole as Lauder or Crawford. 

There is no evidence of the arable mark 
being shifted from one part of the domain to 
another. Of the third'feature of t^e archaic 
example we are following — viz., the assign- 
ment of parcels within the cultivated area to 
members of the community by lot — we have 
ample evidence. Readers of Waverley 
will remember the description given by Sir 
Walter Scott of the lands of Tully-Veolan ; 

* New Statistital Acct, of Scotlaftd^ vol. vii, 174. 
t Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland^ iv, 512. 



ARCHAIC LAND CUSTOMS IN SCfOS^iANp. 



lOI 



.V * '' . 



and the great novelist's ideal village, situ- 
ated in the midland county of Perthshire, 
is essentially a Lowland picture of agricul- 
tmal Hfe. The common field of Tully- 
Veolan is described as being cultivated by 
the joint labour of the villagers in " alternate 
ridges and patches of rye, oats, barley, and 
pease.* These ridges of arable land, known 
by die name of the lun-iig system of cultiva- 
tion, were Teiy comnx>n all over Scotland. 
Each patch, a knag narrow strip stretch- 
ing the foil length of the common field, was 
allotted eveiy year to a villager who possessed 
a right to a portion, and upon it he cultivated 
the crops determined upon by the com- 
monity. After the harvest the divided arable 
lands were thrown open to pasture land. 

In RozbinghshireaDd Selkirkshire this state 
of things is bome witness to by the reports 
of tibe Agricnltural Surrey, published by the 
Board of Agriculture in 179S. I quote there- 
from the two following poissages : — 

Of the anUe district, at least tvo thirds are 
divided into iiMJ i M i f es of Toy diffacnt sizes and 
faaxa. Tbis vms ocatsaaotd. paitly br the ineguLu^ 
fiadts of some estaies, vbich the ovcers were im- 
wining and ooukl not be coopeljed to alicr, and 
ptttly hf the eaeeness of little proprietors to cadose 
the lots wfakh fdl to their share, upon the dhisioBs 
of commomt tad of fidds beloogisg in ahcmic 
ridges to many iadrridnals, viibont altesn^img, by 
jndicioas ezduinges with their ne^^iboors^ v> res^cr 
their poascssioiis moie compact aad s^^eeaLbSe to iLe 
eye (page 61). 

In former times there «ere sereral caroT^cga =: 
wfaidi the cattle beloogii^ to diferent pr^prie^jrs 
went promisoaoasly imder one hod or keeper. Tae 
anUe land, also^ v^as pas5CK«d in alicr&aie ridgck 
■epuated hj broad balks, on vijdi the Iirge 
stones were laid when the indfJntf hssbis^aoas cxj± 
take that trouble, and w pastured by tbc cml^ a±£r 
being freed from the crops. LumIs il-z^ ivkvanf^y 
|M T« «Tf«*** and vretchedly managed, mi^ =cc is- 
pnperiy be called wastes; and itt'jz^'z. Arts of 
Fuimment passed as eariy as 1695. {je irrxiis^ 
at the instance of any proprietor hs-risjr •=zss'!s^ jts. 
no ndvantage was t^cn of socb heatF^-ia'. lawi :J! 
the year 1738 or 1739, whci :ie h^'ii -rtrt 
pnicdled oat among the iercnl ;r:c^Le^'Xi, i:: 
IMOportiorf to the valnatioo or isut tj Ti:5ci '.lej piid 
the land tax (page 124). 

The parish of Smallholm, In Rsx2yix]^.- 
shire, was all cultivated upoz ±e ni^^rlg 
system,* at Libberton, in L^r^LrksLire,'*' 2lZ 
LanariL itself,^ at Laigsf and KZzzjsrzuockl in 

• Sinclair's Statistical ActommS tfSi:t:.sxJ, ^2:'. 
f/MUL iL 243. t ASrv StafiitiraJ Atumm:^ iJL r^ : r. 
liW.voLT. i;r. ISindaii's S t m t i a i e^: A: j*Kt, ■^. ^ 



Ayrshire, the nin-rig sys{enri^ reported upon 
as bemg in full force. TheFi>*'(^priijig to Ber- 
wickshire, we find,at^\liitsome; irhVre there 
is also a Burlaw Court, meeting in the opfin air 
on the ** Birlie-knowe," the following ii^ereSt*'-^ 
ing picture of bygone cultivating customs*;^*.*. 

To coDTcy some idea of Wbitsome as it was, it * • ' 
may be noticed that the range of land on the north 
side of the village was divided into several small 
portions, still denominated "lands." Hence, the 
possessors or occapiers were styled " portioncr^." 
"The ten lands*' formed the ifrz'Jtktm port of the 
present farm of Ravelaw ; '* and the nine and *' the 
eight "* lay east from the precedicg, ztA 2re included 
in the farm of Leetside. The s^>aihenx side was 
pazccDed oat in like manner. The space between 
the two ranges, of considerable bicadtii, and upwards 
of half-a-mile in length, was enjoyed in common. 
The portioners were retainers of the lord of the 
manor, to whom, according to cnstom, they were 
boond to reader military service.* 

We come now practically to the last division 
of our subject, because the common of pasture 
is too frequent to need mention here as con- 
firmatory of the evidence that the Lowlands 
of Scotland have not allowed all their oAd- 
world customs and ideas to be rooted up by 
advancing civilization without fusi ha^-icg 
been noted by the antiquart-. 

Of the fourth feamre oi the Laader com- 
munity I am ab!e to menncn two paiaHel, or 
nearly parallel casesL I^anghoime in Dum- 
friesshire was erected icu> a b^rgh in i^i:>. 
In 1622 the head of the Niii^sdaue iaioijy 
granted a new charter of erectxra t:> ten 
cadets of the fami]y "jjon coadjtfoa ihit 
each of them shofdd biiild a hoase in tLe 
town; and a^ong with the hcniscs, fear tA 
which were on]y bji^t. he granted to each c/f 
them a cerk iiEi* This is pi2t down as 
the independent act of a Scottish baron, 
but who can dosL: L'-jl: he obtained his 
model from the land c^^toms that sur- 
TCfzn^cd him ? 

The burgh of Ncw:.>:^-Jij/>r.-A}T has i re- 
mariahle aistor.-!, whith is thji de-'.-cribed by 

The c::abber cf irtcrz^ca '^t :/ixgeivt^ i= Im»it««l »'• 
tjr.j'is^Z, wiic?i c»Offis;/o*e •**.? 'yjTnm^,rt\*y. I', .if !i of 
:le;e fnterrjer. ;>v:.sei^«i whi! i* mJI*'1 /■• !'/♦« "t fi*^* 



'*'/ h'/'J*** ■»«» afMit»t*«l 



• • • 



♦.v- 



. ' ' r .'1 ; f fa/ A'''9Hn t ff *inftln >///, I ) »<^ A » *• 



• . 



102 



AUtjtjiTC LAND CUSTOMS IN SCOTLAND. 



• • 



-al- 



to these freedonjjjtbuk every burgess must reside in the 
borough, or poi$si%s*a*house as Us property, which he 
may rent toTany ^fthe inhabitants. The community 
meet ^ery fw«Vears to elect their magistrates, and at 

this eledUon every freeman has a vote The 

rl^VjoCsftccession to these freedoms is limited. A son 
► ^Cf e^ds to his father ; and a widow, not having a 
son, enjoys the property of her husband as long as 
she lives. But as the female line is excluded, the 
lots of freedom frequently revert to the town, who 
dispose of them to the most industrious inhabitant of 
the place, on their ^vancing a certain sum of money 
which is placed in the public fund. 

Irrespective of the evidence afforded by this 
quotation of allotment in the common land 
being dependent upop property in the burgh, 
there is something further to notice in con- 
nection with the lands of this burgh. Like all 
social institutions, the primitive village com- 
munity gave way during the progress of its 
people towards nationality and empire. It 
gave way in England, and we had feudal lords 
and manorial tenants. It gave way in Ireland, 
and the people are now thinking traditionally 
of times, when they, as well as their lords, 
had rights in the village lands. It has given 
way everywhere, and rightly so, under the 
laws which political economy has enun- 
ciated in shape of the highest culture being 
required on lands absolutely owned by capi- 
tahsts and tilled by farmers. But in one 
portion of the history of the development of 
communal land-holding into personal land- 
holding, we have evidence that the outcry 
against the new laws of absolute ownership 
resulted in a compromise with periodical 
redistribution. This is how Mr. Fenton looks 
upon the institution of the year of Jubilee 
among the Israelites — the year when the land 
returned to the community, and was redistri- 
buted.* But I was able to point out to him, 
that in the borough of Newton-upon-Ayr 
there is exactly the same principle adopted. 
There, it was found that annual redistribution 
of lands did not fit in with the requirements of 
the advancing age, and they set in motion a 
mode of transference of their old communal 
lands into lands held by absolute ownership 
which is very illustrative of this stage of tran- 
sition in the history of land-holding. I quote 
the following from the New Statistical Account 
of Scotland', — 

It would appear that the common property has 
been divided among the forty eight freemen, from 

* See Fenton's Early Hehrew Life, pp. 71-3. 



time to time^ from the first ereetion of the boigh 
[1314?] But the first ''daill" or division of .which 
there is any record, took place in 1604, and was to 
subsist imtil 1 615. Owing however to a want of 
entries in the community Dook for a considerable 
period after this last date, we have no account of 
anoUier " daill *' till 1 655, which was also to subsist 
for eleven years. But, from 1666 till 1771, a new 
partition was made every seven years, and the allot- 
ments made arc regularly recorded. Inthis last men- 
tioned year the freemen resolved that the division 
which, then fell to be made should continue for 57 
years. Aud when this period had expired, in i8a8, it 
was determined that the continuance of the lots which 
were then balloted for, should be for 999 years. In 
1833, it was further agreed that few rights of their 
lots should be granted to such of the freemen as might 
wish to hold their lands in that nuumer. 

No better record than this could existv to 
tell the present and future generations how 
private land-holding has come about, how 
allotments of land from the village commun- 
ity, first yearly, soon became extended over 
a number of years imtil, in the progress of 
time, the original allotment became private 
property, and the communities who had 
granted them away had dwindled down into 
manorial courts and parish vestries. 

In these short gleanings of an important 
and a large subject from one little portion of 
Great Britain, we have gathered up fragments 
of archaic history belonging to a time when 
history was not written ; and these fragments 
will, I trust, be a welcome addition to the 
storehouse that is gathering of the relics of 
primitive life in Britain. That they are not 
all complete is merely to say that they are 
" survivals'* of ancient customs ; but I think 
we have here evidence enough that, if Lauder 
be the only complete archaic land commun* 
ity in Lowland Scotland, we can make up 
others by a process of historical restoration, 
which enables us to go from one community 
to another, so long as we keep to our geo- 
graphical limits, in search of the typical 
features of the primitive form. 

G. Laurence Gomme. 



^be Slav ant) tbe Celt 

|HE most important of the various 
branches of ethnology, is the rela- 
tion of the various civilized races 
of Europe to each other. Some 
anthropological researches among savage 




THE SLAV AND THE CELT. 



103 



tribes may have special charms from a scien- 
tific point of view, but the ethnology of 
civilized Europe has grave political bearings 
which make it attractive alike to the student 
and the statesman. 

Of the various subjects of interest con- 
nected with European ethnology, one of the 
most striking and singular is the similarity, 
in many points, of the language, folk-lore, 
antiquities, and primitive customs of the 
Slavonic and Celtic races of Europe. One 
would suppose from <i priori reasoning that 
adjacent races would be the most similar to 
each other, but, as a fact, in ethnology ^as in 
geology) we frequently find distant nationa- 
lities similar to each other, while those which 
are adjacent are comparatively distinct. So 
it is certainly the case in Europe. As one 
passes from a Celtic land through the phleg- 
matic Germanic populations of Central 
Europe, when one comes amid the more im- 
pressionable and impulsive Slavonic races, 
one is by many things reminded of the 
Atlantic-washed shores of the West. The 
Slav is perfectly distinct from the German in 
manner, voice, aspect, language, even walk. 
We feel we are among another people, and 
jet a peibple not so dissimilar in many points 
to the Irish, Welsh, or Cornish, which have 
been left a thousand miles in the West If 
we look beneath the surface the impression 
is not destroyed. The Slavonic dialects, 
though semi-Indian — 1>., Aryan in type — are 
still m many things more akin to the Celtic 
and Latin tnan to the Germanic branches of 
the family; the Slavonic folk-lore is, in 
some points, strikingly like that of Ireland 
or Cornwall ; and even the prehistoric remains 
have some points of similarity. 

I shall confine myself, in the present 
Paper, to two points, which are only selected 
out of a mass of cumulative evidence which 
proves a similar, if not identical, origin of the 
Slavonic and Celtic tribes of Europe, but 
which, though they may be traced through 
common Aryan origin among the Teutonic 
and Latin races, yet are not elsewhere quite 
so marked. The first is the barrows, the 
other the tribal arrangements of the clan or 
sept. 

1. If we were asked who were the chief 
barrow builders of Great Britain, and of 
whom the barrows reminded us, we should 



certainly say of the ancient Britons, of the 
Cornish, the Cymri, the Cumbrians, or the 
Gaels, rather than of the Saxons. It is true 
that we have Anglo-Saxon graves, and that 
in Scandinavia there are not a few Scandi- 
navian mounds, yet the idea of a barrow or 
a cairn is rather connected with the memory 
of the Celts, either of the prehistoric or of 
the Romano-British period, than of the Anglo- 
Saxons. So when we meet in more Eastern 
lands the mound or barrow we are reminded 
of the works of the ancient British tribes or 
their descendants in our own island or in 
Brittany. 

The menhir, the holed stone, the proces- 
sional avenue, maybe characteristically Celtic, 
and we may not find them easily paralleled 
in Slavonic lands, possibly for the simple 
reason, not that they are developments which 
arose among the Celts in ages posterior to 
their separation from the other Aiyan tribes, 
but that most Celts, or at least their more 
populous races, live in countries where large 
monoliths would be difficult to obtain. 

Now the Slavonians (whatever we may 
think of our own British barrow-builders) 
were among the greatest barrow-builders in 
the world ; nay, tiie barrow has produced a 
greater effect on the nomenclature, the ideas, 
the history, even the politics, of these nations 
than in Western Europe. One whole 
government of Russia takes its name from 
Mohileff,* the barrow land. Several towns 
derive their names from this root, " mogila," 
a barrow — e.g.^ Mogilno near Posen.* The 
mogila is far more a common word in the 
language than barrow or cairn in ours. 

Among the most famous antiquities of 
Poland are the prehistoric motmds of Wanda 
and Krakus, near Cracow, marking the sup- 
posed foundation of the kingdom, or rather 
its refounding by Krakus, which are to 
Cracow what the Pyramids were to the old 
Egyptian capital, only nearer to the city. 

In a flat country like those great plains of 
the Vistula, the Don, the Dnieper, the Volga, 
&c. &c., which include most of the habitats 
of the Slavonic races, the tumulus or " mogila" 
is easy to raise, and when raised is conspi- 
cuous far and near. Hence it is that the 
Slavonic tumuli are even larger and more 

* "Mogula," Russian, — a grave, a tumulus; 
**Mo^ la, Polish, — a tomb-hill, a tumulus. 



104 



THE SLAV AND THE CELT. 



famed locally than even the Celtic barrows. 
Nor is the " mound building instinct," if we 
may so call it, as extinct among the Slavo- 
nians, as for nearly a thousand years it has 
been among the Celts, and still longer, per- 
haps, among the Germanic, Greek, and 
Latin races. One of the finest mounds or 
barrows of Europe is (by a curious and 
characteristic revival of the ancient Aryan 
custom) the Mogilo of Kosciusko, outside 
Cracow, one of the most conspicuous objects 
from every point of the city and its environs, 
which may, perhaps (supposing our existing 
historic records to be destroyed) puzzle the 
archaeologist of the future. This magnificent 
tumulus, by a national effort during the lives 
of the present generation, was erected as a 
monument. 

It has the practical advantage of showing 
the merits of the tumulus-building as a memo- 
rial to an individual in modem times. It is 
not (considering the effect produced) expen- 
sive j it is certainly (by experience in all the 
countries of Europe, not the least in England) 
very lasting and permanent ; it catches the 
eye, and certainly has a sort of barbaric 
majesty about i,t. Perchance the tumulus of 
Kosciusko may not be the last barrow the 
world will ever build, and theinstinct of mound- 
building is not so utterly extinct in mankind 
as it appears at present. The idea of casting 
a littie earth on the grave of one we love is 
natural to mankind, and is jsxi instinct even 
consecrated by the Christian Church. If a 
man has many admirers, and each thinks it 
a duty to express his love or regret by throw- 
ing earth or stones on the grave, a mound or 
a barrow is soon formed. This instinct is 
now reduced into a mere form ; but in one 
case — though not on the actual grave — ^the 
instinct has been given vent to in modem 
times, and so it is just possible that this may 
not be the last case of this mound-building 
instinct working in an European population. 
Fashion and prejudice alone perhaps hinder 
some of us, especially the impulsive Slav and 
Celt, being mound- builders still, and the 
mourners giving a practical and permanent 
expression to their respect for the deceased. 

2. The retentive conservatism which makes 
them stick to primitive Aryan law produces 
another curious point of similarity between 
society in Slavonic and Celtic lands. Even 



. by an almost proverbial expression in 
England we acknowledge that the Hi^- 
landers, the Welshmen, and the Comishmen 
are " clannish." The primitive Teutons were 
clannish also once, but, except in some out- 
of-the-way parts of the German Empire, they 
have pretty nearly ceased to be so now, and 
we English have been almost forced to adopt 
and Anglicize a Celtic word to express a 
Celtic idea. But the clan is Uie key-note of 
the history of the Scottish Highlands, of 
Wales, and, perhaps to a far greater degree 
than is commonly supposed, of Cornwall. 
The clan or the sept lay at the basis of Celtic 
society. 

But the Celtic clan, for mutual protec- 
tion and support, may possibly be compared 
to the Slavonic 'Vmir," which actually in- 
volves a commimity of property. How 
powerful the *' mir," or village commune, is, 
even in otu: own days, in the laigest of the 
Slavonic nations, may be best realized by the 
issX that, in the reforms instituted by the late 
Czar, Alexander II., it was acknowledj^ as 
the basis of Russian rural society. It is true 
that the Slavonic village community — nUch 
Sir H. Maine proves to be a very ancient 
Aryan mstitution, with some striking parallels 
in India and Europe — ^is much snialler than 
the Celtic clan, for the simple reason that the 
Celtic clan did not involve conmiunity of 
property. The Slavonians, as village- 
dwellers, founded these small associations, 
which lie at the base of Slavonic society, 
even where the tradition of common proper^ 
has died out 

All Aryan races were at one time 
clannish or tribal; and there can be no 
doubt that, at a remote prehistoric epoch, 
they had community of property, like 
the modem Slavonic " mu:." So also 
all European-Aryan races — the Teutons,^ 
the Latins, even the Greeks, as well as the 
Slavs and Celts — ^were probably mound or 
barrow builders ; but the tradition is, I think, 
more lively among the Slavs and the Celts 
than among the other European nations. 
Possibly the Slavs and Celts are more con- 
servative constitutionally^ or the influence of 
civilization less potent with them in eradicat- 
ing and rendering obsolete ancient Aryan 
customs and ideas. 

To conclude, I am inclined to think that 



THE SLAV AND THE CELT. 



105 



if we would seek to solve the many problems 
which puzzle us about primitive or prehistoric 
Europe, the solutions may be more likely to 
be found in the traditions and remains of 
out-of-the-way Slavonic or Celtic lands — in 
the mountains of Galicia or Bohemia, or the 
forests or steppes beyond the Vistula, or, on 
the other hand, in the wilds of Ireland or 
the Welsh mountains, on the Cornish and 
Breton moors — ^than in the more central 
regions of Europe. The most interesting 
evidence of a common origin will be the 
firequent reproduction, under another form, 
of the same traditions or remains, proving 
more than an accidental similarity. 

\V. S. Lach-Szyrma. 




£arli? ^mnibueee in pad0. 

By William £. A. Axon, M.R.S.L. 

was in the year 1662 that Paris, 
the city of the rich and the 
privileged, saw the beginning of a 
democratic experiment which was 
to give to the bourgeoisie Uie fashion of transit 
pievioiisly possible only to the rich members 
of the aristocracy. In January of the year 
named, the king granted letters patent to Uie 
Doc de Roann^ who was Governor of 
Fditou, the Marquis de Sourches, who was 
Grand Prev&t, and the Marquis de Crdnan, 
who was Grand Cup-bearer, giving them ex- 
duave right to run carosses a cinq sols in the 
streets of Paris. Roannbs was an intimate 
fiiend of Pascal, and the gossi]^ of the time 
r^arded the great mathematician as the 
author of the twopenny-halfpenny coaches 
woiked by this aristocratic copartnery. That 
he derived more than empty ^me from them 
is also deariy shown by a letter from his 
sister, who has also left a graphic account of 
the "inangmation'' of these seventeenth cen- 
tnxy omnibuses. These particulars were given 
by M. Fan! Paifiut, in one of the ftuilUUms 
of Ibe RipAUque Fran^iu of September, 
1880. 

At seven o'dock in the morning of March 
18, 1663, four of the carriages were placed 
before the Laxembomg, and three at the 
Pbite St Antoine. ^perintendents from 
the CUtadet were present in their robes, with 

VOL. IV. 



horsemen and archers of the town, and the 
guards of the Grand Pr^vot. The super- 
intendents proclaimed the establishment of 
a service of cheap coaches, explained their 
utility, and said that the King would 
rigorously punish any attempt to injure or 
annoy the new vehicles or their passengers. 
They delivered to the coachman their livery- 
coats, which were blue, and had the arms of 
the king and the city embroidered on the 
stomach. Then the first coaches started, 
with one of the guards inside j and a quarter 
of an hour later the second was sent after it. 
The archers and horsemen were scattered all 
along the route. The same ceremonies were 
observed at each end of the line. Madame 
Perier was delighted with the success of the 
first day. The carriages were filled several 
times during the morning, and amongst the 
passengers were several women. These hardy 
adventurers not having come to grief, many of 
their more timid sisters followed the example 
thus set The greatest inconvenience arose 
from the fact that the carosse was frequently 
full when expectant travellers were eager to be 
accommodated in it Thus, Madame Perier 
waited at the Porte de St M^ry and saw 
five of the coaches pass her without being 
able to obtain a seat in any one of them. 
The carosses d cinq sols were objects of 
universal curiosity, and on the first and 
second day the town was almost en jite n^ith 
the crowds of sightseers anxious to gaze 
on this latest luxury of the gay city. Yet 
they had enemies, some of whom ventured 
to ridicule them '' au petit coucher " of the 
most Christian King. A jest's prosperity, 
however, lies in the ear that hears it ; and the 
King, who was much pleased with the new 
system, replied so drily that the facetious 
courtier was compelled to be silent (''Mais 
le roi y rdpondit si obligeamment et si 
s^chement pour la beauts de I'afiaire et pour 
nous, qu'on rengaina promptement," are the 
words of Pascal) The carosse d cinq sols 
held eight passengers. The exterior was 
decorateid with the escutcheon of the town, 
and each coach was ntmibered, so that those 
who had to complain either of the coachman 
or the lackey (guard, or conductor) might 
be able to identify them. The coaches ran 
in certain defined routes, from one side of 
the town to the other ; and were so arranged 

1 



io6 



EARLY OMNIBUSES IN PARIS. 



that passengers might easily pass from one 
line to another. The great success which 
attended these cheap coaches in their earlier 
days was not lasting, and in a few years, as 
the number of passengers decreased, they 
were finally discontinued. This was held 
by the ignorant to be due to the death of 
Pascal. They thought, that if he had lired, 
so great a mathematician would have cast 
the horoscope of the unlucky coaches, and 
found some means of averting the influence 
of the malign constellation under which they 
languished. In the present day, without 
resorting to any theory of magic, mathe- 
matical or otherwise, the failure of the first 
omnibus will be accounted for on more 
prosaic ground. The inventor was in advance 
of his age by two centuries. There did not 
then exist that crowd of persons to whom 
time is a business element of the first 
importance. In the seventeenth century 
Leisure, " that fine old gentieman," as George 
Eliot calls him, was still alive. In the 
nineteenth century he has had many mishaps, 
has been run over by cabs and omnibuses, 
and was finally killed in an alarming railway 
accident 



'*x»\'/9?\'/'«M' 



>i 



iLaat Wotba on Booli'platee. 




|S so many of our correspondents 
and readers have interested them- 
selves in this curious subject, 
another chapter will, we are sure, 
be acceptable, and will at the same time 
clear off a too long outstanding batch of 
letters which have awaited our attention for 
some time. We have also a further en- 
couragement, in that the veteran antiquary, 
Mr. Thoms, has stepped into the arena with 
his invention of a new form of book plate. 
A copy of this is now before us. It consists 
of a portrait of the owner of the book taken 
by photography in the style of Houbraken's 
engravings. Mr. Thoms cut out the portrait, 
signature, &c., from the framework of one of 
these engravings, and substituted his own, 
from which a copy was produced. The 
result is certainly a very admirable book- 
plate. 
Mr. James W. Lloyd, of Kington, Hereford- 



shire, sends us the following notes on two or 
three old book-plates — ^rescued from oblivion, 
he says, through attention which has been 
awakened by the interesting articles on the 
subject which have appeared in these columns. 
'^ In a copy of Francis Godwin's* Caialtgue 
of the Bishops of England^ 2 vols, small 4to, 
published in 161 5, 1 have a curious old plate 
of K Edwards, with arms and crest, and the 

motto, NI. BYDD. DOETHNA. DDARILENNO. 

which, Englished, reads : ^ Who reads not 
cannot be wise.' Beneath this plate I found 
another one, of Jos. Smith, LLD., Doctort' 
Commons, the motto is : turris. fortissima 
NOMEN DOMINI, without a crest; and, again, 
beneath this, I found one of another 
member of the Smith family, 'Jos. Smith, 
LL,B,y E. Coll. Reg. Oxon,' with the 
same motto and a crest on a wreath, a 
bittern (?) with sn&ke in its bill These 
volumes are of interest from the fact of 
their former possessors being men of note 
in the Church, and they have left abUlldittt 
MS. notes in their pages. £. £dw<altdfe^ 
whose autograph, dated 1791, appeals dfa 
the tide-page, was vicar of Llanarmoh yii 
Yale, and curate of Wrexham, and was 
author of a revised and enlarged edition of 
Browne Willis's Survey of St. Asaph^ pub- 
lished at Wrexham in 180 1. On a fly-leaf 
is the following interesting record, 'TUs 
book belong** to y* Very Rev** D' Timothy 
Halton, bom at Graystock in Cumbrland^ 
A.D. 1632, being y* 2** son of Miles Halton, 
Esq., High Sheriff of Cumberland sometime 
of Wingfield Mannor^ in Darbyshire, who 
by M. Wyvilt his wife had a numerous 
issue. He was admitted at Queen's College, 
Oxon, Mar. 9, 1648, elected fellow of y* said 
coUege Mar. 1656, became afterwards chap- 
lain to William Lucy, Bishop of St. David's, 
was chose proctor of y* clergy of that 
diocese 1661, and by y^ aforesaid Bishop 
made Canon of St David*s, and afterwards 
Archdeacon and prebend'^ of Brecknock 
upon y' decease of Bishop Nicholson. He 
was instituted July 10, 1675 (upon y* King's 
presentation) to y* Archdeaconry of Oxfon], 
at y' resignation of Bishop Barlow, whom he 

* Francis Godwin, Bishop of Llandafl^ was trans- 
lated to Hereford in 1617, over which see he presided 
till his death in 1633. 

t Granddaughter to Sir Tunothy Fethentmr 



LAST WORDS ON BOOK-PLATES. 



iof 



also succeeded in the provostship of Queen's 
College, Apr. 6, 1677, having been before 
abroad with S' Joseph Williamson at y° 
Treaty of Cologne. He succeeded Arch- 
bishop Laraplugh in y'^ Rectory of Charle- 
ton upon Otmore, in Oxfordshire, was 
Vice Chancellor of y* University, and at 
Queen Ann's accession to y* throne became 
her Chaplain in Ordinary. He dy** July 21, 
1704, iEtat. 72, and was bury** in Queen's 
College Chapel, where he was a considerable 
bene&ctor.* 

" In an old Baronetage which has been in 
my &mily upwards of forty years, hidden 
ander a circulating library label, I found the 
plate of the Countess Tyrconnel, and below 
this that of Sir Gervase Clifton, Bart., with 
the motto Tmez le Droit, 

" Among the most interesting of my heraldic 
plates are two different ones of James Wal- 
wyn, Esq., Longworth, Herefordshire, mot- 
toes, Ntm deficit alter, and drwy rvnwedd 
GWAED (through virtuous blood) ; and of non- 
hetaldic but artistic plates I have two good 
etchings — viz., one of Joseph Rix, F.L.S., 
F.R.G.&E., L.W.C.A., St Neots, county 
Huntingdon, the design being a group of 
old Bibles, &c, in rich bindings, with clasps, 
&c, lying round and upon an Elizabethan 
chair, the name on a scroll, and over an 
open Bible is another scroll with the motto 

QUOTCVMQVE LIBROS JVDEX VNVM JVDICEM 

LEGO ; the other represents a pedestal, upon 
which is lying apparently a coat of chain 
aumour, and on a helmet a falcon ; against 
the pedestal is a sword, and over the front a 
shield^ bearing the name " H. B. Ker, Lin- 
coln's Inn." A greyhound, collared, stands 
looking to the back, and at foot is a pair of 
spurs." 

Mr. Hamilton mentions his never having 
met with a book-plate of Robert Southey, and 
doubts his having had one (vol. i. p. 118). 
But the Rev. Hugh A. Stowell points 
out idiat many must know, that he is 
mistaken in his supposition. "A speci- 
men of the poet's book-plate," writes Mr. 
Stowelly "is now before me in a copy of 
Sir W. Davenant's Madagascar, with other 
Poems, The second edition. London : 
Printed for Humphrey Moseley & Co., 

* For an acoount of the Halton family, with 
pedigree^ see The Rdiquary, yoL v. p. $8. 



1648, which also bears the Laureate's 
name on its title-page in his neat autograph, 
*R. Southey, Bristol, 1803.' The plate is 
a woodcut, with an unmistakable Bewickian 
look. It represents a rock thickly crowned 
with shrubbery, from which pours a rivulet 
of water into a brook below. Against the 
face of the rock leans an armonal shield 
bearing the poet's coat, a chevron between 
three crosses crosslet. On the ground, to the 
right of the shield and in contact with it, is 
the helmet, supporting, on a wreath the crest, 
an arm vested and couped at the elbow hold- 
ing in the hand a cross crosslet Across the 
sinister chief, comer of the shield, and trail- 
ing thence to the ground, is thrown the 
riband bearing the motto. In labore quies, 

"About 150 of these badges of former 
owners occur in the books on my shelves, in 
spite of the marauders. Of these the three 
oldest I believe to be those of Bishop White 
Kennet, John fourth Earl of Cork, and the 
Rev. Mr. Charles Lyddel, all of the first 
quarter of the i8th century. The earliest 
with a date is a foreign one, that of * Fran- 
ciscus, Prsepositus S. Salvatoris, Pollingae, 
A° 1744.' Noble names, in addition to 
those already enumerated by your contributors, 
are the Earl of Ancrum, Viscount Hereford, 
Philip, first Lord Hardwicke, Viscount Delvin, 
and the Earl of Shannon. Literatiu*e is repre- 
sented by those of John Trotter Brockett, 
F.S.A., Rev. Wm. Boriase, F.R.S., John 
Bruce, Edward King, F.R.S. and A. S., George 
Ormerod, LL.D., William Pinkerton, F.S.A., 
Rogers Ruding, F.S.A., Sam. Goodenough, 
LL.D., F.R.S. and L.S., Bishop of Car- 
lisle, Benjamin Hall Kennedy, Sir C. G. 
Young, and others. Libraries of note by 
those of Thomas Jolley, F.S.A., Maitland of 
Dundrenan, Exeter College and Christ 
Church, Oxford, West Dean, and Calwich 
Abbey. A fragmentary plate, evidently of 
Drake of Ashe, bears twenty quarterings ; 
another, nameless, but of Godwin, is printed 
in gold, with the motto, * Win God, win all.' 
A very elaborate and neat one of seventeentli- 
century design is that of James Dix, Bristol, 
1850 — subscribed * Biblical Collection,' and 
most appropriately superscribed * Gather up 
the fragments that nothing be lost,' while 
the heraldic motto is 'Y*-* ende crownes.' 
A very simple design, but, to my thinking, 

I 2 



loS 



LAST WORDS ON BOOK-PLATES. 



the finest I possess, is that of George Talbot 
Bagot, done probably about 1840— I only 
wish I knew by whom, and whether he stiU 
works at his art" 

Another correspondent, Mr. W. H. K. 
Wright, of Plymouth, remarks : — 

" The articles which have already appeared 
imder this heading in the columns of The 
Antiquary have doubdess awakened an 
interest in the subject outside the compara- 
tively limited circle of those to whom the 
accumulation of these unconsidered trifles is 
a hobby. It may, also, fairly be assumed 
that the remarks made by former corre- 
spondents have been fully appreciated by 
those who, like myself, whether from taste, 
inclination, or the force of circumstances, have 
become what a friend has aptly termed 
* ex-librimaniacs.' Following, therefore, the 
suggestions already made, and the example 
set by previous writers, and desiring, more- 
over, to add something to the interest brought 
forward upon so attractive a theme, I venture 
to note a few thoughts and to mention a few 
examples from my own collection. 

" First, however, it is but fair to say that 
my collection of book-plates numbers less 
than a thousand examples, and has been 
obtained within the last twelve months. In 
this it bears a striking contrast to the stock of 
a gendeman with whom I have been recendy 
corresponding, who has, he informs me, some 
twenty thousand examples, and is continually 
adding to his collection. Time, however, 
will doubdess remove this deficiency in my 
case. 

"One of your correspondents dwells at 
length on the sentimental side of the ques- 
tion, and expresses his regret that the number 
of book-despoilers is so rapidly increasing. 
He cannot sanction the ruthless severance of 
the faithful companionship between the books 
themselves and the marks of their ownership. 
For my own part I quite agree with the 
sentiment, although the force of circumstances 
sometimes make me commit the sin. The 
ardent coUector, in whatever pursuit, is com- 
pelled, now and then, to steel himself against 
mere sentiment ; but he who loves the books 
for their own sakes will often hold his hand, 
even in the midst of his ardotu:. Frequently, 
however, it is a case of sacrificing either the 
sentiment or the bookplate, as the possession 



of the plate does not necessarily mean the 
ownership of the book also. 

" A short time since I purchased several 
lots of auctioneer's rubbish, in the shape of old 
books, none of which were of the smallest 
value or use to me. On examining my prize, 
I found that one fine book-plate was the sole 
object of value, that the volume containing it 
was an odd one, and that the rest were mere 
waste paper. I had litde compunction, 
therefore, about removing that plate and 
adding it to my store. Again, when having 
discovered a prize in an unexpected place (a 
waste-paper shop), I proceeded care^y and 
lovingly to withdraw it fix)m the prison in 
which it had been so long confined. The 
plate to which I allude, and which I consider 
as one of the gems of my little collection, was 
attached to an odd volume of the Universal 
History, The name ^Charlton' is upon it, 
and the engraving is very fine. The arms are 
simply — a lion rampant, on a field, or. Crest 
— a tiger's head The shield is of the last- 
century pattern, surrounded by various de- 
vices, which seem to represent the Arts, 
Music, Sport, War, Peace, &c. &c. 

" One plate (that of J. L. Templer, Torr- 
hill, Devon) bears this appropriate motto— 
*The wicked borroweth, and payeth not 
again ;' an adaptation of the Scripture pro- 
verb which all book-possessors know to their 
cost to be only too true. 

"Of local book-plates I have many in- 
teresting specimens. By local I mean of Devon 
and Cornwall, and I would suggest to col- 
lectors that they should each endeavour to 
procure representative specimens of the 
principal persons and &milies of their own 
particular district, making that a speciality, 
although not neglecting other general speci- 
mens. By this means the pursuit mig^t be 
made both interesting and valuable, especialfy 
to students of heraldry. Of local names I 
have the following— Pitman Jones, of Exeter ; 
Geoige Prideaux, Plymouth; Thomas GiU, 
Tavistock ; Bethel Wakond, Tiverton ; John 
Harris, Radford ; Laurance Hynes Hailoran, 
Exeter; Rev. John Buller, North Devon; 
Sir WiUiam Molesworth, Cornwall; John 
Augustus Barron, Plymouth ; John Hawker, 
Exon; Richard Buckland, Druggist Thuo; 
John Manley, R.N., Plymouth ; John Shelly, 
Isaac I^timer, C. C. WTiiteford, T. Wool- 



LAST WORDS ON BOOKPLATES. 



iOfj 



combe, R. W. Coryndon, Charles Spencc 
Bate, all of Plymouth, besides many others 
that I need not particularize here. One 
other I may mention which has a local con- 
nection, and it is one of two dated specimens 
I possess — viz., *Jean Elie Jaqu^ri, de 
MoudoQ en Suisse, Ne en 1732. H. Skinner, 
Exon, Sculpt, 1755.' I^c o^cr dated 
example is tiiat of John Peachey, Esq., 1782. 
"Of eariy plates with elaborxue orna- 
mentation and curious devices I have many 
examples, some of them possessing charac- 
teristics interesting to the student of art, 
others to those who make hexaMry their 
hobby. 'John Cheakv of Fisdon, Esq,. HU 
Book,' reminds cmeof the inscriptfon ana^hed 
to hooks by miletiered persocs in it.t djLjz 
ofouryoatfa. • Brcwsc cf Gawer asrl E:ir> 
herf \llll2am FzankcodL-e: Htzzr lJz-a±Lrji: 
Sa AtweD Lake. Bsti.: cf •ijts* 1 'za^rt ^a-'i: 
two examples, difeir^ iz. s-itz^ \lJzz risc»tr-« 
my fees: f:4Sc:ziS15 I zzslt zi^r,t 'jzjt 



icSksmmg — ScAzy-rj^j TlbiciLi .fLuij. Lin- 
Right Hoa. Lopc trxk^ vr-""-:^- rftri::rl 
Thomas '^nfr ]z(lz Cni^-.ci •^cp-tr: 
DaTcnhalL S P. ?ta»±. :c 7 nLkzi:!--:^ ^xc* t 
Seeker, D.D^ Ch£r>' I-nt- 1**^' Ti:i.:-if;- 
Ksq., Asbrrilinir li hfif.riiic ',; 7:«.:-i ::i::i»r: 

Marqms CorsvLlaik. jfc-jun 'r l':nc*;ta-l- 
De Bl2^ Far of CliEiriCur'jtt '^:rc. lti:. 
Oxxerr, DmgiieifaL l-EinK7 STit:i:nnii '.^i-; 
Duadss taf AnnfiLOL. H.*nr7 li:ir: l^iu:t:i>i'. 
Sir Rbitiert Bcyi. Z..2.-. dr /imi »''ili:iiu. 
Lobbock, £En^ mil niaiv m'x*- Twj.tt '.t- 
Joba ChmnJTTf Liiuii-.n. J 1..L. ^''iliiun 

^ 



far &e pressm 



4 
a 



I liEFe ikx in7*Tiniiyi tut ii*rxu'Jr. U'. 
on of aay tr iii^t iiiai^r^ in^jifrrrii:^ 

Ttdsrsimt ii tni: mnu^ vuim ili-.- 

ofniT iianirr^i. •. i^^ 'juTiuiUir j 

uBffL mil* uxr, iiiwv*:vT- u* L:! j 

iifft. Tnmuzi: 'Ji^rr: ussr iir i r:.-ytiv 

far i ijia.r. ixiti nn 'rrf' r'r;.•i•r^'r::- 

L 3^"i yiaiii'r air-r.xU" ..l.j'.-.-v >■ 

cimj i'n- t ISlllt tn ill r^i-iiL :i.'' ..: 

JB 'Thihiiouc L ai mi^rii; t< tv:ii:r:i 



Kccd Appluton, three a]iplc» ; llii: dcvif.i; of 
the I'litlcrs is well kiiowji ; Cliriht. M. licU 
bears * tlio lid I f Oariicli liullnuiii Una fur 
his crest a *l>ull;' Ivlward VV. Cox li:i:j llir 
representation of two livrly * luintanit / joliii 
I'Vcdcrick Dovelori, ;i •i!ov«:,* /kr. A/#.. J 
might add niany rnorr, liuf. I lif::;iuin t/i 
Icn^hen thcie not^r:: h/ r/t/:ri/lin|/ my li&l, 
I will therefore rontcrit my^^rlf Mfjih tMiimi^ 
a few interc^^tifi;^ ez;irii ;#!*:>. tA [AaU.^ whi/Ji 
have not prcvio'iM/ L^t/i iwhttf/itrA. -at A 
which de^^srr/e, i/* //*y 't^,iUtftUt 'a |/iiA5i/ij/ 
not;r.c. ^^*ft ^/f ir.«:v: *>. of U*/: i,:/i//fijil 
ordtr, ar:d r*r;^revry*!'-i a Vui'jtkx it$ inl inti/irsf 
r*<:t:n^ OTi the fr*Ari^... of ^ rytf. *>../>, iif 

t -.1 ^i,*^ ♦ '"iT'* \» '• I- ''I- jf^"* • .JiV •■•! V 

^*11*>'*' > ^ '15 ' 'Jf i *■.» \ i ••* ' J,--" ♦^ "• • " * t- ' *^ -If 






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v. 



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tilllUI iV ill* 't\*\\: t t- •:i--»-.i'.^-U*««X iii«.(x«iliiVl 



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iji-i '.> .•■.i,»,/u*..i:i': 



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iJj*: -' '•' ' .'■: ■■ *:.;. 

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IL »ii.'(J^. \>.x^V . t&iw. iiljj'JaO, J*. ^U»t *>dtw. 



no 



LAST WORDS ON BOOKPLATE^ 



readers of The Antiquary may derive a 
little profit from these hurried and incomplete 
jottings." 

Mn W. Louis King, referring to Mr. Shirley's 
statement (ii. 115), that book-plates do not 
occur within the covers of books until the 
end of the seventeenth century, calls to 
mind that coat armour was not uncommonly 
engraved at the l)ack of title-pages during 
the sixteenth century, and this no doubt was 
the origin of the custom of affixing in later 
days book-plates at this position in a book, 
** Thus, in the Jewell House of Arty written 
biy Hugh Platte, and printed in 1594, which 
is' now before me, there is engraved at the 
back of title the armour coat of 'Robt. 
Devorax, Earl Essex and Ewe, vicomt 
Hereforde, Lord Ferrer of Chartley, Borcher, 
and Lonayne.' This vies with Sir Francis 
Fust's coat armour mentioned by Mr. 
Shirley, as it contains no less than fdfty-five 
quarterings." 

A Scarborough correspondent sends a 
supplemental list of book-plates noted from 
those in his own library : — 
Richard Benyon, Esq., Englefield House, 

Berks. 
William PuUand, Esq. {Domine dirige tws). 
Cecil D. Wray {Et Juste et vray). 
Sir Chas. Hardy, Kt Rawlins, Oxon. 
John Travers, Esq. {Nee tenure nee tintidX). 
Elizabeth, Duchess Dowager of Manchester. 
Bernard Brocas Beaurepaire. 
William Lee, Esq., of Hartwell, Bucks 

( Verum aique eUcus), 
Matt. Waters, Esq., Walls End. 
The Right Hon. George Lord Macartney, 

Knight of the Order of the White 

Eagle, and of the Bath (Mens conscia 

recti). 
Mansf de Cardonnel Lawson (Rise and 

shine) [VEsperance me console), 
William Brompton Hexney. 
Hum. Perrott 

" In an old volume, entitled The Gentle- 
man^ s JoumcU (i692)---which is, probably, 
the first magazine published in this country — 
there is a plate of Edward Coke, of Norfolk, 
Esq., 1 701. In another ancient volume, 
Magia Adamica^ or The Antiquitie of Magic 
(1650), I find the plate of Viscoimt Torring- 
ton (Tuebor)r 
Mr. F, A. Blaydes adds to the list of 



1 

dated book-plates already given in The 
Antiquary (see vol. il p. 8), the following 
from a small collection in his possession : — 

1702. Coleraine, the Right Hon**^ Henry, 

Lord, of Coleraine, in y* Kingdom of 

Ireland. 
1704. Bridgman, S' Orlando, of Ridley, in 

the county of Chester, Bar". 
1 7 10. Milles, Thomas, Lord bishop of 

Waterford and Lismore. 
1757. Chilcot, Thomas, Organist of Bath. 
1797. William Moffat 

Mr. H. Astley Williams writes : — " I have 
in my collection of book-plates an interest- 
ing dated one. It consists of an oval-shaped 
portrait of the gentleman, round which is 
the inscription : ' M. loh. Baptista Renz 
Augustan, A.a 1697, iEtatis 39, Minist 11. 
Auxilium meum a Domino. Ps. 122.* Be- 
neath, in a small oval, are the arms, and 
at the bottom the following information: 
* Gener. Anton. Reiseri Th. D. Patr. Frider. 
D. Matr. an Justin^ sucoe \ stett^i filia nat 
in Patria prim, ad minorit deus ad. S. Anns 
Diacon. Postea ad S. Jacobi, nunc ad S. 
Uhici Pastor Evangel.' I thought that this 
might be interesting to the readers of your 
magazine, who are, like myself, collectors of 
book-plates, as it is the most diffuse in 
information that I have seen.'' 

Mrs. Emily Cole sends a note of the 
following in her collection : — Henry, Lord 
Shelbume, 1707. The Rev. Mark Noble, 
1 802. She has a leaf out of a book in which is 
written, Francis Fust, his book, August x, 1724. 
This is rather a contrast to the elabcoate 
book-plate done after he inherited the title, 
which was about i727ori728(seeaiii^ 11117). 
Another inscription is as follows: — ^ James 
Pe&rce his valuable book, if any time lent, 
please return it. The wicked borroweth 
and payeth not again.'' There is no date, 
but it was afterwards in the possession of 
William Ragsdel, 1807. John Uoyd, A.M., 
1700. Chiles Barlow, Esq., of Emanud 
Colledge (so spelt), Cambridge, 1703. 

Mr. George J. Gray, of Cambridge, writes : 
— "The Hon. J. Leicester Warren, in his 
Guide to the Siudy of Book-plates (p. 62), 
says, 'The general antiquary will be sur- 
prised to learn that we have as yet no 
English book-plate with a date to record 



LAST WORDS ON BOOK-PLATES, 



III 



earlier than the Restoration;' he also heads 
his chronological list of English dated book- 
plates with one of 1668, as t^e earliest dated 
spedmen that he has seen or heard of, and 
that one is ^a purely typographical speci- 
men' composed of movable type. I have 
acquired a much earlier book-plate than the 
one mentioned before, and twenty-nine 
years hefinre the Restoration ; it is not en- 
graved, but printed at a printing-press. It 
was gummed on the back of the title-page 
of A RtcoiUcium of suck Treatists as have 
kem heretofore severally published and are 
mawe revised^ correciedj augmented. By Jos. 
Hall, Dr. of Divinity. London, folio, 1621. 
This is the inscription on the book-plate. 

'Franciscus Frampton. 
Bacc Art. 
An. Dom. 1631.' 

Enclosed within a square ornamental border 
or borders, for there are two ; the outer one 
is exactly like the bonier on Caius's Hist. 
CmMl.j 1574. Printed by John Day, of 
London] aibo on 'Litiieton's T^fwr-'i in 
Eaglish^ London, i6g3, no printer'a name. 
On the book-plate is written. ^\rL \fagn. 
Anno 1633.' Undemeadi the book-plaie. on 
die book itself, is written in the same hand- 
writing: — 

" * Fr[a]ncis Frampton mv ."^cn wai? home 
December the nfth betweene the howres ox i z 
and I r being Satterday in the yeere of iirace 
1635 and was baptized the thirteenth ct the 
same month his Godfiithers ["were^ mv incles 
Thomas Lavolt of Prestcn and George 
Frampton of [ ] his Gorimother my 

Cosin Jane Wolfiaious of Huish. The 
Preacher 3kfr. Thomas River; of AU-hailowes 
and die text Math. idth. i(>th.' 

" I think that I can pride myself on iiaving 
the eariiest English /i^/o/ book-plate i^oivn — 
at present — for I feel sure that others -vill 
torn up soon ^en collectors of jook-rpiatc^o 
are more nmneroos. I should be :;iari of' 
any information concerning the Frances 
Frampton to whom this book-'ji.-ite be- 
longed.'' 




lorb 1)ungerforb of iDc^tcB^ 

By William John Haiiiiy. 

I'ART II. 

|E have spoken already of the incar- 
ceration of J>ord \ f iingerffjrd'ft third 
wife in one of tijc towers of Farley 
Castle. The authority for that 
statement is a letter* addressed by the unfor- 
tunate la^iy herself to Cromwell. It ha^i \teen 
shown that her marriage with Ix>t(\ Hunger- 
ford took place in the autumn of f S.Ptt and 
we may ceruinly conclude, from the manner 
in which her father, lx»rd liuisscy, refers to 
him in his letters to Cromwell, that, at any 
rate, at first, he wa.5 an a/:ccptahle <ton-in- 
law. In i.;36, J/>rd Hu^sey was attainte/^l, 
and executed for biing roticerned in th^ 
Lincolnshire rebellion, and all his estates 
forfeited. N'ow can the f3iC\ of Klizaheth's 
prospects being altered by h';r fatri';r's ff/r- 
fciture have harl any influer.re \tpf,u f/ird 
H ;-;^'^7ford in hi> treatnjfjnr of her f ^>rt<*in 
it i^, that, for sorr.c ra-iS^: or othor, VVbker 
desired to rid himself of hi:> wife, i^nd, irrord- 
ing to her own staterr.ent, d«'>es not a.rjy::ir to 
have scrjpied to practise the vil^^^st m^inns to 
attain his object. Ffere :«? the letr/^r in 
which Fady Ffr.ncjerford relis her doleful 
story to Cromwell : — 

your ^rior! mrl :»rT*io«u iyyMshi;> VnHerly ro '•''•n-i'lcr 
the humMe Vimphyn^ inH 'ri^ inf»»nt of rr**, jfAvc 
mo^t po'ATT'j-t ind infaj-iM y^A roman, Kli/nl,^th 
f fnngerfr,r«l#r. now 'iljV'linj/ v- f \^nv^. Syn y»r\'jr^ .n 

of* Hnntjc5*fV>rflc '.' ■■''»'■;• r .10 "'-■TAVTr'* i'^ ■^nffry'I, t\i>r 

*iAr(^ Toai»? :i.*'i .no :' tvy ''fiV:*' .»' Tf .v-zlr- r, r f 

'Mthe-. or -ml I ':i',^,^r\ ■.'^*f. .ry '*.t v/ \/;"W 'It*;- 
'j'ea.-^ir':. :»iit iM -.'-ly :'fh ■»'■ ff .'/ .f/vn .<tyt^.yv.*ff\ 

>, •.,,'.♦ ;:•!'••', M- .1 f, ill 



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- V'ilf**T ;aii--» •-!■•#• .*»#•»( ,ri-tf 1^/' 
.f »;■■■ #ry ■'>'',*'^ firvn f-t-n ■/••ir ^ -I'lf 'h^f 
jf til ■)»*"»!<» f 'liiUI iV I'-f 



I. I'll ' i> ' »l 



113 



LORD HUNGERFORD OF HEYTESBVRY. 



devossid for myne incontinence, as he dampnablie 
hath reported to my great slandre and utter confusion 
in [the] worlde ; obiectyng suche a crime of me unto 
your Lordship, and other, as I never ofibidid in, I 
take God to record. And now, perceving with hym 
selff that he cold not, nor yet can perceve any maner 
of cause on my behalff to him geven, to be devossed, 
but that I mav soner obiect such matters ayenst hym, 
with meny other detestable & urgent causes, than he 
can ayenst me, if I wold express them, as he well 
knowith. 

And further, that it pleased your good Lordsheip 
of yower goodnes & cnaritie to advertvse hym, at 
the sendying forth of ^our Comission, that I should 
have thynges necessane in every behalff, as it besemyd 
for his owne honor ; and that he should depart som- 
what with me yerely towards my sustentacion and 
leving, which thjrnge chieffly, as I suppose, is the very 
cause only at this tyme, of nis stay m the matter, for 
surely it may please your good Lordsheip thondrestand 
that it wyll greve h3rm not a little to depart with one 
grote at any tyme, although I am not of myself owned 
of one peny, nor yet have any erthly frend more than 
your Lordship in this world, able to help me, or howse 
to resort unto,* or that any man will or dare speke or 
do for me toward your Liordshipe, or any otner for 
fere of my Lord's dysplesure ; by reason wherof 
now of his own presumpcion he hath discharged 
your Lordship's commission assigned, without any 
examinacion or amendement had or urged of his de- 
mayner towards me. 

And so am I your most wofulst & poorest bed 
woman, left in worse case than ever I was, as a pre- 
soner, alone, contynually lockt in one of my Lord's 
Towers of his castell in Hungreford, as I have byn these 
thre or fower yers past, without comfort of any 
creature, and under the custodie of my Lord's Chap« 
leyne, S' John A' Lee,t which hath once or twese 
heretofore poysond me, as he will not denye uppon 
examinacion. And, after that he hard say that ^onr 
Lordship's pleasure was that my Lord Hungreford 
should geve me yerely a pension, for my honest susten- 
tacion, he then sayd, and promised my Lord, that he 
wold sone ryd me for that matier, and so ease my Lord 
of that money paying, yf he myght have thekepeing of 
me i^ejme, as now he hath. And I am sure he in- 
tendith to kepe promes with my Lord, yf yower good 
Lordshipe see no remedie in this behalff shortly; for I 
have none other mete, no drjmke, but suche as comyth 
from the said Prist, and brought me by my Lord's foole, 
continually, myne old servitor, as all men in these 
partes knoweth, whiche mete & drynke considering 
the Frist's promesc made unto my Lord, and his acts 
herentofore done unto me, as my Lord well knowith, 
I have oft feryd, & yet doo, enyday more than 
other, to taste, either of the same mete or drynke. 

* We may conclude that Walter's ill-treatment of 
Elizabeth beran after her father's death, as she speaks 
of bein? without any person to whom she can appeal 
for her help ; an expression she would not have used 
had her fatner been alive. 

t John a'Lee was the last chantry Priest of the chantry 
of Walter Hungerford founded in 144^ ; he was 
appointed in 1533 (see Canon Jackson^ Guide to 
Farleigh ffungifford, p. 50). 



Wherfore many and sondre [times] I have byn, and 
yet am, fayne to dreynke water, and sometimes for lack 
of water, savinge your honor and reverence, myne 
owne water, or else I should die for lacke of suste- 
nance, and had long er this tyme, had not poare 
women of the country, of their duurite, knowing my 
Lord's demayner always to his wyves, brought me to 
my greate* wyndowe, in the n^ht, suche mete & 
drynke as they had, and gave me for the love of God, 
for mony have I none wherew^ to pay tbeym, nor yet 
have had of my Lord these iiij yeres iiij grots. 

And thus my syngular good Lord, I am like to 
porishe, I fare me very sone, unlest ^our j|ood Lord- 
ship, movid with petie and compassion, will comand 
mv sayd Lord Hui^erford, now onrng in London, as 
I beleve, to bryng me bjrfore your Loraship, and aJso, 
the seyd Priest, S'John A' Lee, by home your Lordship 
uppon his examynadon will perceive many strmnge 
thengs of my Lord's demayner. And to thintente that 
I may, uppon causes reasonable, be devorssed frome 
my seyd Ix)rd, or else reoujrre hym to sofTere me to 
come out of preson, and men wyll I come up aibte^ 
with some poore bodies unto your Lordsheip, for the 
secnrite of my lyff ; yf it may please you to condesend 
thereunto, as y shall most htimblie beseche your good 
Lordship, for surely I wyll not long ccmttnue this 
wrechya lyff with hun. I had better destroye my selff, 
or begg my lyving frome dore to dore. And therfbre 
on the reverence of Jesue Christ, let not his fiiyre 
craftie & subtill tonge, longer defraud your good 
Lordshipp in this mater, but requyre his Lordshippto 
send for me, and saffly to be brought before your Lorae- 
ship without further delay, or els to comand some 
other, at your Lordship's pleasure, to fetdi me 
from hym. And in so doing I shal be bovnden to 
pray, as I doo evermore, to God, for the pxeoerradon 
of your honorable estate longe to endure. 

By your most bounden bed woman, 

EUZABETU HUNGE&FORD. 

Even had John Cotell not been strangled 
and burnt at Farley Castle, Lady Hunger- 
ford's imprisonment and ill usage there, de- 
scribed in the foregoing letter, would be 
amply sufficient to account for the existence 
of the evil reputation and legends which 
attach to the place ; for her story was, she 
says, well-known to every dweller round 
about. Lady Hungerford complains that 
she has been kept a prisoner '* these thre or 
fouer yeres past." Supposing, Uien, that her 
incarceration began shortly after her father's 
death, we may date this threnetic letter about 
the dose of the year 1539. Let us mark a 
few of the prominent facts disclosed by the 
letter. 

It has been said that Lord Hussey's for- 
feiture left Walter, the husband of a wife destir 
tute of lands or fortune. In what way^ then, 
did Lord Hungerford show his displeasure? 

I. * (?) Grated window. 



LQjiD HTyGERFCRT' OF HEYTESBCK'/, 



"3 



Not 



m 



the aid cf 
perhaps to oe 






idled. Wi 













L .Ia^^i .U.I. «' 






t 3C 



■^L. r i-yrr ■»■£= * ^ v .ft» _^ • 



at 
cf 
knevGf bff 



L c UUtlL. H 1I.-i -IT! 



It J 



tmannr, Iexi^ zrat s'-rr-t 
dicjded br Ttiwr. aisL. si n zvoii ns 



la* 



themsehres of in* cr,-^ of 
dieir a=s :c koi 
It wil v/t nodc-c 



b.. 



coBdodes br berssif sskinr for £ di'.-or:* 
firom Wahsr : *■ or est.' sat adds, sptakn:^ 
of lier liiih^aiid. "' ic^ui^t rrrxr :: 5u5tr*: mt 
to oonie om of uscscyi. '^ 3ct v^ tntx. sbt 
sayiy cxme ** i^* mutsT ba^iTt latmmgttr am: 
plead bo- case. The v^rrivSi tarx. arrtrids^ £ 
jonmer on foot mm: Wihshiit :c Liiidon 
had no terror for ber. 3bt wa:- r'^'j- vl nsk 
eveijrtlmig ftir Iietdoxc — for. sj si:":, pu:^ ii. 
deadi indf was prtTeiaiiit: il suci. "ja^viit . 
There la something par'nttit ::. :rK words 
wiA irfaidi Lady Tlm i i g tt nuic: ccncija*:: ber 
letter ; Waher she bciirrcs re i>. n. Lytidut. 
and maf teH iiis owe sList \tr5101. of iht: 
stay to CnnnweC. '* Ijsr. not his izyrt 'jrafti*- 
and shbdll tongt.** sht sz}-^. * ri»r:r::.:c you: 
good Lordsfaipp ^ perhap:. as si:-- v.rcic t":a:. 
her nnnd wandtrtc uack tt ih*: unyf uLici. h*r 
kxd had spoken ti iitr mzny z-. w.*:l o'' f^r 
promise^ wfaidi umt iaui pro^-trc it I/*, crafty 



-r "zim'^x.. .: 3 "jii/jr 



*' r 



£it SB>? 



lit SIOIUZ 31 XL 



mot H;»»e*er i: iscy bs^^ '>rtSL w^t set 
isjEt. sai ucr.n^ as '^'v:sz o: Sradfard 

->an: j=.ua^tnar:- vz str i»y la^r xaxtos 
jD'jnais. ▼•.iS pc*r*r:a: oi. uk cay of nieet- 
mzl and requ^ra::; afi^nraras. Tat thcc 
sfiirjt *:>e|2L 11. ib- :r± of Apr!, : 5*^, anc 
•■as 'jrjTj^j*^ CL thr ::tt of May foLr^vii^. 
OL rbici: C£.y L'.^r:, H'.in^crforc »"at a^am pfffe- 
stai. Afier ibc pr.'rjga:..>E be seenos 10 barvt 
gone back f.. Fari^}-, ai. c f^w" Ga>^ iiue:. 
01. iit :i± aac lui of May. we 
nac ntrr <Kmm£ lot coaic:ssii»ns Uikt^i before 
biiT- of st\>:ra^ >=rsoas. vbc unp^a-ibec otbeis 
xy ::c«iSJE^"jit wi»rtl=.* •.»r lac ^^ih 
uf Ms.;i . 'JUK prorcj^a-i-i yesst^jL a' FarLamen: 
•jtr:ririica'-cc it isabt'iir? a^din Lore Hun^ier- 
lorc wds ;/rft>cci. aaci sa: L^asuiatiy im::' tbt' 
:5t:. of jiiii'- fzUciikiii^ :..\.^ cia^^ di'ie: 
tiia: Uk L:1- vj: 1 L:.':iia5 Cr^mw^ll < azLunder 
wa.- introduLcc Irriiit' icac c >econc and 
thir". tsiiK: fi". tfi'. ■.(?•.■ o '-at. On 



H :>c* ^faUc l«}xr.- w' L^. year \^. 



114 



LORD HVNGERFORD OP HRYTMSBVRY. 



the 2nd of July, the Bill for Lord Hunger- 
ford's attainder was introduced ; it was read a 
third time, and passed on Wednesday, the 
14th. The entry in the Lords' Journals 
stands thus : — 

" Hodie. — Pro tertio lecta erat attinctura 
" Willielmi Birde, Clerici et Domini Hunger- 
" ford de Heytesbury, de alta proditione, et 
"communi omnium Procerum consensu, 
"nemine discrepante, est expedita."* 

On Friday, July the i6th, the Bill was 
returned from the Commons and passed. It 
stands thus on the Parliament Roll :t 

The attainder of Byrde and the Lord Hungerford' 

Sheweth that where William Byrde, clerk, vicar of 
Bradford,^ in your county of Wilts, haying a traitorous 
heart mind and intent towards your most excellent 
Highnes, and also being confederate, aiding and 
'* accounsaill" with the reoels, at the commotion time 
in the north parts of this your realm of England, one 
William Williams late of Bradford aforesaid, near kins- 
man! unto the said William Byrde, the lath day of 
October in the 28th year of your most noble reign 
[1536] at such times as he, the said William Williams 
went towards the north parts, for the subduing of the 
said rebels, capae unto the said William Byrde at 
Fikelton in the same county for to take his leave of 
the said William Byrde, shewing him of his said going 
into the north parts, and the said William Byrde, 
nothing regarding his bounden duty unto God, nor 
yet his duty of allegiance unto your most excellent 
Majesty, then and there falsely, maliciously and 
traitorously answered and said unto the said WUliams 
" I am soree therefore. Seest thou not how the King 
'* plucketh doune Abbeis^and images every day? and 
** if the King goo thither himselfe he will never come 
"home againe, ne none of them all which doo goo 
*' with him, and in trueth it were petye he shiUde 
" come home againe." And the said William Byrde 
of his further wilful, malicious, and traitorous mind, 
at such time as one John Mason, the 20th Day of 
November in the said 28th yAar of your Majesty's 
noble reign, at Fikleton aforesaid, said in the presence 
of the said William Byrde, and other persons, " Oh 
'' |;ood Lord I I wene all Uie worlde i;ml be heretick 
** m a while" unto whom the said William Byrde, then 
and there answering, said, ** Doiste thou marvaill at 
"that? I tell the it is no mervayle, for the great 
" Master of all is an heretike, and suche one that is 
" not his like in the worlde,'' not only in manifest 

dispites, contempt, slander, &c contrary to the 

form and effect of divers Statutes in that case pro- 
vided, but also contrary to your peace, crown, and 
dignity. 

And where also Walter Hungerford, knight, Lord 
Hungerford and Heytesbury, having and bearing a 

* yournals of the House of Lords, vol. i. p. 156. 
t Parliament Rdl, 31 & 3a Henry VIII. m. 41. 
X Bradford is in the original spelt " Brodford." 
% William Williamg was a nephew of William Byrde. 



traitorous heart and mind towards your Highness, 
knowing the said William Bjrrde to be a fabe and 
abominable traitor to your Majesty and to your realm 
of England, falsely, maliciously, and traitorously 
willing and minding to aid, comfort, and assist the 
said William Byrde in his said detestable .... 
treasons, the 20 day of October in the said i^thyear oj 
your most excellent and virtuous rei^n caused the said 
William Byrde to be attached, and apprehended of 
treason and to be conveyed and brought to him at 
Farley, in your said county of Wilts, and then and 
there, he the said Lord Hungerford did not onW falsely, 
maliciously, and traitorously, assist, comlort, and 
abet, him the said William Byrde in his said abomin- 
able treasons &c. towards your Highness, but also the 
said Lord Hungerford, did then and there, fidsely, 
maliciously, and traitorously, retain and take the said 
William Byrde to be his Chaplain, by the space of one 
quarter of one year, and dunng the same time did give 
unto the said William Byrde, meat drink and wages. 
And the said Lord Hungerford of his further maliaons 
and traitorous mind towards your Highness, being 
seduced and led by instigation of the Devil, nothing 
pondering his bounden duty unto God, nor yet his duty 

of allegiance unto Your Majesty &c willing 

and desiring by all his wicked wit and power the 
mortal death and utter destruction of Your most 
royal person, the 22nd day of March in the said 
28th year of your most noble reign, at Farley, &c 
.... and at divers other days, and places within 

" the same county, &c "styred, Ac. one Sir 

" Hugh Woodes, Chaplaine, and one Doctour Maw- 
**delyn, privily for to conjure to thintente that he 
" the said Lord Hungerford might know by them howe 
** long your Majesty should lyve, and howe your High- 
'' nes should spede against your ennemeys, not only 
^ to the great sclaundre and peryll of your moste Royall 
'* person, but also contrary to your peace, croone, and 
**dignitie." And moreover the said Walter Loid 
Hungerford, being a man of false and traitorous heart 
and mind towards your Highness, replete with innu- 
merable, destable, and abominable vices, and wretched- 
ness of living, &c theiith day of May in the 

said 2%th year of your most noble reign^ at Heytesbuxy 

in your said county of Wilts, &c and at divers 

other times and places within the same ccmnty, con- 
tinually by the space of three years, now last past 
''hathe accustomably exercised freauented and 
'* used the abhominable and detestable vice and synne 

"of with William Maister*, Thomas Smyth, 

"and other his servaunts," contrary to your laws, 
statutes, peace, and dignity. For the which said 
treasons and offences by the said Walter Lord Hun- 
gerford, and the said William B3nrde severally com* 
mitted and done, as is aforesaid Be it enacted, 
by the assent of the Lords Spiritual, and Temporal* 
and the Commons in this present Parliament assem- 
bled, and by authority of the same, that the said 
Walter Hungerford Knight, Lord Hungerford of 
Heytesbury, and the said William Byrde, and either 
of them shsdl by the authority of this Parliainent, be 
convicted and attainted of High Treason, and that they 

* Eleanor, one of LordHungerford's daughters, was 
wife of a WUliam Maister (see anie^ p. 50). 



LORD HVNGERFORD OF HEYTESBURY. 



«>S 



and cither of them shall, by the authority aforesaid be 
taken deemed and ac^udged for abominable traitors, 
and shaB have and suner such pains of death, loss of 
goods chattels and debts, as \\\ case of High Treason, 
and aJso the said Walter Lord Hungerford and the 
said WiHiam Byide and either of them shall, by the 
aathoritjalonesaid lose and forfeit, &c., all such castles, 
manoiSy &c 

On the a4th of July the Bill, amongst seve- 
ral others, received the royal assent^ and 
four days later Lord Hungerford, with 
Thomas Cromwell, his former friend and 
patron, suffered death on Tower HilL 
Holinshed supplies the fact that at the 
time of his death *' he seemed so unquiet, 
diat many judged him rather in a frenzy 
than otherwise.'* 

How &r Lord Hungerford was guilty of 
the crimes laid to his charge it is impossible 
to say. The two principal counts in the 
indictment against hun were for treason, and 
on diat point we have for authority only his 
own statements to CromweU, as to what he did 
to suppress treason, and the indictment itself, 
which tells us what he did to promote it — 
neidier authority, I think, particularly reliable. 
It is the last count in Lord Hungerford's 
indictment that — if sustained — would cast an 
indelible blot upon his character. In suppon 
of thiSy we have the feet that his treatment 
of his wives had been imnatural. and the 
significant words which Lady Hungerford 
uses in her letter to CromweU, where speaking 
of her husband's accusations against her, 
she says : ** but that I may soner obiect such 
matters ayenst hym, with meny other 
destestable and urgent causes than he can 
atyenstme, if I wokl express them, as he well 
knowith." 

Whetfier guilty or not guilty of treason, 
Lord Hongerford appears to have been gnilty 
of the grosses t iU-trcatment of his wife. 
SjmpM&Lj for her must therefore have been 
awakened, so that it is pleasant to be able to 
record the hex that, afcer her Lord's execu- 
tion, she became the wife of Sir Robert 
Throckmoiton, with whom she spent manv 
yeais of presomaUy happj Iffe, and by 
whom she became the m<^her of several 




Xraaeed of 1)untin0&on0bire. 

By the Rev. Dr. Valpy French, F.S. A. 

PART II. 

IFFORD D'ARCY CHURCH.— I 
found a brass of an ecclesiastic 
loose in the churchwarden's house. 
He is attired in a doctor's cap 
and academicals,* in kneeling attitude. Mr. 
Herbert Ha}'nest assigns to it the date 1530, 
and r^ards it as the production of one of 
the provincial engravers who appear to have 
established themselves in the neighbour- 
hood of Cambridge. I cannot pass by the 
name of Mr. Haynes without expressing the 
loss which this branch of archaeology sus- 
tained in the premature removal of one so 
devoted to the study of Christian archxology, 
so exemplary in every relation of life. 

There is litde doubt that this brass keeps 
aUve the memory of Dr. W. Taylard, brother- 
in-law of Alicia Taylard, described in the 
first part of this article, and son of the 
William and Elizabeth Taylard l>efore 
mentioned. He is described, in the VisUa- 
Hon of Iluntingdm^ by Nicholas Charles, 
as •• L'trius-que juris Doctor, persona de 
Onfjrl et \\i\ sepuiris." I ihouM mention 
:ha: tie villages of I>x:ington and Offord 
DWrcy are not t*o mii-jr. apart as the crow 
ales : the river Ousi tlo^s between the two, 
over A-iiich L> a hr^'l-^t at Orford. TnLs Dr. 
Tivlard aDnears as a legatee in the will of 
WiiiLini Taylard, his father, and in that of 
.\i:cia. his widowed sLster. He wa^ aho 
executor of John Taylard, of Up^vood, His 
name ocr/irs, too, in several contemporary 
indent-ires. iiefore the restoration of the 
chiiTch by :h:- !.i:e Rev. W. Thor - .11, 1 am 
told h.y Mr. Bir -h that thL* .i^rais was upon 
the -javemeat of the ch.inceK 

P>ra.is of 5iir I^wreTi^^e Pa':>enharn, and his 
two wr/e:^, attarhed :o :he south wall of the 
ruTe in 0:iord D'.\rcy Church. Kri^^raved 
about 1+40. This is :>.e or.iy bras^ now 
extant in \:.t r,\\ irch. 'fhe ir».v:ription runn : 



* A.I l.'n't.ie ;^'**'wrj '■'/rr,;,;<^*/";y roA< ring fli*' iiPt9iii\ 
i Vol. L 19 ; 7ol. i\. f/9. 



ii6 



BRASSES OF HVNTINGDONSItlRE. 



Una triu' sorora ac ffiliaru' t heredu' d*ni Joh*is 
Engeyne d*ni dc Engejrne. que obiit xxiij® die mensis 
Septembr Anno. 

d'ni M« ccc* Ixxvij®. Ac d*na Johanna sec'da ux' 
died laurency filia Egidij daubeney militis. qu ai'bu 
ppi*ciet d's Amen. 

The period speaks for itself. The plate 
armour has superseded the mail The 
bascinet is less pointed. It encases the 
whole head. There is a gorget of plate in- 
stead of the camail. In the place of the 
jupon we see a cuirass, and attached to it a 
skirt of seven taces, or plates overlapping 
upwards. The epaulieres consist of more 
pieces. Roundels appear which are secured 
by mvets. The misericorde is worn almost 
behmd the knight The fingers are not 
divided. The belt is diagonal. The pommel 
of the sword is p)rriform. 

The lower portions of these effigies are 
lost. Among other good examples of this 
period of armour may be mentioned the brass 
of Sir John Wilcotes, in Great Tew Church, 
Oxfordshire ; of Robert Suckling, in Barsham 
Church, Suffolk ; of Ivo Fitzwaryn, in Wan- 
tage Church, Berkshire \ and a fair example of 
a knight between his two wives is the brass 
of Sir John Hanley and wife in Dartmouth 
Church. 

The ladies both wear the homed head- 
dress. The dress of the first wife corresponds 
almost entirely to that of Lady Le Moigne, 
and therefore needs no further remarks. 
The second wife wears an elegant and simple 
dress, consisting of a supertimic, encircled 
at the waist by a plain broad band. The 
collar falls back upon the shoulders, the 
sleeves hang like those of a surplice. Be- 
neath this dress was a kirtle with tight cuffs. 
A precisely similar dress appears on the 
brass of Maud, wife of John Fossebrook, in 
Crauford Chuich, Northhamptonshire. She 
was nurse to King Henry VII. 

Lawrence de Pabenham obtained by his 
father's ^vill the manor of Thenford, in 
Northamptonshire. Bridges, in his history 
of that county, states tihat this Lawrence 
was twice married — that his first wife was 
Elizabeth, the daughter of John Engayne, by 
whom he had issue one only daughter, 
Catherine, the wife of Sir Thomas Aylesbury ; 
that his second wife was Joanc, the daughter 
of — Dawbeney (this OfToi d brass teaches 



us that his name was Jiles), by whom he 
had issue one son, John, and one daughter, 
Eleanor. 

Again, in vol. il p. 123, Bridges remarks 
that John Engayne being a banneret and 
resident in Huntingdonshire, was required, 
with all the powejr he could raise, to attend 
King Edward III. into France. By Joane, 
his wife, daughter of Sir Robert Peverel, he 
had one son, Thomas, and three daughters, 
Joyce, Elizabeth^ and Mary. His son, 
Thomas Engayne, succeeded to his posses- 
sions. This Thomas married Catherine, 
daughter of the Earl of Devon. Upon his 
decease without issue, his sisters — ^Joyce, 
wife of John de Goldington ; Elizabeth, widow 
of Sir Lawrence Pabenham, KLnight; and 
Mary, wife of Sir William Bemak, Knight — 
became his heirs. These sisters subsequently 
divided his estate between them. 

Somershatn. — Brass of a Priest. On the 
groimd, within the altar rails. The date, 
early sixteenth century. He is clad in 
chasuble, alb^ and amice. The stole and 
maniple are wanting. He holds in his hands 
a choice which contains a wafer, upon which 
is stamped I. H. S., the three Greek initial 
letters of the word, IHSOUS.* His head 
appears with the tonsure, and with that 
particular form of tonsure in which the hair 
is preserved and only a bald spjot shows 
upon the crown of the head. This kind of 
tonsure was unknown in the Early Church, for 
St Jerome, commenting upon Ezekiel xliv. 
20, says, " This evidentiy demonstrates that 
we ought neither to have our heads shaved 
as the priests and votaries of Isis and S^apis, 
nor yet to suflfer our hair to grow long, after 
the luxurious manner of barbarians and 

soldiers."! 

It seems at first sight difficult to decide 
the dates of pre-Reformation ecclesiastics 
upon brasses, but the following indications 
reveal a late date :— (1) Careless delineation ; 
(2) Omissions, as here (exactly the same 
omissions of stole and maniple occur in the 
brass of the Rev. William Byggins in Sawston 
Church, Cambridgeshire) ; (3) The apparel 
of the alb encircles only the upper lidf of 
the sleeve ; (4) The material is stouter, and 

* ITiey were first found, I believe, on a gold coin 
of Basilius I., A.D. 867. 
t Cited by Bingham, vol. i. p. 239. 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



t»7 



hence stiffer; (5) The hair worn short; 
(6) The ends of the stole and maniple are 
narrower; (7) The vestments fit looser; 
(8) More shading is employed; (9) The 
lines are less bold. 

The amUe and aib are not certain indica- 
tions of the priestly office ; for angels, when 
represented on brasses, are often found so 
vested, as also is St. Matthew as an evan- 
gelistic symbol. 

There are three brasses of civilians in the 
county — ^viz., at Godmanchester, Stilton, and 
Biooghton. 

That at Godmanchester represents a 
civilian with his two wives. It is situated 
at the entrance of die chancel. The civilian 
remains perfect ; only die matrices of the 
brasses of the wives remain, their figures 
placed as usual to the right and left of their 
husband, &ced towards him. The indenta- 
tioiis both of die wives and of the inscrip- 
tions below are cleariy defined. This brass 
is engraved in Fox's History of Godmandus- 
ter. The date is early sixteenth century. 
The civilian is represented in a long, fiill 
gDwn, (^wn up the front, with very finll sleeves, 
which are edged with ermine; a firontal 
ocfirey of ermine is also distinguishable. He 
wears a gypcure, or purse.* The ^cut-purse" 
was so termed fiT>m the manner in which he 
severed this gypdere from the girdle. 

The class of rosmme represented on this 
brass is common fimn the year 1500 till the 
leign of Edward VL 

The figures are in standing posture, chaxac^ 
ten'stic d[ the period. Similar ccstume may 
be seen on brasses in Pakefidd and Little 
Waldingfieid Qiurdies, Suflbik. The hair is 
represented as lon^ after the year r ^c. 

In Brougkton Church are matrices (nX two 
magnificent brasses. Ot the metal, nothing 
remains but some fiagmentary portions pre- 
served by the rector. One r^ rhese -^vas to 
the memory of Lawrence \Cartin and wife : 
date about r49a Portions of the inscription 
remain — a shield with initials L. \f ^ ind a 
canting rebus ; also an evangelistic 'A-mbol. 

The man wears the usual civilian dress. 
with gypdere and rosary pendant. The 



Th< 



foliated 
oftaiol 



were gjenexally nuuie of ^tamy^ leather. 
and were freqaentlv .>mamenf#!rt ^rith 
otlwr patterns, 'tne fram^-'vortr -vn^ 



rosary, as is well known, is a method of 
counting beads, so as to meditate upon the 
incarnation, passion, and resurrection of 
Christ. It is divided into three parts, each 
consisting of five mysteries, to be contem- 
plated during the repeating of five decarlcs 
upon the beads. 

The Lawrence Martins arc, I believe, a 
Suffolk family. Thcv seem to have settled 
at Long Melford in the time of Richard H. 
Their cloth-mark and the initials of Roger 
and l^wrence Martin appear on thirteen 
stone shields outside the Martin chancel in 
that church. This chancel was built by his 
benevolence late in the fifteenth century. 

Mr. Almack, in a Paper read before the 
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, speaks of a 
very ancient altar-tomb in that church, with- 
out inscription, supposed to be \ux I^awrence 
Martin, with the image of St. Lawrence and 
his gridiron over him. 

In Broughton Church we find a sirrtilar 
shield to that in I/>ng Melford ; the same 
initials, **L.M.,'* but instead of the cloth-mark 
is the canting rebus of a tun or cask. In St. 
John's, Cambridge, Ashion is represented by 
an ash-tree growing out of a tun. Jn Bristol 
Cathedral, Abbot Burton's reb»is is the plant 
" burr," growing out of a tun. The rebus of 
" Bolton" is a tun pierced by a bolt. fJishop 
Lang^n's rebus, in his rhJintry in Winches- 
ter Cathedral, is a musical note rail'^d a 
^ long^' inserted into a tun. Tho see '• V/in- 
ton.*" is represented by a vine and a tun. 

The cvan;;^elistic symbol of the />r repr<»- 
sents .St. Luke ; the explanation spven r/f 
:his symbol being that the ox, as the emhicm 
of sacrifice, is the sign of a priest r,r victim ; 
and St. I^ke dwells specially upon c^\r 
lord's sacerdotal power. ^>thers assert thit 
the evangelistic attribiites are tak<*n from rh'r 
four faces in rhe first chapter of P>ckici. 

At SUUion is a ;>re»ss in the nave to Rich?ird 
OirtJioj'se. yeoman, date r>7.^, and ^i^**, 
Anne, r6o6 ; .ilso to their sons, 'i honits, 
r590, and John, r^iJ^. 

The dress of the father m^I son is pr^- 
Cisely similar. Th^y wp>ir a furrM X<">'^'^» "* 
r>^tume which is still preserved in the iivry 
Sfown of the City of [•)ndon ; th^y are !^>ore- 
iieaded, -vith full pifT, h!j(h-b»ittr>ned .nist- 
coat, kn^e-br'*eches. 'J'iie indy wo'irs i ii-^t 
ruff. r%pen- breasted ;?own, f>?*dded 'sho'ild^r;. 



ii8 



BRASSES OP HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



stomacher^ hooped skirt covering the feet, 
very like the dress of Ciceley Page in Bray 
Church, Bucks. 

The dress is conventional throughout. 
That of the father and his wife is exactly 
like the costume on a brass at Enfield, 
Middlesex, to William Smith, of the Guards, 
servant to Henry VIII., Mary, and Elkabeth, 
who died 1592. 

, The son wears the much shorter dress of 
a later period — the doublet and petticoat 
hose, with short cloak over all. 

The inscription under the parents is : — 

Here lyeth buried the bodies of Richard Curthoyse 
late of Stilton yeoman and Anne his wife by whom 
she had issue three sones and three daughters John 
Tho William Ann Isabell and Joane the said 
Richard deceased the 15 day of January 1573 and the 
said Ann y® second of Decemb' Anno 1606. 

That beneath the sons is : — 

Here also lyeth buried the bodies of Thomas & 
John sonnes of the abovesaid Richard and Ann 
which Thomas deceased the xviii day of May Anno 
Domini 1590 and John the xxii of July 1618 to whose 
pious memorie William His Brother caused this 
monment to be laid. 

In Little Gidding Church are six little 
brasses, rendered singularly interesting as 
commemorating some of the family of that 
holy man, Nicholas Ferrar, whose memoirs 
have been written by Dr. Peckard, formerly 
master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, 
and whose life appears in exttnso in the 
Ecclesiastical Biography of Christopher 
Wordsworth. 

Walkeline de Ferrariis came over with 
William the Conqueror. To Henry de 
Ferrariis William gave Tutbury and other 
castles. In time the family became 
numerous, founded religious houses, and had 
the honour of peerage. One line established 
itself in Yorkshire, from which descended 
Nicolas, the father of the celebrated 
Nicolas. He was bom in 1592, in the 
parish of St Mary Stayning, in Mark Lane ; 
was educated at Enbom, near Newbury. In 
his fourteenth year he entered at Clare Hall, 
took his B.A. in 1610. In 1613 his health 
failed, and it was suggested that he should 
join that noble party who accompanied 
Elizabeth to the Palatinate with the palsgrave, 
her husband. He formed one of the retinue, 
and was much noticed by Elizabeth. At 
AmsterdiUn he quitted the royal party; 



visited Hamburg, Leipsic, Prague, Padua, 
Rome, Madrid, and thence home, having 
studied deeply at several of the universities, 
and having been smitten witii dangerous 
illness both at Padua and Marseilles. In 
16 1 8 he returned to England, declined the 
Savilian Professorship at Oxford, succeeded 
his brother in 1622 as deputy-governor of 
the Virginia Company, and extricated him 
from his embarrassment. He soon resolved 
upon religious retirement, atid purchased the 
lordship of Little Gidding, 1624. Nothing 
was left but a large mansion-house and a 
tiny church adjoining. He obtained leave 
from Bishop (afterwards Archbishop) Wil- 
liams to have service performed. He put it 
in repair. The minister of the adjoining 
parish of Steeple Gidding performed daily 
service at eight, litany at ten, evensong at 
foiu". Nicholas resolved to become deacon ; 
Bishop Laud ordained him in 1626. Mrs. 
Ferrar was dissatisfied with the repair of the 
church. She floored and wainscotted it 
throughout, provided suitable furniture for 
communion-table, pulpit, and desk, taking 
care that the two latter should be on the 
same level ; she provided a new font, with 
leg, laver, and cover all of brass, and a large 
brass lectern. Beneath the east window, 
the Commandments, Pater Noster, and 
Apostles' Creed were engraved on four 
tablets of brass. These produce a curious 
effect from the vest entrance. 

The devotions of the fainily were constant 
both in their oratory and the church. The 
procession to church was conducted in the 
following order : — 

The three schoolmasters in gowns and 
Monmouth caps ; Mrs. Ferrars' grandsons in 
same costume, two and two ; her son, Mr. J. 
Ferrar, and her son-in-law, Mr. Collet, same 
drees ; Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, in surplice, hood, 
and square cap, sometimes leading his mother. 

Mrs. Collet and all her daughters two and 
twoj all the servants two and two, dress 
uniform ; then on Sundays the choristers two 
and two. 

I cannot stay to notice their attitude and 
obeisances in church, the general rigour of 
their lives, their recreations, meals, method 
of education. Suflice it simply to mention 
the system of nightly watchings. There was 
a constant double night watch, of men at one 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



119 



end of the house, of women at the other. 
The watchings began at 9 p.m., and ended at 
I A.M. It was so arranged that each watch 
should, in those four hours, distinctly repeat 
the whole Book of Psalms in the way of 
antiphony; that they should then pray for 
the life of the king and his sons. Their 
watch being ended, they went to Mr. Ferrar's 
door, bade him good morrow, and lefl a 
lighted candle for him. At one he rosii and 
betook himself to religious meditation, fbuhd- 
ing his practice upon the passage, '' At tliid- 
night will I rise and give thanks." The 
following pedigree is based upon statements 
upon the brasses : — 

Laurence Wodenoth, Eaq^ of the andent family of that name, of 
I Sa^gton Hall, Cheshire. 

Maiy WodcnodisNics. Fenrar (father d. 1637.) 



Isael Owen, j I 

Balfashelassjofan Fanar, NtCHOLAS J. N. Collet = Susanna, 
d- 1657. d- 1637, 3rd d. 1657. 



Sir T. Brook. 



I I 

Jdm Fazrars Annye. Solomon MapIetoft= Judith & 
d. 17x9. I 15 othen. 



Mary. 

The inscriptions read as follows : — 

Here lyeth the Bodj of 
John Farrar, £so'.. Lord of 
this Mannonr, wtio departed 
this life y« «8* of Sept**. 1657. 

Here Ijeth the Body of 
Annj* Wife of John Fcrrar, 
Esq*., who departed this life 
the 8* of March, 1702, 
She was the daaghter of 
S' Tho Brook. 

Here lyeth the Body of 
John Ferrar, Esq'., Lord 
of this Mannour, who 
Departed this Ufe Feb^ 
tbe 2% 1 719. Aged 89. 

Here lyeth y* Body of Mary Mapletoft, Eldest 
Dnghter of Solomon SfCapIetoft & Judeth his ^ife, 
ft gtaaddiild to John and Susanna Collet, she died 
y* 14 of Joiy, 1656. 

Here also sieepeth Sosa'no, Wife to John Collet, 
Eaq% By whom sne had Issue 8 <ionns & 8 Dao^- 
tcn^ she was y" only Daughter of M^ Nicola.^ Farrar, 
of London, Merchant, & sister to John Farrer, Esq'., 
kte L' of this Man'or, who died y* 9* Oct'*., 1657, 

7« 



Here sieepeth Eleanor Goddard, Doogliter to 
Gcoise Long of r/)ndon, Merchant, and Relict of 
Jmbs Goddud of Mazston in Wilts, Gent, who dietl 
April Oe Jl^, 1717. 



In Stanground Church, close to Peterboro*, 
are two inscriptions as follows : — 

Here lyeth buried y* body of Elias Petit, some- 
time Vicar of this place, 4'** sonn to Valentine Pclit 
of Dandelyon in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, Kitcjuirc, 
who departed this life xv*** Novenib., 1O34, o' the; 
ycarc of his age 31*^ 

Ilic jacet Corpus Robert! Smith Genos, 
qui obiit quarto die Deccmbris A* D'ni, 1558. 
Finibus exiguis clauduntur corporis artus 
Viva vivet virtue spiritus astra tenet. 
Here lyeth buried the bodye of Alice Smith, wife 
to Thomas Smith, sonne to the above itairl Kobt. 
Smith, who dyed the v**» of Scptcmb', A** D'ni, 1595. 
Whose constant zeale to serve the Ix>rd, 
Whose loyall love to husband dere, 
Whose tender care towards children al, 
Remaines abyve though corpcs lye here. 

Smyth. 

In Overton JVafervi/ie, north aisle, recum- 
bent, is this inscription : — 

Hie jacet Johannes de llcrlvngton qui obiit 
xii die January A* d'ni mill mo ccccviii. 

In Winwick^ nave, recumbent, is the 
inscription : — 

Here lyeth the Bofly of Edward Collin' 

The son of E<lward Collin of Winwick Gen 

who Departed this life the 28th day of Janunr' 

1685 in the 49* year of his age and left 

ixsue Olmund his only child. 

In Offord lyArcy Church, or rather, be- 
longing to it, in the possession of the church- 
warden, is the inscription : — 

Johannes Atkin.sonus dudum 
Offordi' Rector utriasque 
Pius prudens vigilans mlelis 
Anno £tatis climacterico 
Christo milleno ^exccnteno 
f2uarto que deno Junii septimo 
Vitam hanc morte vel magis vita 
Fxliciore commutavit 
Istoque est conditus monumento 
r^uod illi posuit sumptu 3uo 
Aman.; amanti conjux viro. 

"Climacterico'' is a peculiar expression. 
In By thorn Church are the following 
inscriptions : — 

Beneath this stone are depositerl the remains of 

Philip Huslwait a native of Kythornc, 

'.vho in the 66th yenr of his age 

departed this Tran:^itory life Feh/ 12th ij^-i 

at Temr^sfor-i in the Coi:n/ '-.f F!edf<,ri'l, 

in hope throii'^h the divine r;iercy of a 

resurrection to life and felicity eternA', 

*• We know that if our earthly ho-jse/' *c. 

2 (Lot. vi. 

Here lyeth y* body of Siliinri Parris 

y* wife ot William Parris ^hee 

dyed ^ 31th of Octr/ 165S. 



120 



BRASSES OF HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 



In Sawtry Sf. Andrew is an inscription to 
Mary, wife of Rev. John Newton, rector, 
1633. Chancel. 

Thuming Church : — 

Aspice, die titulam legis in hoc sepulchro 
Conjugem piam foeminam, religiosam 
Suorum nuper solatia in iiinus versa 
Clauditur hie aenigma charitatis, sine liberis mater 
Quos enim natura negavit fecit charitas 
Quae in hoc saltern domicilio semper incaluit 
Majora velis ; tegitur hac uma Susanna Welles 
Imo ossa hie conduntur, spiritus in sinu Abraham 

Reade here, & leame to live under this stone 
Lye Grace & Vertue, twisted in to one 
Here rests intend y* Friend (there needs no more) 
Of God, of Church, of Kindred, house and poore, 
All would- not save life, but here needs must lye 
So much true worth, reade here & learn to dye. 
Ita parentavit moestissimus Nepos, S. D. 

From St. Neots Church, fer the most 
beautiful in the county, all the brasses are 
gone ; the most ancient is a dark blue marble 
slab, now in the Jesus Chapel. Upon the 
face of the stone is a dog, supporting a cross, 
of which the stem is represented as budding, 
and the transverse beams as branching into 
trefoils thrice-temate. Upon the sockets 
may be deciphered — 

Joha'ne La' Lovs Le List issi« 
Prie Pur Le Alme De Luy 
Ky Pur Lalme de Luy Pn'era 
Cent Jours de Pardoun A vera.* 

In Jesus Chapel is a piece of mural tablet, 
on which are the characters or the sov. 
Below this is an escutcheon charged with 
a crown. This has been absurdly referred 
to Sl Neot. The crown on the shield was 
supposed to denote the royal birth of the 
saint (as brother of King Alfred), the r was 
copied as a B, the punctuation omitted ; and 
the archaeologist was presented with "ob-tlie- 
sov" for his ingenuity to work upon. Mr. 
Whitaker, who wrote the life of St Neot, 
changed the letter o into a, and ventured 
the interpretation " Ob thesaurum in coelo," 
&c. Others suppose it — 

Of your charite pray for the soul of. 

Mr. Gorhams, who, in his valuable history of 
St. Neots, enlarges upon this subject, 
imagines that the crown belonged to Ae 
founder of Jesus Chapel before mentioned. 




1?eview0. 



Loci e Libra Veritatum ; Passages selected from 
Gascoigne's Theoioncal Dictumaty illustrating the 
condition of Church and State, 1403-1458. With 
an Introduction by James E. Thorold Rogers 
(Oxford : Clarendon Press. 1881.) Small 4to. 
Pp. xc. 254. 

|R. THOROLD ROGERS has done great 
service by the publication of , this book. 
It is a book that ought have beat produced 
perhaps by a publi^iing society, and been 
accessibly therefore, raly to a few; bat 
in the ordinary way it is one that rardy meets with 
approval, either at the hands of so competent an 
editor as Mr. Rogers, or, more seldom still, at the 
hands of a publisher. Its particular value lies in the 
fact that it tells us a great deal of the social life and 
some of the political events of a period not much 
known in English history— the reign of Henry VL 
In the following passage in his ConstituHoHal Iiistary 
(iiL p. 176) Professor Stubbs sums up an event whi^ 
was the key-note to much that happened in those 
troublous times : — " The deigy, unaer the guidiuice 
of Bouchier, were employed in the trial <» Bishop 
Pecock, of Chichester, a learned and temperate divine, 
who was trying to convert the heretics by argument 
rather than by force, and who, in the strength of his 
own faith, had made admissions which recommended 
him to neither the orthodox nor the heterodox.** 
That Pecock was not the enlightened precursor of 
broader views of theology ; that his trial and con- 
demnation were as much lor an attempt to fhtther tiie 
Yorkut cause as for heterodoxy ; that he upheld in Uie 
pulpit what was recognized as Uie crying evil of die age 
— tne utter worthlessness of the dergy — is proved by 
Gascoigne's work. And Mr. Rogers points oat wUh 
singular force that Pecock's tenets and preadiings were 
but a sample of what was going on almost every whoe^ 
and steadily bringing down upon the nation the dvil 
war between Yoxk and Lancaster. That war, nominal^ 
the factious fight between two rival fiunHies, was really 
due to the " two cankers of the time, the total cor- 
ruption of the Church and the atter lawlessness of die 
aristocracy.*' How the Commons Hoose of Parlia- 
ment stood out against these abases, and gained 
thereby a great stride in the development of present 
constitutional law, is well told by Mr. Rogers. " To 
my mind," he says, *'the parliamentary leaders 
of these six years of the fifteentn centary (1449-1454) 
are as real, as noble, and as worthy as any in die long 
succession of wise statesmen that I have read o( or 
have known.** Tliis is not sa3ring too mudi. The 
Commons had to fight against the " want of gover- 
nance*' in a king who was as nearly a saint as 
humanity can approach to. '' There is nodiing more 
touching in English history," says Mr. Rogers, " than 
the reverence men felt for Henry." Nominillj, and 
through the evil counsellors who were by his side, 
Henry upheld the bad government. Then, again, the 
Commons had to fight aeainst the power of the 
turbulent nobles, whom the kin£ even could not check ; 
and they had to fight against tnc.turbalent popnlaoe^ 



REVIEWSi 



111 



who hid loiBl rebdlian from the hard school of mun 
and oppRsaoB. Gnad ss «eu tbe cuiecr of Henrf \\ 
noble as was the canse of his war -vrith Fiance — riz^ 
the ttym o Cu y of rdigiaos and social abammatianfs 
that war oost Em^asd yean cf misery, diongh h 
sained her sone of her giafions murwn as a nadon, 
andsameofherjanfinMataiypdvileees. Mr. Rogers 
depicts Hcnj v. in a iftWifM Yi^j lol a s a crusader 
aguMt Eiiwy c aa iwmnrility. Severely orthodos, 
sci^Niloady jsflt, a ssodd of prirale Tirtne, of damit- 
les heroua^ of ooBsaDoate sn&taiy skiD — axe the 
cfaaiactemtia of die &Acr of that am Hemy whose 
life was oaly wro^g in dnl he was bamamoDanh* 
and snooeeded to t^ fn'Sf irit mpf cf t^ Tictor of 
ApnrnMt* 
^Te f*"*^"*^ filler logger over dns most interesting 



forliids it to inflict un him perwcations which no 
anterior ill-ixsage ei'cr justified. To transmit the writ 
nntoAment, 5iays M. Mas^ero. he probably read it 
alond in the tomb, and then tied it to th^ statne 
whid) was supposed to represent his wife. She re> 
ceived the ssmmons in the same waT she was 
accastomed to recerre the prayers and food m-hich 
were jgiven to her statne at certain times of the ^^ear. 
This is a glimpse of the important work we have in 
these volumes, and we coztgratnlate the Society upon 
the SQOcessfn] accomplishment of its valnable laboors 
— labours which many might, and, indeed, mn.^ have 
shnxnk from if they had not been saipported by the 
unity of effort which societies prodoce. 



We kave no ipace to ipare to sg^eak cf die 
•odal hgtoiT here c i Mit ■ ia nl , of daenewevideDoecan- 
tiibiited to me faiitonr ofpcices, of c um me io e, and of 
faTatioe in EngJann We have only to siy how 
macfa there is to admire in the litenuy ddD and the 
histoncal jadgBnent shmrn in the selection here laid 
beiDre the stadent ; and we lay the book down with a 
reoomDcndatiao to litemy men to stndy its qnaint 
local Latin (if ooe may so say), and to hismrinl 
tfidffrt^ to sbidy its new inf onnafciaD. 



RMrdt ^tke Fksi; hamg EmfiisA Traulatiims cf 
ike Assyrmm mmd Eff^Httm Mmmmemts, VoL XII. 
Eratian Tetfs. ^^aodan: Bagster and Sons. 
iffl.) 8vo^ pp. vm. i6i. 

We are tony to say that this is the last vohtme of 
thii vahtthle series pnblished under the directions of 
the Kfalkal Aidueolqgical Society. Whether we 
mnailfr the pnJitiril, or whether we consider the 
sicial and institiaiQaal hiitaqr contained in these 
twidre vohnnes, thoe can hot be one opinion that 
they are of the utmost vahie to the Biblical stndenL 
The present voliuie, in addition to the texts, now for 
die nnt time pnhlisbedy ^srwit i^ Twy an alphabetical 
Table of CoBtenls of the series of twelve volmnes, 
and we are promised a sopplementary volome, con- 
taioii^ a copkms alphabrtiral index of the proper 
names and ^^*^"*^ points of interest in the senes. 
The present Tofamie consists of translations of the 
S mJ k JflfadfT a sacred book cf the Egyptians — the 
dream of Tholhmes IV., and sevend inscriptions of 
freat interest The most interesting of these is cer- 
tain the .Am^ «^ AUSsr. It gives a fresh insight into 
Egyptian tho^g^ on a sobject which has always 
imnd an i mpoi l ant place in all systems of religioo. 
Hoir dearly the anaent though of Egypt is paialirled 
by the thoiq^ of Eniopean nations is, however, best 
seen in the translation nom a 'pupyius of Leyden by 
II. Maspcrot. Inthis we have a husband complaining 
of Ae evil condition he is in three years at least after 
he became a widower. Though the Lej^den Papyrus 
is not an ofiidal document, the translator thinks it 
hm a jodidal character, and compares its incidents 
to the carioos actions the Norremen brooght against 
gjbosts in the Middle Ages. They accused, jndged, 
and fimnd gnilty dead persons who rose frcnn the 
tomb to hannt the hoose they lived in. In like 
nmner, in tills Egyptian document, it appears as if 
the hnsband sues ** the wise spirit ** of his wife, and 

^roL.iv. 



Amdmt Wood and Irom Ji^ari m Cambruigr. By 
W. B. Redfx&n ; the letterpress written wuh the 
assistance of the Rev. D. J. bTSWA&T, M.A., and 
John Willis Culul, M-A. (Cambridge : W. P. 
Spalding.) Parts i, 2. Folia 

These are the &rst two parts of what promises to be 
a most interesting and important woiIl There is so 
mndi vamped-ap woodwori^ to be seen now-a-days, 
that accurate representations — sach as are given here 
-•<£ really authentic pieces, are of special valne to all 
interested in this charming bnnch of art The sis plates 
herepfxxinoedrepresentapanel ofbolddesign inQaeen^s 
CoQege Lodge, carved in 1531-32, which was moved 
finmi uieColl^e Hall to thePtesident's Lodge in 1 752- 
34 ; a diair in \ht same lodge, which, mithont proofs has 
been sapposed to have belonged to Erasmus ; book- 
cases in Trinity Hall library, of aboat 1590 ; a nobly 
p roportioned chimney-pnece of about 162a at a hoose 
m St. Andrew s Street ; an earlier chimney-piece 
(dated 1594.) at 3, Snssom^s Yard, Bridge Street ; and 
a richly carved arm-chair of aboat 163a We are not 
informed as to the extent of this book, but we trust 
that before it is completed the author will add an in- 
trodnction, giving an historical account of the changes 
of style in wood-work at various periods, and the in- 
fluence of foreign artists mxm our English taste ; and 
we also hope that he will be able to ferret out the 
names of some of the artists who produced these 
beautiful objects. 



Somtkwark and its Slcny. By Chaklotte G. 
BoGEJL (London : Simpkin & Marshall. 1S81.) 
8vo, pp. 136, 

A series of articles in the columns of a local paper 
is the origin of this little book. The author has 
compiled some very readable matter, coveriug a lon^ 
period — ue,j from the time of the Romans to the present 
day. There is nothing in these pages but what is iamiliar 
to the antiquary ; but, as the mass of general readers 
are fre<|uently unacquainted with the historv of their 
immediate neighbourhoods, this small volume will 
prove of value in directing attention to some of those 
landmarks which are in the present day too rapidly 
disappearing. It is written in an agreeable manner, 
and cannot prove tedious to the most superficial 
reader. Soutnwark, the most ancient of metropolitan 
boroughs, is rich in historiod interest. Mrs. Bo^r 
says : — ** It struck me that what was new and m- 

K 



192 



REVIEWS. 



teresting to myself might be equally so to others 
especially to those who have not time or courage to 
face more solid reading on the subject" The work 
tells of the visit of the Romans, Danes, and Saxons ; 
and, of course, St. Mary's Overies occupies a promi- 
nent position. The Abbey of Bermondsey and its royal 
associations are treated at some length in chapter vii. 
Some modem historical events are also eraphically 
portrayed — ^the unfortunate incident arising out of 
the visit of the Austrian General, Hajmau, to the 
brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, as well as 
tiie large fire of l86i, the greatest conflagration which 
has occurred in the metropolis since the memorable 
fire of 1666. Mrs. Boger tells us ''that she has 
omitted much of interest with regard to the inns, 
prisons, &c." These, with their peculiar associations 
and incidents, are fast becoming things of the past, 
and every year adds to their obliteration. A 
perusal of this book may awaken attention, and in- 
duce readers to refer to more comprehensive works. 
We cordially recommend it to the notice of our 
readers, and wish it every success. 

Transactions of the Essex Archa^gical Soci^, 
Vol II, Part IL, new series, (Colchester ; W, 
WUes.) 

There is much of extreme interest to the anti(;^iiary 
in this number of the Essex Archaeological Society^ 
Transactions. There are — " A History of the Priory at 
Hatfield Regis, alias Hatfield Broad Oak/' bv G. 
Alan Lowndes ; " Records relating to the Guild or 
Fraternity of Jesus, in Prittlewell," byj. A. Sparvel 
Bayly ; " Inventories of Church Goods, 6th Ed, IV.," 
and " Particulars of the Descent of the Manor of Little 
Stambridge," by H. W, King ; and an Account of Uie 
town and church of Witham," by Lieut.-Col. W. J. 
Lucas. The first named Paper gives some interesting 
land records of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 
and these are always valuable to the student of history. 
That the arable lands were cultivated upon the prin- 
ciple of the open intermixed lands of the old village 
community there is some curious evidence. We have 
the " dool, and unploughed strip of land in a ploughed 
field," which tells us of the narrow grass balks sepa- 
rating the allotments in the common fields; and there 
are one or two instances of fines for encroachment, 
which belong equally to the open-field cultivation, 
thus : ** The Prior was also fined sixpence for a tres- 
pass with ten of his beasts in the wneat of the Lady 
of the Manor, and fourpence for six of his pigs being 
in the same." The Paper on the Guild of PnttleweU 
gives some curious information on this important 
subject, and should be compared with the evidence 
brought together by Mr. Toulmin Smith, Mr. Coote, 
and Mr. Cornelius Walford. We have only space left 
to draw attention to the Roman pavement discovered 
at Colchester, the design of which differs considerably 
from that of any hitherto found there. The account 
of this discovery is accompanied by three illus- 
trations showing the pavement as it exists — a 
conjectural restoration from the remaining details-^ 
and a plan of the site on which it was found. We 
congratulate the Society upon its satisfactory financial 
statement, and feel sure that all the members must be 
more than satisfied with the labours of their indefati- 
^ble secretary. 



An Old Story re-told from the " Newcastle Cottrant.'* 
The Rebellion o/iuS- Printed for Private Circola- 
tion, 1 88 1. 

On the leaf next this title-page there is the 
following note: — "The following compilation 
appeared in the Newcastle Courant from week to 
week, and for that purpose was written in sections as 
it appears. It was not intended to be a complete history 
of tne Rebellion, but merely a reproduction of what 
was said in the North of England concerning the 
^lovement at the time it took place." The excerpts 
are connected here and thereby fresh matter. Those 
who have the main facts of the transaction in their 
minds will find this a very interesting narrative. It 
contains many odds and ends of information not to be 
found in histories, but which throw a good deal of 
light upon the state of the country at that time. We 
should have thought it would have fouiui a larger 
circle of readers tluinthat likely to arise fW>m " private 
circulation." 



The Western Antiquary^ or Devon and Cornwall Note 
Book. Edited by W. H. K. Wright. July 1881. 
(Plymouth : Latimer & Son.) Part. I. 

The means by which we gain knowledge of local 
antiquities are rapidly increasing and the first part of 
this new claimant is made up of some very excclleat 
notes from a great many out of the way sources, and 
from the pens of many able men* among whom we may 
note Mr. J. P. Briscoe, Mr. W. H. Kogeis, R^. H. 
Friend, Mr. G. C. Boase. These notes are repriiited 
from the Weekly Mercury under the able editorship of 
Mr. W. H. K, Wright, and we cordially re-edio the 
words we said when the scheme was first started* and 
wish the Western Antiquary every success. If it 
keeps an independent course, and gathers up within 
the compass of its pages all that is yet to be learnt of 
Devon and Cornwall, it will have a career of great 
usefulness and of some considerable duration. 



Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, Parts X. and 
XL (London : W. Kent & Co. 1881.) 
These are capital continuations of previous good 
work. The real value of such publications consists in 
the fact that contributors who are interested in the 
history of their localities may send up valuable in- 
formation without troubling to put it into literary 
shape. By this means there is accumulated within a 
small compass the materials by which others may 
hereafter build up a history. We hope that Gloucester- 
shire men will enrol themselves in the good work, and 
thereby continue to nmke their Notes and Queries 
all that it should be in the literature of the age. It is 
much more the local inquirer than the literary man 
that can do good in this department. Among the 
most intere^ing articles we may mention that on the 
Custom of the Manor of Longhope, Building Tradi* 
tions, some Local Bibliographies and some Indexes to 
Monumental Inscriptions. There is also a very use- 
ful map of Gloucestershire attached to Part XI. 



t-^.' -x^j< 



MEETfXGS Of ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



"3 




k > « I I 



Of Bntiqnarian 



A'vrvifift 



METROTOLITAX. 

SociETV.'— Joiy B^ Anmuu lAestzn^. — Mi. J. G. 
'Wallfir in titt Chair. The ^nniiL, JiLepcn vx:- re&d. 
It soofld tbu the ScjciarT -w&f xc t fincrikhing dot- 
ditmn. and thai tht- viaai m'cr*: tli ihu cumf be 
daiired. The simmur txcurw'jxi ic- tiTifinf irai^ 
thjDngh the t^^^***" of our ±;rT. Georp- licif;hx. czid 
Mx. £. Ford, one of the- Lefi the S:iCit::T hbi '::al. 
The incneaie in the mimher of nuauiier; irx:^ sT.i:Hhc- 
tanr. The reporL. with iht bcumct-Bneer.. -vru 
adopted, and tiie o&cen* weit re^iecieil. 

Hisi*OLJCA.i» — Tuk ri. — ^Mr. C. WUi.iri it the 
Chair. The fuIiDWixic }*aT»er5- wvrt read : — * Lrrmcit 
from tht: hzst Kqpister liiiui. n' liie }'ctihl uf j cmrcL.'* 
bv the Kev. £. £in£. heiii{; vorioiis ii:itK> ivfcmxif ic; 
TEBiaikabie events. Idol and {rsuenil. inierHpeTHtsi. 
amunf tht- Regular entriet arhotiiii^niSk. nu^rrmg'eL. &:l. 
from 1556 Id 1707. leC ci m c t:- iiorue n:i'u.%. ^vswu- 
tifBK of the plague* induciiut iif via;r... uit Lcrl (if 
Ftt canainiacy. excDmxnuur.aiii3ii!a. 6:l.— * Vciitcui 
in hJR relaticm to tht h:ud« u: Cnniera. rlis'Lirv . fnm. 
a Fhilaaophtca] Poin: uf A'lev/ tn Ir.. (.. C-.. 2.c:rfi. 
— ** On tiie Eariy Hisiun o: liu AittiiLtrraiitaT. } ^tm^- 
iBZians from tlie lunbiem:- m: titt <jrTt:ei. miL i..:imai. 
Amonymoa^ Coin^ of Syri:;:. Laxi aIiuu*.. .irt^ct,. 
Itaiy, Spain. icCf'* hy j^i. Ijyui- Ciarkf. Tuc^t ut 
A u ii ul were nymbui^ uf tut ismits- o* cr.iur 11 
Canaanils. tLiuta. Cyiyrinit:. Ltrusoir.. Ii>eTui.. A^l 
Fnm the coins, cienis. aitc; .syliauane.- ui- uemuai'.raiec 
tiie cammnnity of Cyimu^ one. Anici.. tner r.-^cn* 
UniBe tb Aklcad in ancient liidiL.. J- run. tut nunitrru. 
vBhies of the Heiirew- ur Puamiciai. aiiiixauf*- ur 
dAermined tiieir QTign: fnim tin Caiiuanut ai:r !it» 
identirT of tli» with KiutL. 

Ikuex Society . — -J uky 35, Anrnsi y 1 eetm j: . — Air . 
ILofaert Haxriran in tiic Coau. i^I: ^. L V'iieati?> 
noad tlie thixd Anniial Keuor o' tin limncii.. i ciiici. 
of cansidenble length, '^'m man \mye*i w !jii. 
Tj WBF fco build till prauiiiali} ai *:ii^yciiii;i^i:'. 11. 
wxueh, betng ic divisions, wuu.r !>•. n in» n<iif 
kaadf of faxms. I: was expeciet tua' ueiim \\\t •nii o' 
^e jiiiiair year an arrauirenieii: mipr sx '.-•niiiiiei'rr 
Iv which, for a mall annua: «an.. tm Six.i?*.« hm*- 
he acconmodaied with tiu.- ua. o: ai. ufii.T ji tut 
■LJigu oouriiooci of tile bhtuii ^iuMruri. " jj* \vj»rr. 
tfObaoBTT Koticc-N for i8ho wil i>> \j'Jl\S\\'.\\k* u i 
vnfaxnie. Tiie iuue:. icr: iSkt. wil u* \\i» 
s: iioicd, a.t ii oonuin.-. u ci^Ukiurr.^ . . i* • . ;:. ■ ur- 
tf ocxMS fram American uaiier;.. ''.ir '...^wrr.ifi. 
a novio^ tiie adoption of Uk l^<nxjri 11 <:rfr3 '. :i ><-:-' 
tte Socierv on ii^ atisi^cton' cuar^LCi?: " jj* 'nr^r*:!. 
tf & BBCiety Uio: tiiat wa- nect»s3ir:i|L •>;•>¥ " ..':• .-..t 
Vu fK nenda tC' do voiuntaT^- won.. :i;' \ ,-r .--.' " 
ipCBC a poition of their nio&er. u. vt\ta:k\, \ w ■ . r 
he a pea: thinp for tiicn. u< iuiv* u •.' r... wt. 
oftiaal. for tiicj. nwnr '.;".»«!:.'■<:» 
work a: preNnt. Tii^ kio^«9 • <rw<r- 
of a lifamy o' laufsvt '* ne* rt:fct>f 




no brsz^ f;C kfif.;wl4^c, aod etrrj««»Jy iiiir;ii«4 a/i ia- 
CTes.s(r of CLCsilien. At j^rtacst ij:i4r (>Jji <jf um; wjiIi 
done ULi bt^:: uiuovAT-iLa, bvt '^}««r »vj>^» kflrf 
bee::: u<d voil'i(£ Ut uJif.^.'^ lj;.- Mr. T'jcjuiJjMc/a, 
F.K.S.. M3CVLLd«d tijc yt^r^A^X, wImUj wu « 'jiaoi 
adofici — ^jn iut vu'f^x^ of Ki ii. T. Wv/^ 
MC'XiicM br Mr. '.Kuxriu«. tliUi.V.: were ]AhMiO f^ tlwv 
at^.'-'.'^i- — Tltit ntwCvuiiuU wt: ■: ksu?? '.lit AuueKvM 
]liz..b*.er btdii;; «.«a^c*fi:i. 

P K O V J ^ C I A JL. 

C sYTLx w vL •- J» *.T\ * >. -V t=7 f' Y: * • Jy <, \j: » . — J uly 
jz. — J*"-' VV. % Vuist J:*fcn . pj«.»C.e«.ii . — Vjudur ^m; 
g:uiii.'jit» rf M'. W'/ru. tilt 'Jiv.*. w'*****^**^- ♦.veaus.iujnr 
tnt fttrrtv '.«ri-j u*. '^'j'j-^r* ji.I„ 'J*i4f:it anr uj*'ji» c 
siL>.t >. f::*.*::i'.it::. r.:r: ru •.»'i»';» bv its-rut bi. wet. thai 
I! \Axssi\ »j'_rtTi£;'t lUf V sifjuic ur.iic^'.v iu-vt «b«jfiAit.'Ct 
notijt- T:it iuj'. tua? liitt* «'.rt\'»^^ri.: m*: u- i-l- '.twuf 
zq'jk: Kc':itni! p'jjiu CJUWAJti^ in' wxluiitc n <U'jubU«ki 
tht ccuHt- '.lib: t^ifT Lici't :u:iien.'j ebui'^'C tU itiuxi'.Kiii 
'jf x:ir.i:iuiirieL. ^'iirv uipv ia cic&'jr.lM.-:: lu iwv ova- 
cmii^ii liiiei- of rKUUiu*': aii^! 'usii.. «-/:i«u<luif fr^Mi 
}"niii:iu:sL •«: tut wea: i'. i; •I'.tiu: ii tiit >.^uct:livl' '^*mA 
cfT. txic laifli. G diriiunct '.if iit%f.-v twv mlitst. fiui! ren^.iiy 
er.iic fici**-. tn. tut v' *«-'" »»i'»u» fuw i/ '.-uupci KiiL 
vmur :um iunu^ l uu'.uiu l'jr.i(iui«.tui;, Uit t«/.»rgt tif 
viu'ji It ;r-'.i*.fifn.et In- tut d'juuit iiut «■■ vikitiiUuii. 
7*111 c*^ eiici'Jh'j;:! v'i:im. *;'iic!fi ii<.iiiii(mritA ii uuuu' v 
siiuji't milt h esien* — iiiU'Ji I'j*. iur^'.^. ai i! wuiil<! 
}fe«i.. f:r i miliiu-y w.i^i:. bu» vel bdH>i'.u< lu» ai* 
vj'ptr.uH- VII ict vmiij wr-vt f'.»r tut pT'.iiectKir aii^ 
ht:::i'jnitnr u' 111 en In* '.•-iim.. v'i:i p.: fiocKi uiic hetfti, 
auc aii:'n:iet piimiii.. .^ urtutr ii ti'.ieii^i^.iieii thU 
t£;:itfii.iwt lim './ raniyti'".. tipj't 1: it leu' ^iieioii*^. iiiK^ 
usr.iir '.n* cf.*i«'.rt.. i »imtl ri'r^ruiu' for', t-^inuiiniifj: i«H^ 
:i:::i ai U':'«. vni'Jt viu fiiMiii*.i«i' luei a ( pity.r 
dii'ttii! Viij... Uk*. '.Ii» \ka\. tiiL I'. i#» Miit{;li' 11 
tni'J! wuudiaiK.. viifjl 1. v. nii'i'jtu* uui M;v'iid«fui|;, 
tiitt' rvtn v'lli til* iiit o' Wv WiiL iiii(' tin Okhmiucc 
>iui. r wilt 111)' aiwuy: «i<« u (i«i««'iimii* tii< itiiHliirt* 
«»' :i.' iirtUi'jcitKH II tfi* {'.♦fli'rtii dwposiiiui 1/ tiir 
pniuiit. 'J"ii« iiiii«r hiK (/ Miii)nir:, YfUK\*. *'ji^#om.-(L, iiiit 
Lum niuCf i*:v»»li«:» |i\ Mlilivalii.ii. uu l' l* vn:!' M;tA Of< 
tm erjCifTi fiaiu autiv* ^riniiiiii.ii Tik p{ir<v madt 
tiiil' WH^ tt Iin iS'iixK-yr^n*. <»i Ootip*:f : Mill. {iii(l 
tii-n. ali»r i snt/r- fi«;i;i', i( tu* V «H' 'Wiiui ucimuv^, 
iiuiiii i mil* lii'Sin. v*uki* Vi' Witi' tia( lijif tin 
ri'" viilliiij «-i|'«r*^ iiii' tn* •-.I'jiiviitiifir itur ou«f for 
(5x.ijiiiirai/fiT, Till' i>iriitiiii v^.i tn* '»Hii|*;'; tr oii« of 
tl« ;a? Jftlcr vfTiti-ff If" I loivti-ff KtiUtilOf;. *«^i*t» 
fnni til*. Ut% tijtii i niii^ ltv<i\ >iii*:m:i ii I' mi«<- jmo 
turtr.:vf I it t^ «/ii* •;' \n* If'** MK*:i*:4tiii(' iHfumtn 
•:vT' diw.-'tvfnv. Infill » ii,tii*iti'" i*tii«fw '.< HI 11/11) I lift' 
i«r"'ir*: i^*fi «/' !(•« jt/i 11 ■ ;tiK nnif* i.^iir^fi* 't Ui.- 
ir.iTTi»r ! «; tli* * iri/fiii;il' ji/rp . ■ i«^ f«.«5" H «./lt«ii** 
t*zr.l\*i »Mf 7^ •' *« |;i*;.ii*-« v»i'itl I » '..utjliilij^ 

ri" 'I*" wjlii";, vr»'- if-i'i" m' '..inrfiltiy j#>i 'z^,!'*!!!^ 

'' ,1. II :• «^.-|'tfl'^ /■ 4 |l'/ l'/-lll' r( 'iJ' ' tt'f*i»l/i 

¥»*fU* lif'i'lli* •/< .■^>y.l/ f^ 
t|«« .'i-i'.H.it l.</ii A 



vw»*"i« r *f</"li' 111'- 
• iiT'.fii'j i|" ]«, i« r- ij'/ij 




1/ ■ 
.^ir. .■ 

J|«-i. "r*^ • 11 ii«i*iil** '/ ii'tijt.ii i^fi«< •• » "■/«■ 
ri ' f' in*'' "f • I i»-i I ii< i'i<ti«»y- 'iH </<'<•• «»»//i> 

^jf^ik^ir )«4rr I rill ||«i ||ii*fi«/< 14«< ft«<^« ^^C^lv, -A^tthU^ 






124 



MEETINGS OB ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



the skeletons, till at length, at a distance of 24 feet 
from the outer wall, the trench terminated in a sort of 
semicircle, around the end of which were five flat 
stones, on which, sitting in a contracted position, was 
the skeleton of a young woman, with the remains of a 
baby in close proximity. At this point the trench 
came to an ena, and there were no further signs of 
bones in any direction. Professor Rolleston \n& of 
opinion that it was in honour of this last body that this 
great cairn of stones had been piled up — who shall say 
now many thousands of years ago? All the skulb 
found were of the long-headed type. They have been 
properly cared for, and some of them, carefully set up, 
will find a place in the Gloucester Museum. Mr. 
Witts read a Paper on the barrow, embodying the 
£icts above stated. 

Surrey Archaeological Society.— July 27.— 
The Dorking Annual Excursion. — The first visit 
made was to Wotton House, noted as the residence of 
the celebrated John Evelyn. The valuable paintings, 
including the fine half-length of Eveljrn, bySur Godfirey 
Kneller, also the imrivaUed collection of books and 
manuscripts in the library were inspected. — At Wotton 
Church a Paper was read on its history by Mr. Milboum. 
Having described the architectural features, he went 
on to speak of the various monuments, particularly 
alluding to those of John Evdvn and his wife, Mary 
Evelyn, in the Evdyn sepulchral chapel, and of 
William Glanvill, situated in the churchyard. The 
last-named bequeathed a certain sum of money for 
the benefit of five poor bo]^ of Wotton, not exceeding 
the age of sixteen, on condition that such boys should 
attend on the anniversary of his death at lus grave, 
and repeat the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' Creed, 
and the Ten Commandments, adso read the fifteenth 
chapter of the First Corinthians, and write in a 
legiole hand two verses of the same. Mr. Evelyn 
pomted out that the ancient arch at the west end, 
which was thought by many to be Anglo-Saxon, was 
identical with one in the chancel, for which a modem 
arch had been substituted. — ^The party then proceeded 
to Abinger Church, and here the first thmg which 
attracted notice was the old stocks, a memorial of 
bygone da]^, which has been carefully preserved by a 
roofing. A Paper was here read by Major Heales, 
who remarked Uiat thev were on the highest point on 
which any church in the county was built, and that 
the parish, although in length about nine miles, at 
the widest part was very Tittle more than one. It 
was called in Domesday Book Addisboume, the 
doume having some allusion to the brook which they 
had seen more than once in the journey thither, and 
' he said there was no doubt that the two mills situated 
on the stream were on the identical site of two referred 
to in Domesday. The earliest part of the present 
church was the nave, the chief and remarkable feature 
of which consbted in the three windows which were 
placed very high up on the wall on either side, and 
whidi there was every reason to believe were of an 
early Norman period, perhaps from 11 20 to 11 50. 
Where the wall was thinned off, it was probable that 
there stood the original chancel arch, as it was clear 
that the present chancel was of a considerably later 
period, he presumed of the Early English period in 
the twelfth century. Having spoken of the absence 
of iqDpnvunents, Major Heales called attention to tl^e 



pulpit, 
Flemisl 



the ancient carved panels of which were of 
lemish work of the sixteenth century. He then 
spoke of the goods of the church in the time of 
Edward VI., the inventory of which had been pre- 
served. Concluding, he said he found from the re- 
gister, which commenced in the year 1559* that in 
1654 there was a meeting of the parishioners, who 
agr^ to permit a gentleman named Hussey and his 
son, of Lincoln's Inn, to build for themselves a pew. 
which was allotted to them in perpetuity, the premium 
which they paid to the parish being £Sf and the 
annual rent tor a 1,000 years to be a peppercorn. — 
The last place visited was Shere, and the party pro- 
ceeded at once to the church, where the Rector (the 
Rev. L. R Adams) and his curates received them. 
Mr. Ralph Nevill described the architecture of the 
church. Mr. Nevill said the earliest part of the 
church of which they had cognizance was of Transi- 
tional date, of the twelfth century, the tower and an 
an^ (now wsdled up) leading to the south transept 
being of this date. The tower was of a too unusually 
light and good design to be Early Norman. In the 
middle story was a double round-headed window, and 
the bdfiry stage was lighted by three round windows 
on each side. The south aisle was divided from the 
nave by a somewhat peculiar arcade. The arches 
were certainly Early ; but he could not say whether 
the exceedingly clumsy capitals were now of their 
original shzpe or had been cut down, as was so easy 
where the material was chalk. In the Tower oif 
London were some of Norman date of somewhat the 
same character, in which a circular shaft supported a 
square order, but in that case the projecting comers 
were roughly carved* Other features of the church 
were described, including the round arch of the south 
door, the elegant carved work in which was men- 
tion^, and uie two lancet windows in the south 
aisle were said to be of Early English date. The 
decorated portion of the church consisted of the tower 
arches, the north transept chantry and window, the 
east windows of the chancel and south chapel* and 
also the two-light window on the south side, which 
was, however, of rather earlier character than the re- 
mainder, and was a graceful specimen. It was evident 
that the old Norman arches of the tower were taken 
down and replaced by those of Decorated date. The 
arch on ^e south side was, he concluded, built in at 
an earlier date, probably when the pass^e to the 
belfirr was cut into the south-west pier. "Diere was 
no distinctive moulding to the arch, out he concluded 
that it was Early from the fact of its being built of 
the local sandstone, which was not much used at a 
later date. The chancel arch and its capitals, being 
no doubt originally hidden from view by the rood- 
screen, was, as was commonly the case, of plain 
character. There was on the north side a sqmnt for 
watching the two altars from outside the church, the 
arrangement for double view being somewhat peculiar. 
The arch could be seen on the outside. This was 
thought by some to be for the use of lepers, bat he 
was mdined to think it was for the parpost of pro- 
tecting the church against robberies, which were fre- 
quent, or for watching a corpse lying in state. The 
Paper also' dealt with the histories of the manors 
of Shere and Shere Vachery, and nve some parti- 
culars gleaned from the ch^hwardens' accounts of 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



"5 



Henry VII. The plan adopted for raising mon^ in 
those days seemed' to have been to hold a driiJcmg, 
the proceeds of which went to the church. There were 
records of several snccessful bouts, and of one held 
aboat 1500 by John Redford, the rector, at his own 
eipense, for strangers brought together by him, at 
which he raised the sum of ;f 7 35, 4//. There were 
also numerous records of king-games, a sort of 
summer May-game^ and other sports that bright^ed 
the lives of our villagers before the icy hand of 
Puritanism and social (manges reduced them to dull 
dmdgeiy. In conclusion, Mr. Nevill said most of 
the brasses mentioned had disappeared, but most of 
the slabs remained, many being to the Bray and Dun- 
comb fiunilies. ^ These seemed to have beoi of extra- 
ordinary long life, and there were two instances of 
97, and one of 92, and eleven names from slabs gave 
an average of 83J years. — Mr. Nevill then read a 
Paper, which had been prepared by Mr. Granville 
Leveson-Gower, on "The Parochial History of 
Shere." The writer stated that Aubrey derived the 
name from the clearness of the stream at Shere, but 
this derivation was unintelli^ble ; and Manning was 
probably right when he denved it from "shire,'* a 
division or separation. Some account of the Bray 
fiunily was given; a brief memoir of William 
Bray, the author, with Manning, of The History of 
Surrey y who was bom there, being also introduced. 
The writer stated that the earliest register now to be 
found commenced in 1691, but Manning and Bray's 
History stated that it commenced 20th August, 1545. 
He did not believe it was altogether lost, and it 
might possibly be among Mr. Bray's documents, or 
in the depths of the parish chest in the south 
porch. He trusted that mquiries would be made as 
to die whereabouts of the missing book. The present 
xegister had no entries which specially hemed to 
iUnstrate the parochial history of Shere ; and there 
was an interesang book of churchwardens' accounts, 
of the time of Henry VII., from which several ex- 
tracts were given in Manning, but it deserved to be 
printed in lull, and was worthy of a place in the 
Society's volumes. The Paper gave an abstract of 
the will of Robert Searclin, rector of the church, 
who died in 1412, and whose brass in the chancel 
gives a r ep r e sen tation of him in his vestments. The 
wills of some other rectors and inhabitants were also 
mentioned. 

The Record Society. — August 9, Annual 
Meeting. — Mr. James Crossley, F.S.A., President, in 
the Chiur#» The Report, whidi was read by the Chair- 
maoy stated that since the last annual meeting two 
vdumes have been issued to the members. These 
are an Index to the Lancashire and Cheshire Wills, 
preserved at Chester, from the earliest date, about 
1545, to the year 1650^ edited by Mr. J. P. Earwaker, 
M. A., F. S. A. From these volumes it is now possible 
for any one to ascertain at once what wills, relating to 
any particular family, are there preserved, and also 
whether any will of which he may be in search is to 
be found tlusre or not Roughly speaking, these two 
volumes arc an index to about 25,000 wilk. In order 
to render them as complete as possible, the editor 
has added a list of the early wills copied into the 
Registers or Enrolment Books at the Bishop's Court, 
Chiitcr ) a list of the wills printed by the Chetham 



Society ; a list of the wills examined by the Revs. J, 
and G. J. Piccope, and since then either lost or 
destroyed ; and a list of the wills found in one of the 
Harleian MSS. in the British Museum. To the 
second volume is appended a list of the Lancashire 
and Cheshire wills proved in London during the 
Commonwealth period, 1650- 1 660, and also a list of 
the Administrations granted in London during the 
same period. To each volume the editor has added 
an introduction, which contains much information 
Ijearing upon the Lancashire and Cheshire wills. 
With regard to future volumes, the Council direct 
attention to the following list :— Volume V., the 
second for the vear 1880^1, will be a volume of 
Cheshire Funeral Certificates, from the Harleian and 
Lansdowne MSS. in the British Museum, and a few 
from the Public Record Office, edited by Mr. J. Paul 
Rylands, F.S.A. Volume VL, the first volume for 
the year 1881-82, will be the Registers of the Parish 
Church of Prestburv, co. Chester, from the years 1560 
to 1630, edited by Mr. James Croston, F.S.A. Next 
year, being the Preston Guild year (held every twenty 
years), it hs& been suggested that the Guild Rolls, of 
which the earliest is dated 1397, and which abound 
in information relating to the chief Lancashire families, 
should, if possible, 1^ printed before then, and the 
Council hope that this will be able to be carried into 
effect The volume will be edited by Mr. W. A. 
Abram. During the past year eighteen new members 
have joined the Society, and the present number is 
275. 

Kent Arcr/eological Society. — Twenty-fourth 
Annual Meeting, Canterbury. Earl Amherst, Presi- 
dent, in the Chair. The Rev. Canon Scott-Robert- 
son, Hon. Secretary, read the Annual Report, which 
stated that the Council were preparing to issue 
another volume of Archaologia Cantiana, Interest- 
ing discoveries of foundations containing Roman 
masonry have been recently made at St. Pancras 
ruins, in the cemetery of the ancient Abbey of St 
Augustine, outside the city of Canterbury. Other 
discoveries have been made near Canterbury and 
Wingham by Mr. Dowker. At the Roman castrum 
of Reculver, the demolition of certain wooden out- 
buildings has exposed to view a portion of the core 
of the Roman wall, not before seen. Owing to a 
slight landslip this masonry needs to be underpinned. 
The Admiralty hxid resolved to underpin it, and to 
face it with new brickwork. The Secretary having 
represented the state of the case to Colonel Pasley, 
the Director of Works, that gentleman has most 
kindly ordered that, instead of a complete masking 
wall, nothing more than piers necessary for support 
shall be placed over the old wall'core. — The Report 
was adopted, on the motion of the Bisho]> of Dover, 
secondea by Sir Walter Stirling. — ^The visitors then 
proceeded to St. Martin's Church, on St. Martin's 
Hill, where the Rev. Canon Routledge read an in- 
teresting Paper on that ancient edifice. The original 
church, allowed to fall into partial ruin after the 
Roman evacuation of Britain, was probably restored 
towards the end of the sixth century, to serve as an 
oratory for Queen Bertha and her attendant. Bishop 
Leotard, and re-dedicated to St. Martin of Tours, and 
portions of that building, he believed, were existing 
even in the present day. He assigned the different 



i26 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



gortions of the church, as it now BtAnds, to Roman, 
axon or pre-Norman, Norman, Early English, 
fourteenth century Decorated, beginning of the ^• 
teenth century, and end of the fifteenth century 
ueriods. He called special attention to the circular 
buttress on the south side of the nave, which was very 
peculiar. It was not unlike a circular projection in 
the Saxon tower of Sompting, in Sussex. The most 
interesting of all was the font. Assuming it to be 
Norman, it was almost unique, as being built up of 
various stones in different tiers. It was more than 
probable that the whole font was pre-Norman, 
chiselled out into the present pattern. — The party 
then moved down to the grounds of the Kent and 
Canterbury Hospital, where the Roman foundations 
of St. Pancras Chapel, said to have been consecrated 
by St Augustine, have recently been excavated, 
through the kindness of the Bishop of Dover and 
Canon Routledge. The latter gentleman read a 
Paper descriptive of the chapel and remains, and 
afterwards made a brief statement as to the excava- 
tions. At the western porch there were still standing 
portions of a wall built with Roman tiles and sea- 
ihore mortar, jraonounced by Mr. Parker to be a 
Roman walL They had discovered the foundations 
of a wall and buttresses exactly corresponding on the 
other side. Below the surface there were parts of 
a pavement consisting of coloured and patterned 
tiles. The foundation walls were composed of Roman 
tiles, with here and there salmon-coloured mortar. 
That there was on this spot some early Roman 
boildii^, whether of a secular or religious character, 
was indisputable. The Roman tiles were ponounced 
to be of a good time, and Mr. Roach Smith says 
" there can be no doubt of the foundations being those 
of a rather extensive Roman building." The con- 
crete floors at the east end of the nave and in the 
southern partictu were apparently Roman or Saxon. 
He believed there was originallv a small Roman 
church, which, falling into partial ruin, was restored 
by Ethelbert, and converted by Augustine to Christian 
worship. 

Wilts AJtCHiCOLOGicAL Society. -*• Annual 
Meeting. Sir Charles Hobhouse, President Three 
days were devoted to excursions around Bradford-on- 
Avon and other parts of North Wilts. During the 
week's discussions the state of Stonehcnge occupied 
prominent attention. The Committee reported that, 
m conjunction with the Secretary of the British 
Archseological Association, a representation had been 
made to the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal 
Archseological Institute of Great Britain, calling their 
immediate attention to the insecure condition of 
certain stones on the outer circle, and their imminent 
danger of falling. At the same time, the question of 
re-erecting the great trilithon which fell in 1797, and 
which had been so often advocated bjr the archxeolo- 
gists, was again pressed upon the parent societies. 
A Committee of the Society of Antiquaries, includ- 
ing Sir John Lubbock, had consequently visited 
Stonehenge last month, and made a careful examina- 
tion of the stones, the result being that the whole 
ouestion was to be submitted to a general meeting of 
ue Society of Antiquaries next November. In the 
course of the discussion it was stated the leaning 
itone was at an aiig^ of sixty degfteiy and that unless 



some measures were immediately adopted to make it 
secure, its remarkable character would be destroyed. 

[We are obliged to defer our Reports of the Annual 
Meetings of the Archaeological Institute and of the 
Cambrian Archaeological Society until next month, 
owing to pressure on our space.] 



®l)ituan?. 



JOHN HILL BURTON, LL.D. 
Born Au^, 22, 1809 } died Au^. 10, lS8l. 

The Historiographer Royal for Scotland was a native 
of Aberdeen, liis father was a military officer, and 
died while the future Scottish historian vras still 
young. Mr. Burton was apprenticed to an Aberdeen 
** advocate,'' or solicitor ; but he soon wearied of the 
monotony of that business, and set himself to work 
his way as a practitioner at the Scotch bar. He 
became an advocate in 183 1, and soon began to 
devote his eneigies to writing, and contributing several 
papers to the IVestmmster Rtview^ and subsequently 
to the Edinlmrgh^ His Life and CcrresponJmce of 
David Hume was first published. The Lives of 
Simon Lard Lovai and Duncan Forbes of CuUoden 
followed in 1847. Two years later was published his 
PolOical and Social Economy ^ which had a considerable 
success at the time. Mr. Burton next published An 
Introduction to the JVorAs of Jeremy Bentkam, 
Among his minor works the most interesting are The 
Scot Abroad and the Book Hunter. But some time 
before 1853 Mr. Burton had seriously devoted himself 
to the study of the history of his native country. In 
that 3rear he published a History of Scotland from the 
Revolution to the Extinction^of the last Jacobite Insur- 
rection* This, however, was but the introduction to 
his greater work ; and in 1867 appeared the first foor 
volumes of a History of Scotkmd from Agricokfs 
Invasion to the Revolution of 168& Three more 
volumes were published in 1870, while in 1873 a 
second edition of the same work appeared in eight 
volumes. This work it was which brought him the 
appointment to the ancient but undefined office of 
Historiographer Rmral for Scotland. Mr. Burton's 
last work was the History of the reign of Queen Anne. 



DR. FERDINAND KELLER, F.S.A. 
Bom Dec, 20, 1800 ; died July^ 1881. 

We are indebted to Mr. W. M. Wylie, F.S.A., 
for the following particulars of one of the most pro- 
found and most assiduous students of arclueological 
soience of modem times. Dr. Keller was bom in the 
Schloss at Martalcn, in the Canton of Ziirich, and 
belonged to one of those old families of Switzerland 
who seem to have taken root there in perpetuity. 
There is still extant a grant of arms to the KeUbr 
fiunily by the King Maximilian in 1^7, at Antwem. 
Early in life Dr. Keller seems to nave resided ror 
several years in England, where he filled the post of 
^tor in the Seymour family. Here probaoly he 
acottired his very accurate knowledge of our language 
and a strong partiality for Englisnmen. However 
the mal dupays was too strong to allow Dr. Keller to 
remain absent for many yeata^ and we find hhn back 



OBITUARY. 



12^ 



in Ziiridi in 183s. Here occ un red one of tliose little 
crents tHiich, trifling m thesr m>ear, so frei^aently 
ihnpe oat a mm's fatiire life and destiny. Donng an 
erening ftmble in April, 183s, at a spot culed 
Bm^^idlili, near Zitrioi, Dr. Keller f<Mind some 
peasants nprooting an ancient tree. It had fixed 
itaelf on some pre-historic tnmnlnt, the contents of 
winch were thns bron^t to light, and excited a Yerj 
•trong interest in ^IWs mind. He called his 
friends together the next day to view these relics of 
ages past, and oat of this fottoitous assembly arose 
t£e Sodety of Antiqaaries of Ziirich, which, under 
Keller's gaidanoe, soon took brevet-rank among the 
first societies of its kind in Europe. Dr. Keller was 
elected President, and filled the post till 1871, when 
JM-hfihh compelled his resignation. During this long 
period, however. Dr. Keller devoted himself con- 
timially, both mind and bodv, to the study of archaeo- 
logy and the well-doing of tne Society he had called 
into existence. Let any one take the trouble to 
examine the literary doings of the Society of Anti- 
quaries of Zurich, and the noble Museum they have 
ooQected, and it will be seen what can be done, with 
the smallest possible finance, when wiU and abilities 
are present— )iere^ to be sure, we have the will and 
abilttics df Keller* His Society now stands alone on 
its mettle. Will it maintain its doings and reputa- 
tion ? Our wish is that Keller's spirit— and a double 
portion of that spirit, could this be possible — ^may 
continne to animate his successors. One thing forces 
itself on our notice— that the Ziirich Society have 
known how to effect much with the modicum of 
money at their command, putting to shame our 
Enfflbh confederations, who, too often, waste abundant 
Imias in coetljr worldng, with but a modicum of 
return* Dr. Keller's patient work and research was 
however, not without reward, for in 1853 came the 
most prackos discovery of the Pfahlbauten. This, 
however, like other discoveries, might have passed by 
unknown and oncomprehended, but for Keller's pre- 
tence. He alone it was who fiimished the clue to unveil- 
ing the mystery, and urged on the active research of 
othen. The whole of the Swiss lakes and morasses 
were found to teem with remains of a bygone race, or 
races, who had lived above their waters during the many 
ages of the Stone, Bronte, and Early Iron Periods. In 
fiict an entire old past world was opened up to us, with 
all its effete cultivation. For all this we have to thank 
Dr. Keller. Others tried to deprive him of his 
laurels, but his friends soon put things right The 
P&hlbaaten discoveries broi;4ht Keller into much 
doeer relation with our English antiquaries, and manv 
visited Switzerland to proRt by his acquaintance. A 
fiivonred few, indeed, became his intimate friends, 
and the prevalent r^ret of us all was that we had 
him not permanently among us. On his deathbed he 
sent us — M^ri^fM^— touching words of adieu. lie 
was a man of simple habits, full of a quiet zeal and 
learning, and as good and true a gentleman as ever 
Uved. Dr. Kellers account of the Pfahlbauten dis- 
coveries was translated into English and published by 
Mr. J. £. Lee, F.S.A., in 18&, and they had the 
benefit of the author's revision. We may add that Dr. 
Keller's Papers were communicated to the Society 
of Antiquaries throng Mr. Wylie, who translated 
tbCB before preseBtRtKm. 



TTbe Hntiauari^'0 Dote»Booft. 



Account of the Village • Officers of 

TONDAMANDALAM UNDER THE P&ESIDENCY OF 

Fort St. George^— i. A kamam, who kee||>s all 
accounts belongii^ to the village ; enjoys a portion of 
land for his service, denominated kanakku*m&nyam, 
which is inserted in the Terabadi, and is generally 
situated in the extremity of the bounds of the village, 
in order to prevent others encroaching on them; 
besides this he receives a fee called sh^J^, or wora, 
for keeping an account of the measurement of heaps, 
and also, he gets a fee called kuri-kadir, or **shMf- 
fee " for chopping the stalks from dry grain. 

a. A k&vel or kivelgar, whose duty it is to watch 
the bounds of the viUage, crops^ stacks, heaps, and 
other property of the inhabitants in the village ; he 
enjoys a certain quantity of terabadi-minyam, a part 
of which generally lies at the extremity of the limits 
of the village ; as also kavel-valakku, or fee in sheaves. 
This officer is held answerable for all thefts committed 
on the heaps of the village ; and for such of the 
property of the inhabitants as is stolen by night. 

3. A karumdn, or blacksmitli, is employed to 
manufacture the iron implements required for agri- 
culture, and to assist in building houses for the 
cultivators, in which former case the cultivators furnish 
him with iron and charcoal only ; and, in the latter, 
they pay him for his labour. He also possesses 
terabaidi-minyam in the village, together \vith shema 
(or sheaO and hand-fees. 

4. Tatchen, or carpenter, who manufactures all the 
wooden implements of agriculture ; he claims the 
same fees as the blacksmith. 

5. A tattan, or goldsmith's duty, is to shroff (to 
assay) the money collections of the village ; he also 
works in gold and silver, and enjoys a terabadi-m^nyam 
as well as the fees valakku and mdra. 

6. A kanndn, or brass-smith, whose duty is to cast 
images for the pagodas, and manufacture brass pots, 
&c., for the use of the inhabitants ; he enjovs terabadi- 
manyam but this does not exist in every village. 

7. A kal-tatchdn, or stone-cutter, to cut images, 
build pagodas, and manufacture stone mortars, grind- 
ing stones, &c., for the use of the inhabitants, for 
which purpose a terabadi-m^yam is optionally 
allowed him, but not in every village. 

8. A kilshavan, or pot maker, supplies earthen 
pots to the cultivators, pot-rings to the wells, and 
anai-kal, or spouts for the sluices of tanks, and 
accordingly enjoys tcrabadi-mdn3ram, as well as 
valaku or sheaf and hand-fees. 

9. Ndvidan, or barber, attends all marriages and 
funerals of the cultivators, and enjoys terabadi- 
mdnyam, fees, &c., besides which the inhabitants 
optionally pay him for his trouble. 

10. A vannan, or washerman, washes the clothes 
of the cultivators, attends all marriages and funerals ; 
and is also allowed a terabadi -manyam, notwith- 
standing, he is paid optionally by the cultivators. 

If. A panisevan, or virakudiyan, literally a work- 
man, attends on the head-cultivator of the village, 
announces all marriages and deathi to the com- 



128 



THE ANTIQ^UARYS NOTE-BOOK. 



munity, and is allowed a certain quantity of terabadi- 
minyam with sheaf-and-hand-fees. 

13. A valluvan, or tailor, sews the clothes of the 
cultivators, and prays at festivals and at the time of 
measuring the crops ; and is, in consequence, paid a 
fee in grain mixed with chaff. He sometimes 
officiates in the capacity of a kadumi, a sni^e-doctor. 

13. Aviniyan, or oihnan, is to press oil for the use 
of the inhabitants and of the pagodas. He has no 
fee whatever alloted for this service, but is exempted 
from professional duty. 

14. A par-v&niyan, or chetti, keeps a shop in the 
village, and supplies the inhabitants with spices, and 
is likewise exempted from duty. 

15. A y^lavanyan, or ganlener, to cultivate the 
gardens, and sell greens and fruits ; he is exempted 
from duty also. 

16. Valay&n, fisherman or boatman, whose business 
is to open and shut the sluices of the tank ; is 
employed at the ferry in cases where the village 
happens to be situated on the bank of a river ; and, 
in consequence, enjoys terabadi-m&n3ram fees, &c., he 
also fishes in tanks, &c , and sells the nsh in the village. 

17. A vochan, whose office it is to perform puja in 
the pagoda of the village deity, and to carry a fire- 
pot on his head when any dispute happens, is 
entitled to a fee in the village. 

18. Totty, kumbokutti, or vetti3ran, who is a Pariar 
by caste, is employed in measuring all the heaps of 
grain and carr3nng letters and money in his first 
capacity ; in the second, he waters the fields ; and in 
the third, bums the dead. He possesses m&nyam 
with fees. 

In addition to these, there exists a calendar 
Brahman to point out lucky and unlucky days and 
hours for commencing ploughing, sowing, cuttmg the 
crops, irrigating, &c., and to officiate as a priest at 
marriages and funeral ceremonies ; there are also cow- 
keepers or shepherds to attend Uie cattle and sheep 
of the cultivators. 

[On the Revenue System of Fort St. Geoige : 
Journal of Asiatic Society (Great Britain), vol. 
i. pp. 398-306.] 

Pye Book. — The following curious observations on 
the word Pye, by the late Sir T. Duffiis Hardy are 
taken from the Appendix to the Thirty- Fifth Report 
of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (p. 195) : — 

" The derivation of the word " Pye-book is by no 
means certain. It has, however, been suggested that 
the word pye, or pie, may be an abbreviation of the 
Greek III-ya(, pinax (an index), or of the Latin pye- 
tacium (a list or schedule), or else taken from Uie 
mediaeval Latin word/^a, a sinf le-pronged instrument 
used by way of a pointer or index. Though the ety- 
mology is obscure, its meaning is clear enough, being 
nothing more nor less than an index of names with 
references to the places where they occur. The Latin 
word " pica*' has another meaning besides that given 
above, which Ducaange explains as a directonr 
{directoire). He derives his opinion from the Brevi- 
arium printed in i555i where pica is thus defined, 
'* Incipit ordo Breviarii seuPortiforii secundum morem 
"et consuetudinem ecclesix Sarum Auglicanse una 
'' cum ordinali, seu quod usitato vocabulo didtur Pica, 
" sive directorium sacerdotum ;'' and under the word 



*' Ordinale,'' he ^ves a similar interpretation, "Or, 
"dinele quod usitato didtur pica sive Directorium 
" Sacerdotum." Caxton printeain 1477 a Directorium 
Seu Pica Sarum. From these instances it is evident 
that the pica was the Roman ordinal or directory, in 
which was ordained, in a technical way, the manner 
of saying and solemnizing the daily offices of the 
church ; the difficulty and intricacy of whidi, as wdl 
as the meaning of the word pye, is thus alluded to in 
the Preface to the Piayer-Book of King Edwxund the 
Sixth, "Moreover the number and loudness of the 
"rules called the Pie, and the manifold chanpngs of 
"the service, was the cause, that to tarn this book 
" only was so hard and intricate a matter, that many 
"times there was more business to find out what 
" should be read, than to read it when it was foimd." 
From this it would seem that the Directory instead of 
clearing rendered the matter more obscure, and hence 
perhaps may have arisen the t3rpographical expression 
of type being thrown into pie — i,e,t to be placed in 
proper order from disorder. The pica type of later 
days probably took its name from the laige letters in 
wmch the Anglican Portiforium was printed ; be Uiis, 
however, as it may, it is conclusive that the word pica 
or/2> signified a directory or index. I have not as 
^et been able to discover the earliest use of the word 
in the sense of a simple index of legal or dvil mat- 
ters, but it seems probable that it is derived firom the 
ecdesiastical term pica^ abbreviated into pi, pi^ or 
pye. The etymology of the word is yet to be nxed. 

The earliest occurrence that I have met with of the 
word/>>'r, in the sense of an index, is in the year 1547 
in a document containing a list of names of persons. It 
is headed " A pye of all the names of such BaU-ves as 
been to accompte pro anno regni regis Edwardi Sexti 
primo.** 

There is also a series of books in the Public Record 
Office called " Pye Books," which are indices to the 
indictments in^the Court of Queen's Bench at West- 
minster. They commence in the year 1673, <^ there- 
fore not so early as those at Lancaster, which begin 
in 1660 but relate only to affidavits. 

(Signed) T. DuFPUS Hardy. 

Wordsworth.— The followm^copyof aholograph 
letter of the poet in the possession of Mr. B. R. 
Wheatley, is characteristic and interesting from a 
biograplucal point of view : — 

Rydal Mount, August 14th, '41. 
My dear Mr. Powell, — 

I deferred writing to you till I could learn the 
price of the carriage upon the portraits that were sent 
down for my signature. It is 5^. 8</., whidi be so^ 
good as to payMr. Quillinan when you may happen 
to See hinL The likeness seems much approved in 
this neighbourhood, and the engraving is certainly 
excellent. I cannot suggest anything for its improve- 
ment. Our medical attendant is about to send for an 
impression, whidi he means to lend to a Bookseller 
in Ambleside, to be exposed at his shop-window for a 
while, and this may induce others to apply for copies. 
There is not much enthusixmn in this neighbourhood, 
so that I could scarcely venture to recommend send- 
ing copies upon trial to Kend«il or Keswick in par- 
ticular. At Kendal, the Booksellers I employ, who 
publish my vol. upon the Lakes, are namea Hudson 



THE ANTIQUARTS NOTE^BOOK. 



129 



mud NidiolfoiL They are respectable people, and 
perhaps a few copies mig^t be disposed of there by 
them. I will mention the sabject to mv son, William, 
who lires at Cariisle, and he will be able to asceitam 
whether there is likely to be any demand there. 
There is a shop there^ kept by Mr. Tomham, who has 
prints sent down from London to dispose of upon com- 
mission; bat with what saccess I know not; bat I 
do know that there is little interest taken in literatore 
or works of art in these two ooonties; and for my- 
self; I do honestly believe that there is not a part of 
Great Britain in which I am less thought of than in 
Comberland and West^., if yon except my immrdiaff 
neighbomiiood. Pray tlnnk Mr. Plow (?) on my part 
lor his obliging intention of sending me a few copies 
of the print Thej will be mnch Tallied by my con- 
nections. Many thanks for the package of cheeses, 
and believe me, my dear Mr. Powdl, 

FaithfoDy 3ro>Dn» 

Wm. Wordsworth. 



BntUitiarian Dews. 



The old parish drarch of Cheadle has been com* 
pletely res to red, under the care of Mr. G. E. Street. 

The Rer. Kendm H. Smith, of Ely, has been ap- 
pointed by the Society of Antiquaries of London 
Local Secretary for Cambridgeshire, by diploma. 

Among the manuscripts added to the Bibliotb^ne 
Nationale in 1880 is a collectioo of letters of Alfred 
de Mustet, endosed in a sealed chest, whichisnotto 
be opened before the year 191a 



The chapd of Lincoln's Inn, whidi is said to hare 
been designed by In^ Jones, is about to be altered 
and cnlaiged under the superintendence of Sir E. 
Beckett, But, Q.C. 

The nordi porch of Salisbury Cathedral was thrown 
open htdy, on the comjdetioo of a restoration carried 
out as a memorial to the late Dean Hamilton, at the 
expense of his widow. The work has been carried 
out from tlie designs of Mr. G. £. Street. 



Mr. James Coleman ann o un cei for early publication 
a foc-snnile of William Penn's original i^ui and pro- 
posal for tlie foimding and buikling of the splendid 
city of Philadelphia, The foc-snnile will be re- 
p ro d ncedfroiacopyof thebook purchased from the 
Pemi Lifanry. 

An action by the Attomey-General, to restrain the 
Corpontkm 01 Walliag fo rd from destroying an old 
Roman caaq> at Wa mu g fo id, which was used as a 
recreation nonnd, was recently heard before Vice- 
ChanccDor HalL We are ^jaA to learn that the Cor- 
poration Mbmiftrd to a perpetual injunction upon 
tenis wludi had been agreed to. 



Nmki mmd C^nurs tf LaucasUre and Chi'.kire, 
\n Mr. James Crostoo, F.S.A., author of On Fmi 
ikrmgk the Peak^ A HisLfry ef SawUahmy^ &c, 
wrhich has been for some time in the j^re&s ^<rijl be 
ready at dK cad of Angnst or eariy m Sqptember. 



Mr. John Heywood, of Manchester, will be the 
publisher. 

The ancient parish church of Salton-in-Ryedale, near 
Malton, was recently reopened by his Grace the 
Archbishop of York, after undergoing restoration. 
Thb is the second of the few ancient churches of which 
Ryedale can boast that have been opened recently after 
restoration, and the work is about to l>e extended 
shortly to at least three other edifices in the district. 
WTien will this work of restoration end ? 

Colonel Wilson and Mr. W. M. Ramsay are at 
present making an archieological tour in Phrygia 
and Kappadokia. At Doglumlu they have m&e 
careful drawings of the Phrygian inscriptions, our 
previous copies of which they have found to be very 
maccurate ; and they have also taken measurements 
of the tombs and their ornaments. One of the 
chief objects of their tour is to examine the Hittite 
sculptures and inscriptions at Boghaz Keui and Ejruk. 

Mr. Robert Linton, Kilmaurs, near Dundee, who 
has lately made some valuable and rare fossil dis- 
coveries, has added another to his list. In the Annick 
Lodge diale he has found a very fine specimen of the 
Lal^rinthodon order. It is embeddnl in a slab 31 
indies by 17, and shows 28 distinct vertebrae and \z 
ribs, above one-half of which are complete and in posi- 
tion. Mr. Linton has so carefully cleaned the boi of 
the fossil that every detail is visible to the unaided eye. 

The last portion of the andent prison associated 
with the burning of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, 
known as the *' Bocardo," or Bishop's Hole,'* situate 
at the back of the andent hostelry, the "Ship 
Hotel," in the dty of Oxford, b about to oass into 
the possession of a new owner, who will build an ex- 
tensive furniture warehouse on the site of the '' Ship 
Hotd" and adjoining premises. We are glad to 
learn, however, that t& " Bocardo " will be carefuDy 
preserved in its original form. 

We are informed that two round barrows in the 
parish of Duntsbome Abbas, which are marked 00 
the Ordnance map, and are described as two of the 
finest in the county, are now in process of demolition 
for road repairs. Mr. Witts, at a meeting of the 
Cotteswold Naturalists' Fieki Oub, suggested that 
measures should betaken to protect them, and stated 
that they are on land the property of Earl Hathnnt. 
Surdy Sir William Gui^ the President of the Club, 
win use his influence for the preservation of these 
barrows? 

The Antiouarian Museum, Edinburgh, recdved a 
▼alnaUe adoition to its store of antiquities lately, in 
the shape kA. an ancient Scottish canoe, which has 
been presented by I>r. Bruce, of Dingwall, in whose 
possession it has been for some time. The canoe, 
which mcasureS'Uxleen feet in length, is hcJlowed out 
of a single tree, and is a much rnder specimen than 
any of those displayed in the muscnm. Instead of 
pocbcssing a prow, the bow has been roughly est 
square acrois, and the stern-UArd, which, along with 
the prow, usually distinguishes andent .Sc>ttivb canoes 
is misving. 

The Stamlard Vienna cnm^yuiMCDi says — A dis^ 
oakery <4 great intereU to antiquaries and ilndciUs of 



130 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



the early history of the human race has just been made 
at Hallef, near Salzburg. A tumulus has there been 
opened, containing a large quantity of human bones 
uid other relics, mduding bronze rings of various 
sizes and workmanship, knives, coral, amber, and 
numerous other trinkets. The most important object 
among the remains is a skull of massive Duild and un- 
usual shape, and with the teeth in an excellent state 
of preservation. The mound where the discovery was 
made is believed to have been the burial place of 
members of an ancient Celtic race. 

The British Museum has purchased a collection of 
biblical and other Oriental manuscripts, which are of 
the utmost importance to the criticism sjid exegesis of 
the Old Testament. The collection^ which was made 
in South Arabia, consists of forty manuscripts. Fif- 
teen of these are portions of the Hebrew Scriptures, 
and two are probably the oldest which have as yet 
come to light of the Old Testament Scriptures. A 
third, which contains the Hagiographa, exhibits a re- 
cension of the Hebrew text, the otner two portions of 
which are already in the Museiun, thus completing the 
whole Hebrew bible. Several of these manuscripts 
have the Arabic translation of Suadiah, in alternate 
verses with the Hebrew, while others have the super- 
liniary or Assjrrian, vowel points, which till compara- 
tively recent times were unknown. 

In the course of the demolition of some old build- 
ings at 406 and 407, Oxford Street, last month, a 
number of objects interesting to antiquaries were 
brought to light. The premises where the discovery 
was made are situated in the rear of the north side m 
Oxford Street, near its intersection with Tottenham 
Court Road. On Wednesday week, the workmen, 
on reaching the foundations, came upon a quantity of • 
old armour and weapons — helmets, breastplates, 
spears, swords and daggers, some very curious in 
snape. On opening a stone vault they found some 
plate, including church utensils, such as a monstrance 
and a chalice, the workmanship of which is thought 
to be of the fourteenth century. On the base of the 
monstrance arc engraven, in old English characters, 
the words: — **Ave verum corpus, natum de Maria 
Virginc, vere passum, immo)atum in cruce pro 
homine." 

A volume of LiUers aftd Memorials of Cardinal 
AlleHt of various dates, between the yeaiv 1567 and 
161 3, is now in the press. These documents have 
been extracted from the State Papers and Vatican 
transcripts in the Public Record Omce, from the Bri- 
tish Museum, the archives of the English Colleges at 
Rome and Valladolid, the Archives du Boyaume, 
Brussels, the archives of Simancas, and from other 
sources. They are 280 in number, and 220 of them 
are now being printed for the first time. This large 
collection of contemporary letters and memorials must 
necessarily be of great historical value, and may be 
expected to throw additional light upon the domestic 
and foreign policy of the Government in the reign of 
Queen Elizabeth. We understand that the work is 
^ited by the Rev. T. Francis Knox, D.D., and that 
a limited edition will be published by subscription 1)y 
Mr. David Nutt. 

It has just been announced that large portions of 
the picturesque rock at the Gowan HiUon the north 



tide of the Stirling Castle are being quarried and 
blown up in masses with dynamite for ** road metal," 
though abundance of material for this purpose could 
be found elsewhere. The hill thus wantonly damaged 
ii the ancient Mote Hill of the district— the « Head- 
ing HiU''—<« the sad and fiital mound," as Walter 
Scott terms it '*that oft has heanl the death axe 
sound," associated with some of the most pathetic 
events in Scottish history, and with the eanj days 
and amusements of James V. Surely there must be 
Bttfficient public spirit in Stirling to put a stop to this 
almost sacrilegious destruction of an ancient land- 
mark. But public indignation is fitiiil and not always 
easily roused, and all experience shows the argent 
need of the interposition of the L^islature to pre- 
serve our ancient historical monuments nom 
destruction. 

The Pall Mall Gazette savs, the gentleman who has 
transferred to the Corporation of Conway without any 
pecuniary condition his interest in the historic ruins 
of Conway Castle has set an example which may 
be judiciously followed by other proprietors. Most 
of the owners of these relics of antiquity show a 
commendable liberality in opening them for the enjoy- 
ment of the world at large, but until these sites are 
vested in a public bodv there is always a danger lest 
such privileges should be withdrawn. The private 
owner who does not retain such possessions for his 
own personal enjoyment or the gratification of his 
friends alone naturally imposes upon the public the 
payment of a small fee for thepnvilege of enierine^ 
and this often has the effect of keeping outside ue 
very class which would most of all be benefited by 
the right of admission. When such buildings are 
kept up by the rates they are open to all, ^oA the 
sense of proprietorship comes home to everyone. 

A meeting of the Welsh Dialect Section of the 
Cymmrodonon Society was recently held at the 
residence of Dr. Isambard Owen in London, and 
attended, amongst others by Prince Louis-Lucien 
Bonaparte and Mr. Flowell Lloyd. The general 
prospectus or scheme of the work of the section was 
submitted in draft, and afler discussion and revision 
was adopted. After stating that the section has 
been founded in connection with the Cymmrodorion 
Society to carry out a svstematic investigation of the 
varieties of spoken Welsh, the committee proceed to 
point out the heads under which the peculiarities of 
dialect may be arranged. The first division com- 
prises local words, phrases, and idioms ; under the 
sectmd head are grouped peculiarities of grammar 
and sjmtax ; in the third place come peculiar place- 
names, and names embodying a reconi of historical 
events, &c. ; the fourth division consists of local 
names of animals, plants, and minerals, while under 
the fifth head is placed the mode of pronunciation 
prevailing in different districts. 

The parish church of St. Margaret, Leicester, was 
re-opened on the 13th July. 'Die principAl worica 
which have been carried out under the direction of 
Mr. Street, R.A., are as follows : — Interior : Nave, 
aisles, and tower — ^The plastered ceilings, with the 
rough roofs which carried them, have Men replaced 
by new open roofs covered with lead ; Uie platoed 
ceiling of the tower replaced by stone groimng ; the 



ANTIQUARIAN NBWS, 



131 



floor rcpaved. OuLncel— The decoimtioo formeriT 
esistiiig damedf lod in injured parts renewed, with 
a ilight Tariadon in the lower pnit of the walls ; the 
floor of the chancel repsTed except in the saoariom, 
where theformer paving remains; and the two westem- 
moit beams of the root ornamented with tiacerj, &c^ 
in a similar manner to the others. Exterior : The 
plinths of the south aisle have been renewed, and the 
two wcstcnunoit windows of the sooth wall of the south 
aisle and the wast window of the nave are new. 
The bottiCBcs at the sooth-west angle of the soudi 
aisle have been rebuilt ; the poidi extensively n»- 
paired and re-roofed; the derertory walls and 
windows extensively repaired ; the aonth, west and 
north dooffs cleansed from paint and repaired; the 
ircrtry almost recased with stone. The large windows 
in the tower, whidi were formerly blocked up, with 
bricks and plaster, have been opened, the mallions 
repaired and glased. During tne prepress of the 
works the parapet of the tower was fbend to be ttn- 
saie. It has been rebttilt, bat the pinnacles have yet 
tobeaddcd. 

With the demolition of the church of St Matthew's* 
Friday Street, which, on its union with the parish of 
St Vedast, Foster Lane, will probablv soon be 
carried out another of the few remaining cliurches in 
the City which were re-erected after the Great Fire in 
166^ from designs of Sir Christopher Wren, will pass 
away. The earliest record of the churdi, says the 
City Pras^ is in 1322, when the patronage was vested 
in the Abbot and Convent of Westminster. When 
establishment was dissolved, and Westnunster 



was made a bisbooric by King Henrv VIII., the 
*^ * ~ of St Hattnew's was bestowed on the new 



diocfian, but was afterwards given to the Bishop of 
London by Edward VL, who, at the same time, dis- 
solved the bishopric of Westminster. After the Great 
Fire in 1666^ by which the church was destr^ed, the 
parish of St Peter, Westcheap, was united to it, and 
VBk 1685, at a cost of £^t'S^\ Sx. %d.^ the present 
dmrch lau bnilt by Sir Christopher Wren. The for- 
mation of the church presents a curious peculiarity ; 
ft is 60 feet loi« and J3 feet brosui, and the height 
being eoual to tEe width, the area is in reality a double 
cube. The communion-table aiKi rails, presented to 
the dinrdi by Mr. James Smyth in 1685, display some 
good specimens of carving whilst the roister books 
contain entries of the marriage, baptism, &c., of many 
members of the family of Sir Hugh M>-di]elton, who 
was also one ^A the <3iurchwarden.<^ The customary 
ftcilitirs will be afforded, and pecuniary aid alJowen, 
by the Ecdesiastical Commissioners to rtlalives for 
the removal of monuments, tombstones, Ixxlies, &c., 
daimrd by them, and where no such claim b piot for- 
ward, the monuments will be removed and rc-t^itrctcu 
in St Vedast's, Foster Lane, and the bodies remtem-d 
itt the City of London Cemetery at Ilford. 

Mr. John Nanson, tomn clerk of Carlisle, writes (o 
the Times, of July 29, a?; follows: — "Examininjj 
some old deeds in my possession relating to land^ in ibt 
ne%hbonrh€xxi of Penrith, CumberlaiK^ I came acro>..^ 
one bearing date the 21st Richard IL, being a con- 
Teyance from John Scott, of Penrith, and Elena 
Hogge, of Carfaon (a hamlet in the pouish of Pen- 
rith), to William Gerud, of Caileloo, of semalnnU 



parcels of land, measuring together an acre and a rood, 
lying " in campo de Penrim" — that is, in Penrith 
Field or Town-Fields. The remarkable thii^ about 
the deed, however, is that one of the pieces ofland is 
stated to lie " juxta terram Alani Skakes^e" and in 
the testing clause the name of Shakespere occurs again, 
the words being as fcdlows ^— *' In cujus rei testimon- 
ium huic presenti cartae nostrx, sigilla nostra apposui- 
mns, hiis testibus, Roberto de Alanby, Thcxna de 
Carietoo, Aleaaiidro Atkynson, Johanne Gerard, 
WiUidmo ShtJeespert^ et aliis. Datum apud Penrith 
die Dominicft proxime post festum Paschi, anno regni 
Regis Ricardi Sccundi rioesimo primo.*' The date of 
the deed would, therefSore, be about April, 1398, or 
166 years before the birth of Shakespeare. Jiay it be 
that Shaken>eare's ancestors were originally settled in 
Cumberland, near the Scottish border, and that one 
of them, following the standard of the Eari of Rich- 
mond, afterwards Henry VIL, settled at Stratfocd- 
npon-Avon after the battle of Bosworth Field ? In 
an exemplification of the grant of arms by the Herald's 
CoUege to Shakespeare's father in 1599 it is recorded 
that 'his greatgrandfather for his fisithful and approved 
•ervioe to the late most prudent Prince King Henry 
VIL, of famous memory, was advanced and rewarded 
with landsand tenements, given to him in those parts 
of Warwickshire, where they have continued by some 
desooits in good reputation and credit.^' 

Mr. Jonathan Peckover has favoured us with an ac- 
count of a remarkable discovery of tumuli at Crow- 
land. The indirect cause of their being brou^bt to 
light was the disastrous floods of last •nrnmn^ 
threatening to inundate the surrounding district To 
avoid the recurrence of so great a danger the Com- 
missioners determined to raise the Crowland bank of 
the Wash for a considerable distance, and for that 
purpose purchased a portion of land close to the town 
of Crowland, which at a former period had been an open 
common. Before the field was exca\'ated the foreman 
of the works noticed a slight elevation in one part, 
which was in fact the renmant of the largest of the 
ttimuli, and it was not until the works had proceeded 
too far to pitjci l e it, that the Commissioneri became 
aware of its true nature. Three tumuli were found, 
two of which had completely disappeared, and the 
third, as mentioned above; was hardly noticeable. The 
men in digging came upon a distinctly dififerent soil, 
containing several layers of a^hes, which proved to be 
these artiiicial mounds resiii^g upon a sandy foun- 
dation in a similar manner to tho»e at Leverington. 
The depth of clay removed to reach this surfiure being 
two feet nine inches. 'i*he largest barrow was 60 
feet in diameter, and on the north-east side, about ten 
feet from the outer edge, and near the base, was dis- 
covered a rude urn filled with calcined human bones. 
This is in the possession of Mr. 11. E. Watson, and is 
formed of the rudely-burnt pottery made from the 
shelly gault of the district, Ijeing of a reddish colour. 
Near to it uas lying a broiize implement resembling a 
hammer, al<so the tusk of a Ijoar, and numerous flints 
some oi which appear to have been man; [plated . On 
the top of the um m-as a conglomerate of banes 
stones, and ashes, these were lying in the foreman's 
yanL Near to this urn, and chiefly in the hollow that 
had been origiiially fcMmed roaad the base of the 



132 



ANTIQUARIAN NE WS. 



motind, was discovered a collection of curions and 
perhaps unique implements made of the same rude 
pottery, ^e use of which it is difficult to determine. 
They are mostly broken, but appear to have been 
orginally from six to eight incnes long. They are 
pointed at one extremity, vrith a projeding head at 
the other on one side, being from three-quarters of an 
inch to an inch square. They may have been used 
during the burning of the body. The two other 
tumuli lay in a sou£-easterly direction, and urns of a 
similar nature were found in each of them. Resting 
on the sandy beach on which the mounds are buiu 
was a layer of peat, and in this were found the roots 
and trunks of large trees, from two to three feet in 
diameter, which had fallen, and appear to be oaks 
that must at one time have formed a grove round 
these sepulchres, singularly confirming the words of 
the Anglo-Saxon chronicle. In addition to the 
tumuli already mentioned, Mr. A. S. Canham has 
observed traces of another 'in the same field as 
" Anchor Hill,*' and it is worthy of notice that these 
two, the Abbey, and the group now discovered, lie 
in one line. There is al^ evidence of a further 
barrow about a mile away, in Borough Fen. Besides 
the more ancient relics, the workmen came, at a 
higher level, upon two busts of gothic figures, one of 
a female, whicn had evidently been portions of the 
ornamentation of the monastic buildings, thus con- 
firming the fact of the gradual accummation of the 
soil in the Fens, which in this case had in the course 
of ages all but obliterated a group of three tumuli. 
These tumuli answer in a remarkable degree to the 
descriptions given ih the life of Guthlac, edited by 
Mr. Walter de Gray Birch. 



<V;/) 



Corte0pon&ence. 



SHAKESPEARE'S STRATFORD. 

The day after reading the late Mr. Henty's ex* 
cellent article on the subject of Shakespeare's youtUul 
"Deer- Adventure" in the August number of The 
Antiquary, I was fortunate in discovering an in- 
stance which strongly bore out his theory of the 
hereditary feud likely to exist between the good 
people of Stratford and an encroaching local mag- 
nate. 

The document, too, in which it occurred was 
nearly contemporary vrith the event in question^ for I 
should be inclmed to assign it to the years between 
1565 and 15^1 certainly not much earlier or later. 

Sir Edward Conway, of Arrow, was seised of the 
manor of Luddington, without Stratford, and, being 
so seised, leased it to one Gibbes, of Luddington, for 
fifty years, at a rent of £\ a year, payment as above 
to be continued to John Conway (afterwards Sir John), 
his son and heir.* 

Sir Edward Conway died, and his son John entered, 
the manor of Luddington being set apart as a portion 
of the jointure of Dame Katherine, his mother. 

The Gibbes, of course, held on, making only, for 



precaution sake, a fresh agreement with the lady ; bat 
her son set this aside, and found means to exact a 
heriot, in kind, to no small amount Such hard deal- 
in£' roused the indignation of Stratford friends— and 
indeed the circumstances of the case were pMunful, the 
Gibbes being very ignorant and helpless folk — who, 
headed by one Botts, made a forcible entry into the 
manor. 

This Botts was reputed ''an unquiet man in the 
country,'' and him and his associates, to Ae number 
of about a dozen,* the knight prosecuted for disseisin 
at the next Warwick Assizes. The verdict was 
fiivourable, on technical grotmds, to the defendants ; 
but this r^ult was wholly ignored by the prosecutor, 
who had much the best of the case in equity. 

Such instances as Uie above I know to have been 
bat too common at the time. Public enterprise was 
held in check by the miserable foreign and domestic 
policy of the Government, and private rapacity, with 
social lawlessness, was the universal result. 

There were feuds between town and country ; 
Protestants and Papists ; patriots and courtiers — that 
is, piratical mayors and Government emissaries. 
Family and local history was distorted by a thousand 
wilful and daring libels. 

The Lucys and the Conways were not the only 
objects of local jealousy and agrarian outrage. Other 
and still more glaring cases exist within this very 
period; and no one has yet arisen to rebut the in- 
famous calumnies which have blackened the name 
of the ill-fated WiUiam Darrell.t 

We know the opinion of the countiy gentlemen of the 
a^e with regard to the prevailing character of the inha- 
bitants of small industrial towns such as Stratford. 
"That thei be townes of no good government and fiill ^ 
light people as Wevers, Tuckers, Sheremen, Glovers^ 
and suche other, whiche live ther losely and without 
due obedyence." It was not even $s&t to store the 
Qi^een's munition in such places, for " if suche wilful- 
nes shoulde enter into their heddes as hath l^fnnesene 
to often in England then mighte thei sone have th* 
thhvere not fitte for them to u^^— 4br there is no house 
so stronge in any of thies Townes that vs able todefende 
yt from them — nor anie manner of p son dwellinge in 
any of the s' Townes that dare warrante the kepinge 
of hit \ and this is the opinion of all the gentlemen 
and wise men of o' countrye."t 

Stratford glovers could also quarrel amongst them- 
selves ; for during Shakespeare's youth a scandalous 
suit arose between a son and mother of the name of 
Dixon. 

The former should have succeeded his father (also 
a glover) in the possession of two messuages in 
"Brydge Strete ;** "a bame and bakjnudc" in 
" Walker*s Strete att Chappell Lane;" and one other 
tenement in "Chappell Strete." The good wocnan, 
however, pretendea that she had found a will to the 
contrary effect, which she prized so highly that she 
could not be induced to show it. 



By indenture dated 37 Henry VIII. 



* One of these was a John Hamlett. 

t I am happy to say, however, that I shall soon 
be in a position to entirely re-write this episode of 
family history. 

X Reports of Commissioners of Musters, Aug. 1569, 
State Papers (Domestic). 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



m 



Yet even this upheaval of society denotes the 
extraordinary mental and animal vigour of the age to 
which we are indebted for the genius of Shakespeare 
and the enterprise of Drake — both of whom, it is 
well to note, sprang from districts notorious for their 
turbulence. 

Hubert Halu 



FIELD NAMES. 
(iii.2S2; iv. 35,83.) 

The word "Carr" in East Cheshire, and some 
parts of Lancashire, is the name given to the ochreous 
deposit of iron. Cajr Meadow, Carr Field, Carr Lane, 
Cbut Brook, and Carr Well are names of frequent 
occ ur rence, and alwajrs mean that the places contain 
this ochr«>us deposiL Whether all the names are 
ancient or not I cannot say. Some of them are, but 
it is possible these names may have been originally 
given for other reasons, and Uie word " Carr,^ after- 
wards associated with all places where this iron 
deposit is met with. 

Joseph Sidebotham, F.S.A. 



A large extent of property, comprising this and ad- 
joining parishes, formerly possessed by the Fermors, 
Earis romfret (now extinct), passed to the £unily of 
HoUis. The last owner, Brand-HoUis, died early in 
this century, leaving (Erections or instructions that 
when he died he sh<rald be buried in a certain field 
»*^"*^, in a hole standing upright, in the parish of 
Cofsocnnbe, Dorset, and the field to be ploughed ami 
citKS-ploug^ed the same night, so that no trace of 
bim might be found. Singularly enough, he died 
suddenly in the same field near his residence. His 
and his predecessors' views were yery peculiar, as may 
be gathered from the following names of fields in the 
parish of Halstock, Dorset, which belonged to the 
HoUis's, but, after the death of the upright man, all 
passed by purchase to several proprietors : — Bast- 
wkk, Allen, Prynne (5), Needham, Goodwin, HoUis 
(61 Hamden, Leighton, Pym, the Good Old Cause 
(4^ Brooke, Northumberiand (3), Leicester (2), LesUe, 
Maiden-Bradley, Peters, Valtravers, Vevay, Berne (2), 
Bradshaw, Cooke, January 30th (3), Nassau, Reason- 
ableness, Vane (2), Scott, Harrison, Comprehension, 
Hutdiinson (3), Vines, Coin, Understanding, Bestall, 
Toboation, Education, Government, Holland, Const!- 
tntioii, Coste, Christchurch, Lajrpreacher, Mashem, 
MoKiicnx, Baron, Limbury, Squire Mead, Brondoaks, 
Fx€gwell (2), Popple, Stockland (2), Struts, Gore f2), 
Coombepot (2), Bumham Down (3), Russell (3), 
Spence, Menuno, Plato, Machiavel, Middleton, 
Iiervey, Tindell, Boomers, Sharpe, Brucketts (3), 
EDeries, Aimett ($), Lecker (3), Ireton, Eames (4), 
Little Venus (2), Poor Venus, Cuckooford (a), *' Quiet 
Woman " Iim, Uniiards, Bransford (2), Cb^ord (2\ 
Flexly, Merryday Hill, Dancing Hill, Clarkham (3), 
Temple, Harris, Mayhew, Cotton, Massachusetts, 
Belcnier, Eliot (2), Adams, Hanover, New England, 
William III^ Settlement, Stuart, Revolution, Free- 
state, Boston, Burnett (2), SaviUe (2), Commonwealth, 



Republic, Lampugnano, Olgiati, Plutarch, Pytha- 
goras, Aristotle, Numa, Cicero (3\ Liberty, Xeno- 
dboQ, Buchanan, Plato, Socrates (2), Solon (2), 
Brutus, Cassias, Lycurgus, Confndus, Maber, Messala, 
Thrasjrbulus, Pelojndas, Timoleon, Webb, Aristogiton, 
Harmodius, Hiero, Maitland, Portland (4), Lellin (3), 
Oathams, Bacon, Stod^ Park, Ganderdose, Struts, 
&C. These are in addition to the ordinary agricultural 
fidd names. Tradition says, the free names were 
given by the penuUimaU H^s, of which family, I 
Delieve, there were four, all of the Republican or 
Commonwealth strain. It is amusii^ to hear a 
Dorsetshire farmer pronouncing some of the names, 
and considering " use makes master,'' they come 
almost as easy as "Homemead," ''Cowleaze," &c. 
I believe many similar strange field-names exist in the 
adjoining parishes which formerly bdonged to the 
HoUis's. 

R. F. Meredith. 
Halstock, Dorset. 



TRADITIONS ABOUT OLD BUILDINGS. 

Can you find space for one more example of the 
class of superstitions connected with buildings to 
which Mr. Gomme, in his Paper printed in The 
Antiquary for January last, has referred ? 

In a report of the visit of the members of the 
Cambrian Archseological Society, in August, 1878 
(during their Lampeter meeting), to Llanddewi Brefi, 
occurs the following reference to the church of 
Godrefarth, near Llanddewi : — "The tale goes that 
repeated attempts were made to build a diurch at 
Godrefarth, .... but the walls fell down as qiiickly 
as they were built, and it was not till the present site 
was fixed upon that a church could be erected. There 
is a saying that, in the building of the tower, two oxen 
brought the stones from the Voelallt Rock. One of 
them died, and the other, lamenting his dead com- 
panion, lowed three times, and the rock at once was 
shattered, and thereafter no difficultv was experienced 
in fetching the stones for the tower* (Ojow/J^ Adver- 
tiser, May 78, 1878). 

Alfred N. Palmer. 

3, Ar-y-bryn Terrace, Wrexham. 



During a tour in Gloucestershire, from which I have 
just returned, I paid a visit to the village of Church - 
down, about four miles from Gloucester on the east 
and six from Cheltenham on the west. The church, 
dedicated to St. Bartholomew, is built on the summit 
of Churchdown Hill, and the ascent to it is steep and 
tortuous. It has a nave and north aisle, and on the 
inside of the tower wall there is this inscription : — 
" Thys Bel hows was buyldede in the yere of our Lorde 
Gode 1601." On making inquiries about the church, 
I was told the story, of which the following account 
is from Rudder's History of Gloucestershire (1779), 
page 339 : — ** There is a silly tradition in this part of 
the country, that the church was begun to be built on 
a more convenient and accessible spot of ground, but 
that the materials used in the day were constantly 
taken away in the night and carried to the top of the 



132 



ANTIQ_ VARtAN NE WS. 



mound, was discovered a coUection of cnriom and 
perhaps unique inipleinents made of the same nidc 
potteiy, the use of whkh it is difficult to determine. 
They are mostljr broken, but appear to have been 
orginally from six to eight inches long. They are 
pomted at one extremity, with a projecBng head at 
the other on one side, bcinglrom three-qnarten of an 
inch to an inch square. They may have been oled 
during the bnmiw of the body. The two other 
tumuU lay in a south -easterly direction, and urns of a 
similar nature were found in each of them. Resting 
on the sandy beach on which the mounds are bniK 



diameter, which had fallen, and appear to be o^s 
that must at one time have formed a grove round 
these sepulchres, singularly confirming the words of 
the Anglo-Saxon chronide. In addition to the 
tumuli already mentioned, Mr. A. S. Canham has 
observed traces of another >in the same field as 
" Anchor HiU," and il is worthy of notice that these 
two, the Abbey, and the group now discovered, lie 
< in one line, lliere is also evidence of a farther 
banow about a mile away, in Borough Fen. Besides 
the more ancient relics, the workmen came, at a 
higher level, upon two busts of gothic fignres, one of 
a female, which had evidently been portions of the 
ornamentation of the monastic bnildjngs, thus con- 
firming the fact of the gradual accumulation of the 
soil in the Fens, which m this case had in the course 
of ages all but obliterated a group of three tmnnli. 
These tumult answer in a remarkable degree to the 
descriptions given ih the life of Guthlac, edited by 
Mr. Walter de Gray Birch. 



Corre0pon^ence. 



SHAKESPEARE'S STRATFORD. 
The day after reading the late Mr. Henty's ex- 
cellent article on the sn^ect of Shakespeare's youthful 
" Deer- Adventure" in the August number of Thb 
Antiquary, I was fortunate in discovering an in- 
stance which strongly bore out his theory of the 
hereditaiT feud likely to exist between the good 
people of Stratford and an encroaching local mag- 

Thc document, too, in which it occurred was 
nearly contemporary with the event in question, for I 
should be inclined to assign it to the years between 
1565 and 1568, certainty not much earlier or later. 

Sir Edward Conway, of Arrow, was seised of the 
manor of Luddington, without Stratford, and, being 
so seised, leased it to one Gibbes, of Luddington, for 
fifty years, at a rent <A £^a. year, payment as above 
to be continued to John Conway (afterwards Sir John), 
his son and heir.* 

Sir Edward Conway died, and his son John entered, 
the manor of Luddington b^g set apart as a portion 
of the jointure of Dame Katherine, his mother. 

The Gibbes, of course, held on, making only, for 

• By indenture dated 37 Henty VIII. 



Icourfe^^V 
nent etnif ( * «;. 
d by a tl^ - i^ 



nrecantioD sake, a Gresh agreement with the lady ; bat 
her son set this aside, and found means to exact a 
heriot, in kind, to no small amoimt. Such baid deal- ' 
ing roused the indignation of Stratford friends— ^nd k 
indeed the circumstances of the case were painful, tlie .4 
Gibbes being very ignorant and helpless folk — wbOk ■* 
headed by one Botts, made a forcible entry into Uie,' 

"[Tiin Bolls ivn.s reputed " an unqiiiet man in the 
country," and him and his associates, to tl 
of about a doien,* the knight prosecuted for dissei 
at the next Warwick As^zes. The verdict 1 
favoumble, on technical grounds, to the defend* 
but Ibis result was wholly ignored by the prosi 
who had much the best of the case in ei-juity. 

Such instances as the above I knon " ' — 
but too common at the time. Public enlerpiisafj 
held in cheek by the miserable foreign -md doa^^ 
policy of the Government, and private rapadt^'ily ^3 
social lawlessness, was the universal result. 

There were feuds between town and 1 
Protestants and Papists ; patriots and c 
is, pirutical mayors and Govern men 
Family and local history was distorted b 
wilful and daring libels. < , 

The Lucys and the Conways were not tB " 
objects of local jealousy and agrarian ouliag& 
and still more glaring cases eii-l witliin tl ^' 
period; and no one has yet aiiscn to rebul 
famous calumnies which have binckezied tl 
of the ill-fated Wiiliaro Dnrrcll.+ . - 

We know the opinion of the country gentt 
age with regard to the prevailing cbaracteHI 
bitants of smalt industrial towns such 9^ 
" That thei be townes of no good govern 
light people as Wevers, Tuckers, Shen 
and Euche other, whjche live thetlosi' 
due obedyence," It 

Qi^een's munition in such places, for " ., _ 
nes shoulde enter into their heddes at faiiV L 
to often in England then mighte thd'jf 
thVere not fitte for them to use— for tl 
sostronge in any of thles Townes thaljl 
yt from them— nor onie manner of pU 
any of (he s^ Townes that dare waiMtf 
of hit ; and itiis Ls the opinion of alt M 
and wise men of o' counlryc."J ^, ^.^^ 

Stmtford glot'trs conld atso quansl i^ ' ^* 
selves J for during Shakespeare's Jo9^ "^ 
suit arose between a son and mother * ■>^' 
Dixon. ^^ 

The former should have succeededi^^^^ 
a glover) in the possession of t«[j .^ 
"Brydge Slrete ;" "a bime aa^^ 
"Walker's StreteattChappellLMU^ ,,^^ 
tenement in ■'Cbaiipcll Strelc." 5.^v 
however, pretended that she had ft ». 
contrary etfecl, which she ptiaett t ^ 
could not be induced to show il. j ~ 

* One of these w 

t 1 am happy to say, hom 
lie in a position to entirely n 
family hiiitory. 

J Heports of Commis^cai 
Stale Papers (Domestic). 








™"""' •^- -Soot o- A ^*=* ^-^ 







■ ' "n,, 









-:"" "''TB.., 






^i^*^ '^•'r^'r ■■'^"i^" 






de 
nb 

nnt 

the 

also 

jham, 

.ion <rf 

'.-l and 

/e waU 

lonnouf 

ibbs and 

moDg thtf 

koni which 



134 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



hill ; which was considered as a supemataral intima- 
tion that the church should be built there." 

There is another story, which, like the one Jtist 
given, is told by many people in Gloucestershire. On 
the other side of Churchdown HIU, as one walks from 
the railway station, there is villatie called Huckleoote, 
anciently Ukelcoed. It is said tnat during the service 
in Churchdown Church, when the people had replied 
with the usual *' And make Thy chosen people joy- 
ful," one of the people from Hucklecote got up and 
said, '* And what have the Hucklecote people 
done r 

Whether it was on this account or not that the 
Churchdown villagers were called the "chosen" 
people, and Churchdown itself called •* Chosen," I 
do not profess to say ; bat it is nevertheless a ikot, 
that many of the country folks round about do not 
know that the village has any other name than 
"Chosen.** The rivalry between the two villages 
may possibly account for the removal of the stones 
of the church during building. 

Theophilus Pitt, A.K.C. 



BLOOD MONEY. 

Can any of your readers inform me what is the usual 
meaning to be attached to the term ** blood money," 
when found in borough records of the reigns of (say) 
Charles II. or James II. ? It occurs frequently in the 
records of some of the towns of West Cornwall. The 
ordinary signification of the word, I used to suppose, 
was the payment of a witness in capital cases involving 
death sentence. But the frec|uency of the expression 
suggests some other signification. Could it imply a 
fine for an assault involving shedding of blood ? 

While on the subject, I may mention that the 
borough records of some of our old towns open an 
exceedinglv interesting field of antiquarian research, 
and one which has as yet scarcely been sufficiently 
follow^ up. The town life of old England is brought 
before our minds vividly in some of these reco^s, 
which have the advantage, which some documents 
have not, of being authentic, or at least authoritative. 
The periods of the Civil Wars and of the Restoration 
are especially interesting when studied in our borough 
records. 

W. S. L. S. 

Newbyn. 



HERALDIC FLAGON. 

My father possesses a silver flagon, which, I 
believe, came to him from a great aunt. On the 
fla^n are the following arms : — (i) Three swords 
pomting to the centre l»se — one from dexter chief, 
one from sinister chief, and one from chief, (a) 
Between three plovers, a chevron. 

Can you tell me whose these arms are? Most 
probably a Devonshire or Cornish family. There is 
nothing in the engraving to show the tinctures. The 
only arms I know of at all resembling the ones first 
described, are those on the retainers* arms, in the f^'esco 
in the lobby of the Hooset of Parliament, '* The siege 



of Basingfaonse," and a coat of arms at the top of the 
west window of Exeter ^thednd ; bat I tnink hi 
both of these there is a bordure. 

The Hall marks on the flagon are, (i) D, (2) a lion 
passant regardant, (3) lion's head, crowned, (4) F*. 
The nearest marks to that which I know are those for 
the year 167a 

Can any of your readers tell me whether the 
Cheshire family, of Chileot, or Chilcote, are in any 
way connected with the Devonshire and Middlesex 
families of Chileot, or Chilcott, alias Comyn, which 
latter fiamily bears on its arms, in a pale, the arms of 
the Comyn family, which would look as though they 
were from the north. 

I enclose my card, and remain, &c. 

A. B. W. 



ALEXANDER CRUDEN. 
(iv. 87.) 

Alexander Cruden was bom at Aberdeen, 1701, and 
intended by his parents to become a minister of the 
Scotch Kirk, which, however, was abandoned, and he 
removed to London, where he maintained himself by 
giving lessons in the classics. 

In 1732 he commenced business as a bookseller, 
employing his leisure time in the compilation of his 
celebrated Concordance, Symptoms of insanity, how- 
ever, making their appearance, which ended in lunacy, 
his friends placed him in an asylum at Bethnal Green, 
from which he made his escape, and brought aa action 
for false imprisonment, but was nonsuited. He sub- 
sequently resumed his old emplojmient of oorrecting 
for the press ; but signs of a deranged intellect were 
always more or less apparent, and his after-life were 
characterized by a series of intellectual obliquities. He 
died in 1770, aged 69 years. 

T. W. HSNSON. 

Nottingham. 



THE KENTISH GARLAND. 

(iv. 58^) 

Ashford may have been a hotbed of nonconformity, 
and it may have had men who dared to speak out on 
the other side, but as it is not a corporate town, and 
never was, and as it has no All Saints' Church, and 
never had, the anecdote recorded of Andrew 
Broughton, the regicide, could not have occurred 
there. It occurred at Maidstone, which is and was 
a corporate town, and which has and had an All 
Saints* Church. I believe Andrew Broughton resided 
at Earl Street, Maidstone, and Thomas Wiltcm was 
the incumbent of All Saints' Church at the period 
spoken of. 

WaLlAM R00BK8. 

Maidstone. 



BRASS RUBBINGS. 

Can you or any readers of The Airxf quary give me 
a good and cheap receipt for making a Idnd of heel- 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



135 



bftll, which will produce impressiona of brasses of the 
saine colour as tne originals? I have tried bronze- 
powder, mixed with wax, &c., as directed by Beasley, 
oat it did not answer at all ; besides, it would re« 
quire a large quantity of bronze-powder to make a 
yery small quantity of heel-ball, which would cost 
more than the colour of the infusion was worth. 

Lloyd Mostyn. 
Cowes. 



{\';^r\ 



PAINTING. 

I have a painting, representing a party of eleven 
peisons, male and female, sitting at a table, covered 
with a white cloth, with various dishes on it, being 
served by thnee servants, one bearing in a peacock in 
a dish, and two others pouring wine into cups or 
glasses held by the guests. In a fold in the curtain 
hanging behind the table are the initials, P.£.V,L,, 
underneath which is the date, 1634. 

I should feel much obliged if you, or some of jour 
leaders, could tell me what painter used the initials 
and lived at the tim« indicated. 

G, WOLLEN. 

Gkngarifie, Torquay. 



YE LEGEND OF YE WREKIN. 

Can any of your readers inform me who was the 
author of a legend with the above title, written in the 
^le of Barham ; and where it originally appeared ? 
Toe following lines'from it are often quoted : — 

Not that in Wales, 
They talk of their ales, 

But spell it, as though 'twere on purpose to trouble 

you 
With a C and a W,— R and a W. 
A wofd to pronounce which you'd have some ado. 
But the nearest approach to the sound is cooroo ; 
For to learn the Welsh language if e*er you should 

choose 
Yoall W have to pronounce like two U*s. 

Askew RoBERrs. 

Cioefwylan, Oswestry, 



(\>;i') 



SEVENTEENTH.CENTURY TOKENS. 

I than be glad if any of ycnx numismatic readers 
tell me where the following token was issued : — 
It is of copper, thicker than the usual specimens of 
seventeentn-century tokens, resembling in this respect, 
as well as its general appearance, some of the Irish 
tokens of this period. 

a WILLIAME.DICK.OF.BRAID. A kiln, or 
fofge^ from which flames are issuing. W.D. 

A. VIRTVTE.FORTVNA.COMES. A caduaus. 

James W. Lloyd. 
Kington. 



CHRONICLES AND STORIES OF CRAVEN 

DALE. 

In your number for Juhr the stanza quoted from 
Chronicles and Stories of the Craven Dales is, I 
believe, incorrect. I used long ago to hear the story 
told in the West Riding that the Archbishop of York 
came to confirm at Sittle^ on which occasion the parish 
clerk gave out in broad Yorkshire, " A hymn of my 
own composiiu; — 

Why hop ve so, ye little hills ? 

Ye hills why do ye hop ? 

Because to Settie there is come 

His Grace the Archbi^op." 

William Wickham. 



fVxi') 



HERALDIC. 

Could any reader of The Antiquary kindly in- 
form me to whom the following arms belong ? ; — 
Arg., a tree in pale ppr. ; over aU, on a fesse az., a 
crescent, between two mullets of the field. Impaling, 
erm., three incresents, 1, t, arg. 

There is no crest above the la^ield. 

W. A. Wells. 

97, Kingswood Road, Merton. 



'H«-^y^»(««- 



GAWLER'S HILL, SOMERSETSHIRE. 

I am very anxious to know the history of Gawler*s 
Hill, at Chiselborough, in Somersetshire— /.<,, why 
the hill was so named, and why some of the fields in 
the neighbourhood are called Gawlers? 

JULU Halu 

Croft Cottage, Marlow, Bucks. 



'*POSYE OP FLOWRED PRAIERS." 

Can some reader of The Antiquary kindly fur- 
nish me with a copy of A Posye of Flowred Praiers, 
written by Sir John Conway when a prisoner at 
Ostend (about 1588), on his trencher, " with leathy 
pensell of leade ? 

Richard Savage. 

West Street, Stratford*on-Avon, 



POLISH PEERAGE. 

Can any of your readers tell me if there is a Polish 
Peerage, or a work on the pedigrees of the nobility 
of Poland ? 

Monro Phillips. 
17, Clifford Street, Bond Street. 



SLOPING OF CHURCH NAVES, 
(iii. 189, 239, 287). ^ 
To your list of churches with sloping naves may be 
added Eaton-tmder-Heywood, in South Shropshire. 

Albert Clowes. 



136 



THE ANTIQ UAKY EXCHANGE. 



^be Hntiauari? Circbanoe. 



■^ 



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WESTMINSTER ABBEY: A STUDY ON POETS CORNER. 137 




The Antiquary. 



OCTOBER, 1881. 




TIQle0tmin0ter Wo\)e^ : a Stubi? 
on poete' Comer. 

has often been asked when the 
term Fod^ Comer was first ap- 
plied to the poets' chosen place of 
burial in the South Transept. The 
question occurs in one of the early volumes 
dL Notes and Queries, 1351, "When was 
Ae name Poets' Comer first applied to the 
Soath Transept of Westminster Abbey?" 
Thirty years have elapsed, and no answer 
has yet been given. 

One would naturally hesitate to accept 
the word Comer as applicable to so large 
a space in the Abbey as that occupied by 
the transept, but by constant use the term 
has become familiar, and so many poets 
and other literary men have been buried 
time because of this phrase, that by gradual 
acceptance it has, for many years, become 
universal, notwithstanding its inconsistency. 
In dictionaries of the early and middle part 
of the last century, the word comer is defined 
to mean an angle, or remote place. It is 
also applied to an enclosed space, secret or 
retired. This definition being accepted, one 
is inclined to inquire whether Poet^ Corner 
was not at one time more in accordance 
with it 

The consideration of the exact position 
and limits of the Lost Chapel of St Blaize, 
as set forth in the number of The Anti- 
quary for June last, has for several years 
past led the writer to the conviction that the 
term Pod^ Comer was originally applied to 
the small enclosed space to the east of the 
altar wall of the chapel, and including, per- 
haps, the open space northward as far as the 
grave of Chaucer. (See the plan on page 
242, The Antiquary, voL iii.) It is only 

VOL. nr. 



a few months since that the writer acquired 
a complete and unquestionable, but hitherto 
unlooked-for, confirmation of his supposition 
as to the position and limits of the Comer. 

The first use of the name Poets^ Comer was 
probably subsequent to the burial of, and 
the first placing of Chaucer's table-tomb 
against the west screen of St Benedict's 
Chapel, and also to the burial of Spenser, 
and the erection of his monument, by 
Ann Clifibrd, Duchess of Dorset, soon after 
1598. Then the art of poetry had acquired 
greatness and popular favour, whereby a 
strong desire became implanted that succeed- 
ing poets should have their graves as near as 
possible to those of the Great Father of English 
Verse and the Prince of Poets. This feeling of 
veneration led to the choice of the graves of 
Drayton, Cowley, Denham, and Dryden,with 
others intervening and following. 

It is known that Matthew Prior desired to 
be buried at the feet of Edmund Spenser. 
This wish was faithfully complied with, and 
it indicates that Spenser lies in the narrow 
trench of earth which was then between 
the broad concrete foundation of the 
eastern wall of the fabric and the then 
existing interposed wall of St. Blaize's Chapel. 
This trench not allowing a coffin to lie 
across it, Spenser's coffin was probably 
placed with the foot to the north, and, 
Prior's coffin being placed in the same 
direction, his wish was fulfilled. It was, 
perhaps, remembered how Spenser's coffin 
was directed, although there is no record 
of it 

It is sad to note the deplorable injuries 
which were done to the fabric: first, by the 
astounding demolition of the triple arcade 
of the east wall so as to place the table-tomb 
of Chaucer after moving it firom the first 
site before mentioned, followed by the 
erection of a debased canopy covering also 
a mourner's place, by Nicholas Brigham, 
in 1558, and, secondly, by the demolition ot 
the altar wall of St Blaize's Chapel and 
the erection of the high and massive wall 
necessary for the attachment of the enormous 
monument of Prior, designed by Gibbs and 
erected by Roubiliac. These are among the 
earliest of the spoliations and intrusions which 
continued throughout the century and ever 
after. 



^ 



WESTMimTEK ABBEY: A STUDY Olf POETS' CORNER. 



>J» 

It may be conceived that this previous 
state of the South Transept was exceedingly 
favourable to the creation of the endearing 
and reverential name, Potts' Cprnrr. It 
might first have been called Spinser'i Comer; 
and, as other burials of poeU gradually 
followed, it would naturally change into the 
more comprehensive term, Perii' Coma: 

The common parlance and vulgar errors 
about the Abbey have always been remark- 
able, and might well form a Ihcme for con- 
sideration. The Chapels, for instance, were 
generally known and called, not by the 
names of those to whom they were dedicated, 
but by the names of thosewho weic buried 
or had monuments therein. Sc atn.^f ii;c 
names of the Nightin- 
gale, the Exeter, the 
Dean's Chapels, &c. 
This nomenclature is 
not yet obsolete. No- 
thing, therefore, could 
be more natural than 
that the ultimate name, 
Pofli Comer, should 
have continued so long. 
The phrase being thus 
started among the offi- 
cials and \'isitors of the 
Abbey, and with such 
an origin of use and 
growth, we shall never 
know to what pereon 
nor to what exact time 
to attribute its inven- 
tion. The name is not 
used by Addison, who, 
in his first allusion to the place in the Spec- 
tator, N'o. 26, calls it the Poets' quarter, 

Tliis approbation of the phrase and its 
great popularity seems to have led to the 
application of it to the street or road south 
of Henry VII.'s Chapel, which street is also 
called Poeti Comer simply. The ground of 
this part of the Abbey land was once a 
cemetery ; for, on searching there for the 
suspected remains of the foundation of the 
lost southern buttress of the Chapter House, 
and in digging for a new drain, several stone 
coffins were brought to light, and the excel- 
lent foundation of the ancient buttress was 
found in true position, and thereon aller- 
wards was erected the sixth flying buttress, 




of which no trace or traditioa had re- 
mained. 

John Dart, the author of Wetlmtmeute- 
riuni, has not written the name in question, 
although it tnight have been common in his 
day, if not even invented by him. He was 
himself something of a poet; witness the 
poem of forty-two folio pages, containing 
more than a thousand lines, printed in long 
primer type, and prefixed to his great work. 
But although Dart has not named the 
Comer, he has most ingeniously shown and 
realized it in one of the vignette initials pre- 
ceding some of his chapters. In the first 
\nluinc, page 7g. it occurs, and again in the 
si;i.rin(l volumo. at page I of the supplement. 
This remarkable 
initial seems to have 
remained entirely un- 
noticed, for neither he 
nor any Other writer 
alludes to it, and so it 
has at last become al- 
together overlooked. 

T he in i tial is a Roman 
I, standing in the midst 
of a perspective view 
of tliis original Pati/ 
Corner. 

In the left-hand 
angle is shown the 
open door and doorway 
of thecastem, or palace, 
entrance. Behind it 
is the door of the 
south-east lurret, and 
the way to the ciypt of 
the Chapter House, On the right is the 
lower part of the wall of St. Blalze's Chapel, 
against which is the mural monument of 
Shadwell, and at the comer is shown n part 
of the monument of St. Evremond. Behind 
the initial is the monument of Edmund 
Spenser, and on the left wall is the monu- 
ment of Butler in its first and original place. 
The monuments of Drayton and Ben Jonsen, 
though then in place, are, perliaps for artistic 
reasons, omitted. 

This stale of things seems to answer all 
the conditions of Peelif Certier, and gives 
its exact position and limits, soon after — 
through the loss of all trace of the Chapd of 
St. Blaize — to be expanded to the whole of 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY: A STUDY ON POETS CORNER, 



139 



the transept, so as to include the graves of 
succeeding poets, as well as the monuments 
of some of Uiem and cenotaphs of others. 

It will be remembered that in the Paper 
on " The Lost Cbapel," allusion was made 
to an authority for the clustered pillars and 
bases named as having existed at the two 
northern angles of the chapeL This autho- 
rity is the vignette in question, in which 
Dart has shown the pillar and base of the 
eastern of these angles, to which appears 
attached the monument of St. Evremond. 
This attachment shown is somewhat erro- 
neous, as his plan puts the monument on 
the plain wall, between the comer of the 
chapel and the main pillar, westward, of the 
ftibric. 

It may well be imagined from all this with 
what veneration Pact^ Cortur^ as it then 
existed, was held by John Dart and his con- 
temporaries, and has so continued up to the 
present time. 

Having alluded to the probability that 
the table-tomb of Chaucer was once against 
the screen of St Benedict's Chapel, it may 
not be inopportune here to follow out the 
probable story of it 

The tomb proper is evidently due to the 
period of the death of Chaucer. Its quatre- 
foils bear his shield of arms, and around 
at least three of the sides with the vei^g^e 
mouMingy which probably bore a painted in- 
scription. In 1556, there was perhaps some 
necessity for to^y removing the tomb, of 
whidi advantage was taken by Chaucer's ad- 
mirer, Nicholas Brigham, to place it where 
it now is, and add to it a handsome, though 
debased, canopy of Purbeck marble, and also 
a similar marble slab, with a new inscription 
in Latin, that of the marble table having be- 
come decayed and illegible. This slab has 
undergone great decay and disintegration, 
so much so as to almost totally obscure the 
inscription, as reported by Neale in 1823. 
Fifty years' more disintegration followed with 
still further obscuration, when the writer 
closely scrutinized and cleansed the slab, 
discovering traces of all the letters but four. 
Without any attempt to strengthen the en- 
graving, the lettering was developed by 
painting all the remaining traces with gold- 
coloured paint, and with the same pigment 
reproducing the four absent letters ; and now 



the inscription of 155S is quite distinct and 
perfectly durable. 

The table of the tomb has lately been fully 
cleansed of dirt and adhesions, beneath which 
the moulding, as well as much of the surface, 
was found still to retain its original polish, 
which the adhesion had preserved. Now 
the table displays a fine specimen of the best 
Purbeck marble, which need never become 
dull again. 

In the year 1850, a good antiquary, Mr. 
Samuel Shepherd, F.S.A., called attention to 
the decay and ruin going on in Chaucer*8 
monument He obtained the sympathy of 
many other antiquaries, and it led to the 
appointment A an influential committee, 
headed by the then Presidents of the Anti- 
quarian and Camden Societies. Subscribers 
were enlisted, and closer examination and 
trial was made, in which the writer assisted ; 
but the difficulties of treatment were so many, 
and the satisfactory result appeared so doubt- 
ful, that the proposition was, happily, aban- 
doned. 

This Paper might with propriety and great 
interest be extended to include a description 
and account of the probable positions of the 
graves, the erection of the monuments, and 
the changes on some of them ; as well as the 
cruel havoc made to place them on the 
arcades and walls of this grand transept 
l^his may well form a future addendum to 
the present paper. 

Henrv Poole, 

Master Mason of the Abbey. 
The Old Rectory, Smith Squai^ S.W. 



v<y- . i-v 



Xutler'0 Tllnpul)li0be& 
1?emain0. 




is somewhat surprising that manu« 
scripts of so great a genius as the 
author of Hudibras should remain 
for many years unprinted, and that 
some of these should even now remain un- 
edited; but so it is. When Samuel Butler 
died all his manuscripts came into the pos- 
session of his friend, William Longueville, a 
bencher of the Inner Temple. Upon the 

L 2 



/ 



140 



BUTLERS UNPUBLISHED REMAINS. 



decease of this gentleman, his son Charles 
became possessed of them, and he bequeathed 
them to John Clarke, and in i7S4> Clarke 
certified that the manuscripts which Robert 
Thyer proposed to publish were genuine. In 
1759, Thyer published two volumes of Gene- 
ral Remains in Verse and Prose of Mr. Samuel 
Butler, with a long list of subscribers, con- 
taining over 1,000 names. In 1826, Joseph 
Booker, the bookseller, reprinted the Poeti- 
cal Remains with a selection of five charac- 
ters. He had intended to reproduce the 
whole work, but apparently he did not receive 
sufficient support, and he contented himself 
with a portion only. The reason he gives is 
as follows : — " On a carefiil perusal, however, 
of his prose writings there was found so much 
which, from its dryness, coarseness, and pro- 
lixity, would ill suit with the more refined 
taste of modem readers, that the idea has 
been abandoned." 

There is nothing in these books to indi- 
cate that more, remained behind imprinted, 
but such is the case. A large collection of 
MSS., some few in the handwriting of Butler, 
the majority consisting of transcnpdons, are 
now in the possession of Mr. Thomas Boone, 
who has kindly allowed me to make use of 
them. Thyer's edition of the Remains , i7S9> 
contains one hundred and twenty characters 
— viz., an Affected man. Affected or formal 
man. Alderman, Amorist, Anabaptist, Anti- 
quary, Astrologer, Atheist, Bankrupt, Duke 
of Bucks, Bumpkin or Country Squire, Busy 
man. Choleric man. City wit. Cheat, Catholic, 
Churchwarden, Clown, Complimenter, Court- 
beggar, puffing Courtier, modem Critic, 
Cuckold, Curious man, Debauched man, 
Disputant, Drole, Embassador, Empiric, 
Epigrammatist, Factious Member, Fanatic, 
Fantastic, imderserving Favourite, Flat- 
terer, Glutton, Haranguer, Hen-pect man. 
Herald, Hermetic Philosopher, Horse 
Courser, Hunter, Humourist, Hypocrite, 
Imitator, Impudent man. Inconstant, Insolent 
man, Intelligencer, Jealous man, corrupt 
Judge, Juggler, Justice of Peace, Knave, 
Knight of the Post, Latitudinarian, Lawyer, 
Leader of a Faction, Libeller, Litigious 
man, Lover, Luxurious man. Mathemati- 
cian, Malicious man. Medicine taker. 
Melancholy man, Miser, Mountebank, News- 
monger, degenerate Noble, hypocritical 



Nonconformist, Obstinate man, Opinlaster, 
Overdoer, Pedant, Pettifogger, Pimp, Play 
writer, Philosopher, small Poet, Politician, 
modem Politician, Popish ^Priest, Prater, 
Pretender, Prodigal, Projector, Proselite, 
Proud man, Quaker, Quibbler, Rabble, 
Ranter, Rash man. Rebel, Republican, 
Ribald, Risker, Romance writer. Rude man, 
Sceptic, Seditious man. Shopkeeper, Sot, 
Squire of Dames, State Courier, modem 
Statesman, Superstituous man. Swearer, * 
Taylor, Tedious man, Time server. Trans- 
lator, Traveller, Ungrateful man, Vintner, 
Virtuoso, Wittal, Wooer, Zealot. 

The following is a list of those sixty-six 
characters which still remain imprinted, and 
are to be found in this collection : — ^An 
Antisocordist, Banker, Bowler, Brisk man 
pert. Broker, Buffoon, Catchpole, Clap'd 
man. Coffee man. Coiner, Conjurer, Con- 
stable, Court-wit, Coward, Credulous man, 
Cmel man. Cully, Cutpurse, Dancing master, 
Detractor, Dueller, Dunce, Envious num, 
Fencer, Fidler, Fool, Forger, Gamester, 
Hector, Highwayman, Host, Ignorant man. 
Impertinent, Impostor, Incendiaiy, Infimner, 
Jailor, Juror, Lampooner, Liar, Merchant, 
Modish man, Musitian, Negligent, Officer, 
Oppressor, Parasite, Perfidious man. Plagiary, 
Player, Proud lady, Publican, Quareller, 
Rook, Sailor, Scold, Scrivener, Self con- 
ceited or singular, Sharke, Silendd Pres- 
byterian, Soldier, Stationer, Tennis player, 
Usurer, Vainglorious man. Voluptuous: 

It is easy for the editor of 1826 to 
detract from the merit of these characteis. 
They are certainly coarse, but it is haxdly 
fair to charge them with prolixity. They 
are sketched with a powerfiil hand, and are 
full of curious little touches, that exhibit 
forcibly the habits of the seventeenth century. 
Of the Banker we read : '' He is both usurer, 
broker and borrower — a triple cord that is 
easily broken. He borrows with one hand 
and lends with the other, and having as 
much to do as he can turn both to has never 
a third to pay. He lives b^ use upon use or 
taking up usury upon mterest; for he 
borrows of Peter to pay Paul five in the 
hundred and lends it to John for fifteen." 

A Coffee Man is described as keeping ^ a 
coffee market, where people of all qualities 
and conditions meet to trade in foreign 



BUTLERS CypCELlSffED REJ/A/yS. 



4C 



drinks aad nsws^ ile. sneak. mA ooii- 
tzomessT. Hie afmilH of no diarinrtimi jt 
pcxsciBw bcEgnTrfiffHit.i metnuLzm:. Icid Cff 
scouzmIi^ mcj;. xzni xce- lO. at x pfiyg. is n 
Ibcy were tesal'ved mj tiiiHr arse TriiXf- 
apla^' "~^ ./snf b the ^cjl at x omn. scnF'i 
with stmr 5kg minTgnmr 'je Jgg amiiig 
of InmiiBsef &n£C&eomaiif&.'' -^A Lasnpmnar 
is a mfwiiSiMpnar -scaafisz: in* chirr fididinii 



K^^ in kof W!i7 <af ^ JB:nnirii:i i f le lar 
XDT to loatT' -^ A Ijicff is x Tniacafi cm 
th2Xcm3owi!Qair.mii Jis ices » i irsa: ffsSL 
too %ng fcff Tss JmTiff: ' ^^ Kirvtartr n x. 

laammg - A n- zxnoen. Xicir» ram nifi* ni" 

lS>?teln^'I£-3B: IUC&9C mbCE. 

bat be famss si '□m snSL iicuif c ssvtedc' '** ^ 
sooeiiBC us ar jnr.imanm. n ^vrc 
irar tiexor mc 'iiarr nor "xiret 
to k tifcss evil CDIXEBS ant: wiL sonier stoL 

iL He inaiEXE in) cncBcisin:! tiiw h:^ cDiue^ 
hf it, kmt wodi xiskaniauf iuKntiozi ▼'iL xsks: 
VKBX sxnr iuul f gotitlF bt isx i&r 
ii: ^ £. -we sisxrkf:. tba: 'vbb& 
t£^m Dwn. inc siU3sis& bv st**aimf 
Scdiin^£rDXzi DtimE.*^ * J^ lis^ri'sner ]^ 
tf* peat authiniiA snic out: vtiDSt 
for ihc; mos: par: authentic . for if 
be be diB c tiv gr'd m havt anmntnec t feul: 

Ibt afen!:t: wxtr. im ears;. a? 
tiit bad wntcTF of hi^ 
-do iOksb wi& tiler tangua.' ^' Ar. 
Dsmrer knpE fais money u. irri^oL. anc 
ifc c wB lets it cmt bu: mifm boil anc gotic secu- 
jitT, as diver CTomweli did thi Ca\'aiiers. 
to jgipear again uptm vinniini;.' These 
Aart c KtutLlii frum sDint few- of the 
<liMiMH*iii> -will give leaders ar idea o:' th<:se 
■HijMiiiik^ H wcBks (^ £ great geniii5 : bu: af 
y>tiM.ik an not altogetiier satisfacton*. I wiL 
add two dia i acie is m iiiU. The latter pan 
of jT&r Modish Mar is. however, omitted. 
as it is hardl}' fitted for phntmg ir. theiit 



*'a jukui. 

Is a swoxD tifficer. that takes hb^ oath tc> 

meBsnre other men's oaths by. like a siax*- 

d ard ; and if they agree: not perfectly. lVi*;y 

nin am ]»B (ior good and lawful perjuheS; 



':ut t'i T^uf mil cc :imit tifittir^ H- -.jt* 
IT 1 :::iir: zi 'Uflzcta tt i -iiiit ■ j:»:rt iz a. i.i*ix- 
JUL zrisuxTT '±311 "u:i:i:iA.': i.ii auiin: :»: .^.n ..i 

■:::rait si virii. x. .:^..";. liiI ^:lw t i.o .r ii:s:i::t 
•:u ziiit ':tw Hjj riiisixitss js ^.i :jt:ss at 

najLt .unsHtit •:::niaiii:n.Liit lll'^1S;u^£:tf^ r. x 
vsr; Jilt i:r jiij :::iiiK:it!ii:.t. iwr. ;:tii:!f i .ix\i 
toTLr vndt lit 4:ii:ws jrx vffl u:^ •- ;«.- 
Bar- * :r lit -rxmztvr. ix i -nri vts^ jas: j* 
•vert jnsE;tt.:ut :c -CieLiuif nn iii'.irt oii 'xm 
TraiessfHi. laii viiiit n: Lvrr/i ":jieiv Uitnr 
jast nut annrt -:iii:i iuf irju:. .it v:ir:i.. H.i$ 
snnnrnTiisn: js l r,uc :if v .ci. '.if aa-i:iitt>s.. 
i:r vii*a. iit if r.vuv. str^'icr. ut is sm:: uf 
viuj:iu: irt :r 'caiirli'. w ju::iinui: ixw a: ::iie 
eitrcriin: a: t nrv 2 :»;»-. uiu: vnt c.-oiJbt:i-rict 
mcji" jiitj n: tuifiUtwA: .,-turf vj:r. -.iit '--es: of 
his 1eli:wSi. imri :iiPy are l1 iiri luv: tht 
ricir or vrong. aii:. c^r^^^u athtmi :/.r;;/.ji'.:7/t:'. 
vTiost jDnuiit i: i^ V. ir. iiiiii^r :.. anc vri-.ist 
bu: una:iije. vmch. i: tiir* nai bu: l#i:er. 
ali:iv c iif hi. :;iitM micii: iu:» t Civrrjt as wel. 
by casun^ kul. ir :ir-.tvuif -."♦>'. . /•• ;?;.• His 
lunsdicuoL crieuds jui: iv mcr^^i' ir njr. m 
vnrJL ▼/in'Os art lU'jiuCitrc L« t tuzurt il lav : 
for words., tna: vii tKa* at. a::4i*i . art ucicl 
sutfrjieu: i: luui^t oiit. us lut lav uiai.cs liw 
difitr:;u'jt bt;:v/i:t:i- ;/iti»v/if u: v itiicss i;ijd 
ffitu::u^ of r. Hi: uatiih. laouiii. vr' lcs^ 
bort, art k)uni it ai peaie: rAcjiiiioi tiuir. 
tnobt of comiuor swearer?: is. viicrcauc^e: 
tufy hit tDej" eiiue: kil u: luaui.." 

is ar ortiiodci:: g:al;an:. tiia: due.- no: xa'-y 
ir tht jeast artiCit o: hi.- hit- com crbatior.. 
ainxirel. anc address iron: tnt ducirint and 
diS'jiphnt of tiir ntrv^es: anc l>cs: reiv>nn"i'. 
niodet of the tnut. Zrlt iindcrsLinci: t:.\actiy 
tc L cay wna: tunc.- o: tiit vca: :ik sc^vcral 
anc. icspectivt sortt o: cojour c. ru»ijaiic:s 
come u be ir scasoi. anc wner tijcv tjf ou: 
again. Ht stes nc pkiyi^ bu: i>:iiX <uci as he 
f^lQ^ most ap];rov t lm men of iiis i>\vr. rai^ 
and ijuality. and thost nt is ucvc: aDscn: 
from, as of: as tney a:e aciec . mouni.- his 
bench betweer. tut aci^. puli.-. of hi> pcruijUL. 
and keeps liiut witi. ins <.ouu anc mvUsDi. o:' 
iiis person exactly it Iik nmsi<. Wk . riiSLnc'^ 
irub and faithfuhy a'jeoidiiii u- tir. Licj;: o* 
iiib uiemor}-. as he iias rccciv il i: a oil tiit; 



M« 



SUTLER'S UNPUBLISHED REMAINS. 



newest and most modish opinions, without 
altering or adding anything of his own con- 
triving, so help him God! It costs him a 
great deal of study and practice to pull of 
his hat judiciously and in form, according to 
the best precedents, and to hold it, when it 
is oflf, wiUiout committing the least oversight. 
All his salutes, motions, and addresses are, 
like true French wine, right as they came 
over, without any mixture or sophistication 
of his own, damn him upon his honour. His 
dancing-master does not teach, but manage 
him like a great horse ; and he is not learnt, 
but broken to all the tricks and shews. He 
is as scrupulous as a Catholic of eating any 
meat that is not perfecdy in season, that is, 
in fashion, and drest according to the canon 
of the church, unless it be at a French house, 
where no sort of meat is at any time out of 
season, because the place itself is modish, 
and the more he pays for it and is cheated, 
the better he believes he is treated. He is 
very punctual in his oaths, and will not swear 
anything but what the general concurrence of 
the most accomplisht persons of his know- 
ledge will be ready, upon occasion, to make 
good." 

I shall hope to give in a future article 
some notice of the poetical portion of these 
unpublished Remains. 

Henry B. Wheatley. 




Sbalieapeare aa an Hndler« 

By the Rev. H. N. Ellacombe. 

|AS Shakespea];e an angler ? If we 
are to trust Sir Harris Nicolas, 
we must answer in the negative. 
In his beautiful edition of Walton's 
Angler, he gives an appendix of quotations 
on angling from the earlier poets; and among 
these Shakespeare's notices of the art are 
confined to four quotations. Mr. Roach 
Smith, in his Rural Life of Shakespeare^ 
gives the same four quotations only, and 
dismisses the subject in a few words. Miss 
Bessie Mayou, in her Natural History of 
Shakespeare^ gives a rather longer list; but 
as her quotations are selected with reference 
only to the fishes named, and not to catching 
them, we learn little fix>m her book of 



Shakespeare's practical knowledge of the art. 
Yet we think there is little doubt that he was 
a successfiil angler, and had probably en- 
jo]^ed many a day's fishing in the Warwick- 
smre and Gloucestershire streams, to which 
he looked back with pleasant and refreshing 
memories while he lived and wrote in London. 
This appears in many ways. 

There are scattered throughout the plays 
many actual descriptions of fishing ; but they 
are necessarily short and incompl^e, for it is 
not in a tragedy or comedy that we should 
expect to find a techniod description of 
fishing or any other art. But his knowledge 
of the art, and his practical love of it, come 
out rather in numberless indirect allusions, 
in proverbial expressions, in the uncon- 
scious use of the terms of the art, in the use 
of words and phrases which show his perfect 
&miliarity with it, and in the many little 
hints which show that he was no ''prentice 
hand," but an exp^enced crafbnnan. They 
come out also in his not very frequent, but 
always accurate, accounts of different fishes ; 
and they especially come out in his almost 
loving descriptions of brooks and running 
streams, and in his bright word-painting of 
river scenery. There are many such, which 
will at once occur to the memory of every 
angler; and among these, there axe some 
which few but an angler would, and some 
even which none but an angler coi^ have 
written: — 

I. The actual descriptions of fishing toe 
these : — 

1. Urmia, The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish 

Cut with her golden oars the silver straun, 
And greedily devour the tzcacheroas bait ; 
So a^e we for Beatrice ; who even now 
Is cotKhed in the woodbine oovertnre. 
Fear you not my part of the dialoeue. 
Hero. Then go we near her, that her earloNKiioUuag 
Of the fiUse sweet bait that we lay for it. 
Much Ado about Nothings act iit s. I (36).* 

2. Cleopatra, Give me mine angle; well to the 

river; there, 
My music playing far ofi^ I will betray 
Tawny-finn'd fi£es; my 'bended hook shall 

pierce 
Their slimy jaws ; and, as I draw them up, 
1*11 think them every one an Antony, 
And say: "Ah, ha ! you're caught.*' 
CAarmian, Twas meny, when 

You ^vager'd on your angling ; when your div«r 

* The quotations and line numbers are firom the 
Globe Shakespetre. 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



M3 



Did hAag a salt«fish on his hook, which he 
' enqr drew np. 

AnttmyttmaCUoftitra^ act ii.8. 5 (10). 



Shtkespeaze was evidently impressed with 
AAton/s loYt of fishing. This practical joke 
of Cleopttm's is recoided in Plutarch's Lije 
ofAmimy. It is a story which an ordinary 
reader would lau^ at and pass by; but an 
angler would dwell upon it with especial 
deUghty and would be sure to store it in 
his memory and, if he could, would perpetuate 
it as Shakespeare has done ; as he has also 
recorded Csesar's character of his ^' great 
competitor i* — 

He fiihasi diinki, and wastes the lamps of night in 
reveL 

3. Hamid, Thrown out his angle for my proper 

life, ^ 
And with sadi cozenage. 

Hamlet^ act v. s. s (66). 

4. Claudw, Bait the hook well, this fish will bite. 

Much Ado abotU Nothing, act iL s. 3 (113). 

5. LtmUa. I am angling now, 

Though you perceire me not how I give line. 

WmUr's Tale, act i. s. 2 (180). 

6. Tkird GenL One of the prettiest touches of all, 

and that which angled for mine eyes (caught 
the water, though not the fish) was when, &c. 

WinUr's Talc, act v. s. 2 (90). 

7. GrtHmmo. Ill tell thee more of this another time ; 

But fish aot with this melancholy bait, 
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion. 

Merchant of Venice, act i. s. I (lOO). 

8. Salarino, Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt 

not Uke his flesh ; what's that good for? 
Shylock, To bait fish withal ; if it will feed 
notUng else, it will feed my revenge. 

Merchant of Vettice, act iii. s. I. (53). 

9. Third QuM$. ^ He that wiU fish 

'For my least minnow, let him lead his line 
To catch one at my heart. 

7\vo Noble Kinsmen, act i. s. I (123). 

la Wooer, As I late was angling 

In the great lake that lies behind the palace. 
From the far shores thick set with reeds and 

sedges; 
As patiently I vras attending sport, 
I heard a voioe^ a shrill one, and attentive 
Igaye my ear, when I might well perceive 
Twas one that song, and by the smallness 

ofit 
A bov or woman — ^I then left my angle 
To htt own skill, came near, but yet perceiVd 

not 
Yfho made the sound; the rushes and the 



Had ao enoompast it ; I laide me down 
Aad liiliMd to the words she snng, for then 



Through a small glade cut by the fishermen, 
I saw It was your daughter. 

TuM Noble AtnsmcH, act iv. s. I (71).* 

II. Caliban. Til fish for thee. 

• •«««« 

Ca/iboH — No more dams I'll make for fish. 

Tempest^ act ii. s. 2 (166, 1S4). 

II. Hamlet, A man may fish with the worm that 
hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath 
fed of that worm. 

HamUt^ act iv. s, 3 (28). 

These are the chief passages in which 
angling is at all described ; but before ^oing 
on to the more numerous passages in which it 
is otherwise mentioned, it is worth while to 
notice the way in which Shakespeare, and 
other early writers, use the word " angle ;" for 
the word has a curious history, and gives a 
good example of the way in which words 
rise, change their meanmg, and disappear. 
Without questioning whether the wcMrd is 
derived from Angulus, or aycvXoc, or AyKurrpov 
(all of which have been suggested), it is 
enough to note that it is an old Anglo-Saxon 
word, meaning the fishing-hook, as dis- 
tinguished from all other hooks. In the 
Colloquy of Archbishop -^Ifric (in the tenth 
century) there is a conversation between 
Magister and Piscator: — "il/l Quomodo 
capis pisces? P, Ascendo navem et pono 
retia mea in amne et hamum projicio et 
sportas et quicquid ceperint sumo," where 
the Anglo-Saxon gloss on " et hamum pro- 
jicio " is " aud an^;il vel aes projicio." From 
the hook, the word was soon extended to the 
whole tackle required for river fishing ; and 
the verb " to angle " and "angling," and the 
substantive " an angler," were formed f The 
Book of S, Albans uses the word only in 
its larger meanings. '* Here begynnyth the 
treatyse of fysshynge with an angle." " The 
beste to my symple dyscrecon whyche 
is fysshynge ; called Anglynge wyth a rodde 
and a lyne and a hoke." Yet the word was 
still sometimes confined to its original mean- 
ing of "hook." The Vulgate reading of 
Matt. xvii. 27, is " vade ad mare, et mitte 
hamum," translated by Tyndale( 1534), "goo 

* I give these two quotations from Littledale's 
edition, without entering into the question of the 
authorship of the play. By the best authorities the 
first quotation would be assigned to Shakespeare, the 
second to Fletcher. 

f ** Angy/le-'To take with fyschc." — ;A<?w//, 
Farvu, 144a 



M4 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



to the see and cast in thyne angle;" by 
Cranmer (1539) "go thou to the see and cast 
an angle;" by the Geneva translation (1557) 
" go to the sea, ;and cast in thyne angle ;" — 
while the earlier translation of Wiclif (1380), 
had been ^' go thou to the sea ; cast an hook." 
Shakespeare uses the word for rod and line 
and all the tackle ; but it is very little used 
after his time in that sense, nor is the verb 
"to angle" much used — and gradually the 
word has almost entirely fallen into disuse in 
common conversation, and is only met with 
in books (which still speaks of " angling " and 
" an angler " but never of " an angle " or " to 
• angle ") ; or on the signposts of pleasant, old- 
fashioned river-side inns, of which a few may 
still be found with the inviting names of 
" The Angler's Delight," "The Angler's Rest," 
or " The Jolly Angler." The word still exists 
in the Flemish words, "angel," a hook; 
" angelaar," a fisherman ; " angelijn," and 
" angelsnoer," a fishing-line. It also still exists 
in the German, and in the Italian languages. 
But to return to Shakespeare's angling. 
It is not every enthusiast in fishing that writes 
a treatise on the art of angling, but if he is 
an enthusiast, it will very soon show itself in 
his constant reference to his hobby ; in his 
applying the technical language of the art to 
matters of everyday life ; and in his drawing 
from it his proverbs and illustrations. And 
this is just what Shakespeare does. Angling 
terms and phrases are used in abundance, 
and many a wise saying is hidden under a 
homely fishing proverb, and many a good 
lesson driven home by an illustration from 
the gende art. And it is noteworthy that 
these proverbs and illustrations do not take 
the hackneyed form of the old Moralities, * ut 
pisces esc& sic homines voluptate capiuntur,' 
but they are given with a freshness and 
reality which tell that he was thinking of 
actual fishes and fishing, and not of the pithy 
sentences that they might suggest. 

The proverbial expressions are such as 
these : — 

I. Pistoh Hold hook and line, say I. 

• 2 Henry /F., act ii. s. 4 (172). 

The proverb in full is " Hold hook and line, 
and all is mine ;" and is interesting in con- 
nection with the angling literature of Shake- 
speare's time. Steevens says it is found in 



the frontispiece of a black letter ballad 
entitled Tfu Royal Recreation of ycviaU 
Anglers ; and it also appears on the frontis- 
piece of The Secrets of Anglings by J. D. 
{L e,, John Dennys), a work wUch was not 
published till two years before Shakespeare's 
death, but which had been written long 
before, and which he may have seen, as it is 
not at all unlikely that he may have known 
the author. 

2. Edgar, Frateretto calls me ; and tells me Nero is 

an angler in the lake of darkness. Pray, 
innocent, and beware the fool fiend. 

Kitig Lear^ act iiL s. 6 (8). 

3. lago. She, that in wisdom never vras so frail. 

To change the cod's head for the salmon's tail. 

Othdlo, act ii. & I (155). 

4. LeonUs. His pond fish'd by his next neighbour, by 

Sir Smile, his neighbour. 

The Wmtef's TaU, act I s. 2 (194). 

5. Angdo, O cunning enemy, that, to catch a saint 

With saints dost bait thy hook. 

Measure for Measure^ act it s. 2 (iSo). 

6. Morton, But for their spirits and souls 

This word, rebellion, it had froze them np. 
As fish are in a pond. 

2 Henry /K, act t s. i (198). 

7. Speed, What, are they broken ? 

Lance, No, they are both as whole as a fish? 

7%M7 GetUiemen of Verona^ act iL s. 5 (19). 

8. Pardles, I love not many words. 

First Lord, No more than a fish loves water. 

Alts WeU that Ends Wdl, act iiL s. 6 (91). 

9. Drotnio oj Ephems, I pray thee, let me in. 
Dromio of Syracuse, Ay, when fowls have no 

feathers, and fish have no fin. 
Dromio of Ephesus, For a fish without a fin« 
there's a fowl without a feather. 

Comedy of Errors, act iiL s. i (79). 

The "finless fish" was one of the ''strange 
concealments" and " skimble-skamble stuff'' 
by whidi Glendower '' angered" HotspuFi and 
''put him from his faith." 

10. Aufidius, I think, he'll be to Rome 

As is the osprey to the fish, who takes it 
By sovereignty of nature. 

Corioianus, act iv. s. 7 (53}. 

In Shakespeare's time the osprey was the 
proverbial royal fisherman by nature, and it 
has always been an object of admiratioa to 
fishermen, not only for its beauty, and as a 
special ornament in the wild scenery of 
Highland lochs, but also for its wonderfiil 
skill in catching fish, often literally ** robbing 
the fisher of his prey." In another passage 
Shakespeare alludes to the fistUe that the 



XH/frFSPE^r^K AS jLF JLSrGZEH. 



M5 



an 

ThlB 



fiw iniitct lSb£ fish, who 'dus xiecazncE 
bootj : — 



Toot msL tiioiigiii it- mart 
othas^ yilwinfftl msditancf : ynicjncBtsAissoxo^ 
tSiBii afirinDF ; fam, oii lows, yrnar actiniF 
tBCy move, SE iH|iien di* "At iush 
uK!^ iiwuai 
Tvp JTmr JSTsonvia. aa i. s. I < 1461. 

hirgri numsisi'i- ; iocr 



II. 



Cym^dmcj azt iv. k. 2 J5^ 

12. 72nurK. I -wiD endmnl "file uid Andronicis, 

Wxdi wuidb inim sweet, and yet moR asogexiHs, 
Tins Isxts ID 'firik, or imney-stBiiEE tD ihPEj'> ; 
Wfaenasliie me s vomided witfatbe boil, 
The odier ratted fiidi drlirinife ieetL 

TiiKS Amdramiasi, od xv. &. 4 (B9|». 

33. KiatL I do pioiesF to be no lee iSbasL I bhtt ; to 
f0^e Inn tni}j' llnii will pm sk id tmsi ; 
«... aad to est no itsltL 

.Em^ Imr, id L k. 4 (13). 

7I1S B not ID snj fjfTHir SD angnng piD* 
Teri> ; bat it is & porDveil) lluct preserves tli£ 
rsoGvd of a itlBpoQS intnlffrance of viiidi the 
ftc li # i iiM i i of SHsaibeth's ds^ iiisidr com- 
pluDed — tli^ KmTM^mpr ^ max} as a S^oman 
C«t|i9Br^ sad therefore hostile to the Queen's 
GovcuuDCSt, l>ccxiiBe he ale fffih. 

14. X«^ CefmkL The &b liveF in the lea. 

JCmmep amdjubtiy act i s. 3 (K9). 

TUs piuyfll) is ose of La^ Capnlet's irise 
saws, bj vhidh i^ tries to rscammend Paris 
to her <iaq0hter ; but the farce of it as applied 
to Jnfiel has not been quite satk&ctorilj 



15. SemaditL Here comes Kameo — here comes 



i6l 



L Wxthont his loe, like a dried herzing : 
fleriif hmraxt tfatm fiidufied* 

Hmmm amdJuLieL, act ii. b. 4 (3S). 

TBf/ f^iF ^^'^^jr'*^»*^ with nij imripe 3^cdze. 



Ko 



17- 



Orhe 



-mptSS^ seek ncit to know me ; 
hot ihe uupuwii ^ f urbeais. 

VemMs and Adtmis (524). 

mn^ie tbkts did want cuncdt, 
' to lake her figured pxnffer, 
aibUer wonld not tonch the bait, 
and joA at evtj'jr gentle o&r. 

" (51). 



tffnTmiail terms ic the familia^ way in K'hich 
Sffikespesre speaks of nshsF and nsfainx;. un- 
less the tenns Teallv are famiiinr to them 
by tegnem use : and while n^^e nnd thesie 
tenns and allusions used by Shake5;peare in 
an ^iparent}y imconscious wsy, as the 
natural Tmri of his thoiiirhis. we do not 
nnd in all Milton's poern* the slightest 
mentiap of fjshin^ : and he speaks of nshes 
only as pans of the Creation. O^ r^nzBe 
this would be partially explained by the &ct 
that ali the earhr yean; di Shakespeare were 
pBffied in the country, and of Mihon in the 
town : but it is zoore fully eiqilained l^r our 
knowledge that the tastes and amusements 
of ^e two were entirely difiierent, and the 
niffftrenre is shown very dearly in their 
WM lings. 

But beyond these homely pro^'erbs, 
smiTlni. and iHnstrations. Shakespeare's 
knowledge and love of fishing is perhaps 
eves more shown by his use of angling terms, 
QT terms ardiDari}T used in connection widi 
fisheyj. where other writers would have used 
non-technical words ; such as these : — 

2. Saispur. And hr this^ iocr., 

lliiF ■Mtmmg hrow of jnstice, did he win 
The henxtE df aE dia: he did angle for. 

1 -ffisBTi- 77' , act iv. s. 5 (Ss), 

2. Crasida. Perchance, my lord, I ^ow mare cxafi 

than love; 
And £ell so TonndlT to a lazge rmifeaiinn 
To angle for yom* thooghts. 

Tnubts and Crnnda, act iii. s. 2 [iftoX. 

3. Fdllxemc. I icar the an^ that plnckf; our scm 

thither. 

Winters Talc, act iv. &. 2 (51). 

4. Falstaf. They wonld melt mr ont of my &U drop 

hy drop, and Lqnor fishennen's hoots with 



It vacg be sid that aH these are common 7 
pnvabSy and hackneyed illnstia- 
Of <XHBse they are; but, as a matter of ^ 
\ can gtiicxally make a good guess 
aft sn SBlfacx's tastes, amusements, or bnsi- 
aes^bj noting die laovobs and ilfaistrations 
lie si^es lae oC Antbocs do not 



Merry Wxus qf TFirndsar, act ir. s. 5 (lOO). 

5. Bertram, She knew her distance, and did angie 

forme. 
Maddening my eageme» with her restraint . 
AJTs Wen thai Ends Well, act v. s. 3 (2ia). 

6. Chiirus, But to his foe supposed lie most complaxn, 

Anddie,steal loveV sweet bait from fearfol hooks. 
Romec and JuHet^ act ii. Prokigne (7). 

Gotzz&b. Is not, sir, my donblet as fresh as the 
first day I wore it ? I meon, in a son — 
&. Amimio. That sort was well fished for. 

TempesL, act ii. s. i ^102). 

9. Trvihts, While others fish with craft for great 
ojunion, 
I with great tnith catch mere simplicity. 

Treihtt end Cressida^ act xr. s.4 (105), 



T46 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



la Servant, It is written — - that the shoemaker 
should meddle with his yard, and the tailor 
Tilth his last, the fisher with his pencil, and 
the painter with his nets. 

Romeo and Juiiei, act i. f, 2 (41). 

II. Clown, I will henceforth eat no fish of forttme's 
buttering. 
AlTs Well that Ends Well, act v. s. 2 (8). 

Any one of these passages, taken by itself, 
would give but small proof that Shakespeare 
was an angler ; but it is the collection of small 
hints and casual notices that njake a sort of 
cumulative evidence that fishes and fishing 
were much in his thoughts. And it should 
be noticed that in many, or even in most of 
the passages, the character of the speakers 
does not call for allusions to fishing — they 
are not fishermen soK:alled, or even country 
gentlemen — while in some cases the allusions 
may almost be said to be out of character. 
These are not the only instances where 
Shakespeare, as speaking his own feelings, or 
as interpreting the feelings of the time, is 
careless in observing too closely the exact 
fitness of the supposed speakers, whether as 
regards their date or their country ; but such 
instances are of the greatest value to all who 
can read between £e lines, and so look 
through his characters upon his own life, or 
the history of his time. 

Shakespeare's love of angling may be fur- 
ther proved from his special mention of many 
different fishes. Leaving such general ex- 
pressions as ''fishes of the sea," *' beasts, 
birds, and fishes," "fish and fowl," "ravenous 
fishes," and such like, we find that he men- 
tions by name, among freshwater fishes, 
salmon, trout, pike or luce, eels, dace, min- 
. nows, carp, tench, gudgeon, and loach. 

With salmon — "the most stately fyssh that 
any man can angle to in fi-eshwater" — 
Shakespeare seems to have had but a small 
acquaintance, and he probably only knew the 
fish as an article of food. There are only 
two passages in which he speaks of the 
monarch of freshwater fishes, and neither of 
them refer to fishing for it : — 

I. FhUllen. There is a river in Macedon, and there 
is also, moreover, a river at Monmouth ; 
it is adled Wpre at Monmouth ; but it is 
out of my prams what is the name of the 
other river ; but *tis all one, 'tis so like as 
my fingers is to my fingers, and there is 
salmons in both. 

Htnry K, act iv. s. 7 (28). 



2. Jago. She that in wisdom never was so fi:ail« 

To change the cod's head for the salmon's tail. 

Othello, act ii. s. I (155). 

Nor has he much more to say about trout ; 
and the little he does say proves that he was 
not acquainted with, and did not practise the 
noble art of fly-fishing for trout. 

1. Mrs, Overdone, But what's his offence ? 
Ponipey, Groping for trouts in a peculiar river. 

Measure for Measttre, act. i. s, 2 (90). 

2. Maria. Lie thou there ; for here comes the trout, 

That must be caught with tickling. 

Twelfth Night, act ii. s. 5 (24). 

In the present day catching trout by tickling 
is considered to be poaching, though it can 
only be done by great carefulness and delicate 
handling. But in Shakespeare's day it seems 
almost to have been the accepted system for 
catching 

The wary trout that thrives against the stream. 

QuAai.is. 

Shakespeare's contemporaries and fellow 
workers, Beaumont and Fletcher, speak of it 
as quite the regular way : — 

I told him what would tickle him like a trout ; 
And as I cast it, so I caught him daintily. 

Here comes another trout that I must tickle, 
And tickle daintily. 

Rule a Wife and Have a IVife. 

The pike, or luce, was probably better 
known to Shakespeare, and the opportunity 
of a pun on his old neighbour, Sur Thomas 
Lucy, of Charlecote (through whose park runs 
the Avon, with a plentiful supply of luce, or 
pike), was not to be lost. 

SUndir. All bis successors, gone before him, hath 
done't ; and all his ancestors that come after 
him, may ; they may give the dozen white luces 
in their coat. 

Sliallow. It is an old coat. 

Evans. The dozen white louses do become an old 
coat well ; it agrees well, passant ; it is a 
familiar beast to man, 'and signifies — ^love. 

Shallow. The luce is the fresh fish ; the salt fish is an 
old coat. 

Merry Wives of Windsor, act i. s. I (14). 

This, again, has no reference to the catching 
of pike, but to the old coat of aims of tiie 
Lucys ; one of the oldest bearings in English 
heraddry, and borne not only by the Lucy 
family, but by many others. (See Moule's 
Heraldry of Fish.) But the following pas- 
sage is a distinct account of trolling for 
pike:— 



N 



SiTAtrESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



U7 



Fmisiaf. Wdl; HI be acqaminted with him if I re- 
tain ; and it shall go hard, bat I will make him 
a philotopher's two stones to me. If the yoang 
dace be a bait for the old pike, I see no reason, 
in the law of nataie, bat I maj snap at him. 
, 9 Hauy /K., act iiL s. 2 (354). 

The dace is not mentioned elsewhere. 

(To be cotUfntutf,) 




Civic Xifc in b^one Centuriea. 



RECENT search among the archives 
of the Corporation of Leeds has 
discovered some quaint records, 
which date back for more than two 
centuries. They lift the cturtain fix>m curious 
aspects of municipal life prior to the reign 
of Charles II., throwing a side light upon the 
eventful times of Oliver Cromwell, and the 
menu>iable days when Milton had just given 
his inmiortal epic to the world. Some of 
these antiquated chronicles are almost as 
difficult to decipher as the shorthand in 
which Samuel Pep3rs had then begun to 
write his celebrated diary of the Restoration 
period. This is no fault of the ink, which 
must have been of very good quality to keep 
its colour so long. The o]d manuscripts are 
now, however, stained and time worn, bearing 
unmistakable evidence that full two hundred 
yeais have passed since the crooked and 
antiquated handwriting of these official pages 
was penned. 

Some of the earliest entries give a rather 
droll revelation of the convivial and festive 
customs thai laigely associated with public 
business. Thus, we read that, in February^ 
1662, the Corporation, '^ having received 
great testimony and satisfaction to the abilitye 
and fitnesse of Thomas Gorst in the per- 
formance of the art, trade, or mistery of a 
cooke," ordered that the said Thomas Gorst 
should '* be reported and taken to be the 
sole and only Cooke to the now present, or 
hereafter Maior and Aldermen of y^ sayd 
burroogh;" and that he should, ''from tyme 
to tyme, vpon any publique occation, dress 
or Older to be dressed, the several dishes 
appoynted for any such meeting or solemp- 
nitye.^' The Corporation also forbade any 
penon to interfere with him in his profession. 



Upon minor occasions the feasting was 
enjoyed in some favourite public house : and 
there are, accordingly, many entries of pay- 
ments to certain landlords on account of 
the "treate" with which newly elected 
Councillors or Aldermen invariably com- 
mended themselves to the jovial circle of 
municipal magnates. In a memorandum by 
the town clerk, dated September, 1765, 
with regard to the date and mode of choosing 
new Mayors, it is formally notified that, 
'' afterwards the old Mayor, the Mayor-elect, 
and the rest of the Court, go and drink a 
glass. The old Mayor pays a guinea, the 
Mayor-elect los. 6d,y the Aldermen ax. a 
piece, and the Assistants (or Councillors) one 
shilh'ng each. What is spent above is paid 
by the treasurer out of the Corporation 
stock. Sunday after the last mentioned day, 
the new Mayor goes to Church with the old 
Mayor — the former in a scarlet, and the latter 
in a black gown ; and dine together at the 
old Mayor's. After the Michaelmas Quarter 
Sessions, go to the Court to swear the new 
Mayor, and then sup with him. Waites 
playing before them from Court. New 
Mayor gives the old Church ringers ten 
shillings." The last sentence but two 
evidently refers to the festive duties of the 
Town Clerk himself, concerning whom we 
find it unanimously agreed, at a Court held 
in October, 1755, " ^^ ^® Town Clerk do 
dine as usual with the Mayor.'' At a later 
date, more than one payment of six guineas 
was made to the Mayor, as " half of the 
annual sum allowed for the Chief Constable 
and other attendants, in lieu of eating at His 
Worship's." Subordinate officers, such as the 
Beadle and Mace Bearer, enjoyed several 
perquisites, one of which was an allowance 
" in lieu of dinners " on what were known 
as Gown Sundays, when the Corporation 
went in State to Church. At the same period 
there was an annual grant of ;^45 to the 
Mayor " towards the support of his dignety." 
And yet the "dignety" was one which 
some gentlemen refused to accept. In 1753, 
a worthy townsman chosen as chief magis- 
trate, was so contumacious and ungrateful^ 
that he would not yield until the point was 
decided against him by Ix)rd Justice Mans- 
field, at York Assizes; and then he only 
consented on condition that the duties of the 



148 



CIVIC LIFE IN BYGONE CENTURIES. 



office might be discharged by his brother. 
Many others selected against their will for 
civic honours equally objected to serve, but 
did not carry their resistance to the extremity 
of litigation, preferring to pay the heavy 
penalties imposed for their refusal. The 
fines prescribed by the Corporation, so late 
as 1 83 o» were ;£^40o for every Assistant, and 
;^5oo for every Alderman failing to take 
office within ten days after election. Fines 
of equal amount were payable for resignation 
without the consent of the Corporation, unless 
the member had ceased for twelve months to 
reside within the borough, or the Alderman 
had attained the age of seventy years. It was 
also provided that there should be a penalty 
of ^400 for refusing to serve the office of 
Mayor — ^never having served ; ;;^3oo for re- 
fusal, after having served once ; ^200 for 
twice ; and ;;f 100 for every subsequent re- 
fusal. As the records shew, these were no 
idle enactments. In December, 1786, four 
individuals paid amongst them no less than 
;;^8oo in this way. The exacting conditions 
were, indeed, so often enforced that we are 
inclined to suspect the sly old Councillors of 
having elected wealthy but unwilling bur- 
gesses in order to extract these substantial 
fines from them when the corporate ex- 
chequer was at a low ebb. The civic purse 
does seem at times to have got rather 
empty; for at a Court held in May, 1720, 
it was "agreed and ordered by a majority 
of votes that no more money shall be ex- 
pended upon any public or common treate, 
out of the Corpora'con's stock until the Cor- 
pora'con is out of debt." This self-denying 
ordinance was of brief duration. 

After accepting office, some members seem 
to have been lax in their attendance. A fine 
of 5J. was ordered for such Aldermen, and 
2i. (>d, for Councillors, who failed to attend 
within half-an-hour of the time specified in 
.the notice convening each Court. As even 
this failed to secure punctuality, the penalties 
imposed upon defaulters were doubled in 
1705. In the case of one or two daring 
absentees who refused to pay the fines, the 
Recorder was consulted as to " the properest 
way to recover the same." The first bye- 
law among these old Yorkshire records is 
dated March, 1662, and reads as follows : — 

For the more Regular and due behaviour of all and 



every person and persons, now or hereafter members 
of y* Corporac*on of this biirrough, in the Transaction 
of any matter or thing in this Court ; it ia Ordered that 
vpon any matter put to question and in debate, noe 
member shall take vpon hun to speake dureing such 
tvme as the Maior or any Alderman or any one of 
the Common Councell is in his discourse to the matter 
soe in question, vpon penaltye of every Alderman 
soe offending y* summe of five shillings, and every 
Common Councell man or Assistent y* summe of 
%5, (>d. 

Perhaps it would not be amiss if this whole- 
some regulation were still in force for the 
"due behaviour" of some public bodies in 
which interruptions and irregularities of de- 
bate are by no means unknown. The 
earliest mention of civic robes in these 
Chronicles is in a minute dated 1668. It is 
there noted that Madame Danby, the Mayor's 
wife, presented a scarlet gown to be worn by 
her husband and succeeding Mayors. After 
awhile the minor dignitaries apparently 
became envious of His Worship's grandeur ; 
and so, at a Court held on May 10, 1^701, it 
was ordered that every member of the Cor- 
poration, "except old Mr. Hargreaves,'* 
should provide himself with a suitable gown, 
under a penalty of ;^5 — afterwards increased 
to ;£2o — with the addition of a small fine if 
they failed to attend the Mayor in their 
official robes, when summoned to Church 
service upon festival days, or other 
public and* solemn occasions. In order 
that there might be no evasion of these 
edicts it was required that the Aldermen 
and Assistants " do show their gowns to the 
Sergeant-at-Mace, on request," or be fined 
for refusal. In 1773, it was resolved " that 
the Mayor be provided with a new gown out 
of the Corporation stock, and that the 
Sergeant-at-Mace have the Mayor's old gown," 
— an amusing compromise between extra- 
vagance and economy. This same mace- 
bearer was a functionary who sometimes 
united in himself a singidar combinmtion of 
offices, as witness the following entry under 
date March 5, 1736 : — 

This day Morgan Lowry was elected Sergeant-at- 
Mace in v** house of William Mitton, by John Brooke^ 
Esq., (Maior), the Alderman and Councillors^ and 
did then take the oath of office. 

At same time and place he was, in like manner, 
elected Gierke of y* M.irkett, and did then take die 
oath of office. 

At same time and place he w'as, in like manner, 
elected Coroner, and did then take the oath of office. 



CJTTC LIFE IK BYGONE CENTimTES. 



»49 



Such a plmslitj of offices sotmds strange 
in onr daj, and isther out of keeping with 
the digxutj of liie caroneiEliip ; but the hick}* 
Moxgan must have been a lavouzite, and 
doobtless showed his gratitude by a '' treate" 
to fais dric masters, as they met in generous 
mood that daj at *'j*^ house of Wilham 
Mittoai.'' 

Even more striking than the change in 
social customs is tiie revobition in thought 
which has occurred since the stirring time 
when these old records were written. The 
Corporations then were dose and self-elected 
boches, too mudi under the jealous control 
of roraltj to show anj popular sympathy 
for the cause of rithrr ciril or religious 
freedom. As the present Mayor of Leeds 
is X Qnaker, it is especially interesting and 
s^estire to find that one of the earliest 
reoofds relates to a persecution of his 
Wonhip's co-religionists. The intolerance 
of the local aulLmili es went farther than 
even so bigoted a monarch as James IL 
then inclined to sanction. Accordingly, 
read that, in 1687, a letter was read from 
the king with reference to some goods be- 
longing to John Wales and other Quakers 
of Leeds, which had been taken from them 
^ OD aocomxt of their religious worshippe," 
and remained unsold in the hands of the 
CttritaWe, His Majesty signified his pleasure 
diat the Mayor and Aldermen should cause 
''je said goods" to be forthwith returned 
to the respecdre owners, without any charge 
— an order duly obeyed. By an entry, dated 
i68oiy we are reminded of the unrelenting 
TUgSKSL with which Nonconfoi iiiiste were per- 
aecoted in the previous reign. At that date 
the Mayor and Alderman were each re- 
quired by a Royal Commission to state — 
and here are thor statements, preserved to 
tfait day — whether they had duly obser\'ed 
the Test Act, idiich required from all persons 
accepting office, a declaration against the 
Soienm League and Covenant and also that 
diey dioold within one year have taken the 
IM7 Sacrament according to the rites of 
Chinch of England. 

Profligate and unworthy as was the 
monaxch^ — Charles II. — who imposed these 
rdigioas conditions, his death was lamented 
in due fonn by the local dignitaries of the 
period. In an address to the new king, in 



which congratulation and condolence are 
oddhr mingled. Charles is lamented as our 
late gracious sovereign of blessed memon-, 
" Yo' mat}-*" most deare and intirely belowd 
brother.** The loyal address adds : — 

TTe do in sdl hmnillirye beseech y'" inati-'' to 
p'nniu us to lay our most thankfull con^fratalacinmi 
at y'' Tvoyal Peei for yo^ mat}'* late most {fnicioON 
flecimuc'on. 

In the first year of his reign, James granted 
to Leeds, as to other towns, a new charter, 
in which, however, he took care to subject 
the Corporation, and the Appointment of all 
its leading officers, to the power of the Crown. 
Besides submitting to further restrictions of 
their liberties, the Town Councfl had to meet 
the expense of the new Charter. Tliis duty . 
the members set about personally, in accor- 
dance with the following quaint resolution, 
dated 1685 — viz., 

Tlrni M''. Maior and 4 or 5 of j** Aldermen, m-itli as 
many of y' xuisistaiitc; &<; please, dfie meet an AVednes- 
day, an y** honse of M**. Haimah Johnson, by scaven 
of y* dock in y* morning, to goe ahonl to colteci 5* 
same. 

In OUT own day it would scarcely be in 
accord with aldermanic habits to start at 
seven o'clock in the morning from a public- 
house on a collecting expedition ! 

As each successive monarch came to t))e 
throne, his advent was welcomed with a loyal 
address, and proclamations by the mayor and 
aldermexi, on horseback, at the Market Cross ; 
after which, as in the case of Geoige II., 
" the Corporation do adjourn to the Hoose 
of Mr. James Wainman, to solempnize the 
day, where an entertainment is to be pRV 
vided at the public charge." Upon the acces- 
sion of Geoige IV., besides a coronation 
banquet to the Town Council, an allowance 
of ij. p>er man was allowed to the soldiers 
in Leeds, also 5X. per man to the local 
yeomanry, and an equal sum to the volun- 
teers, ** to drink his Majesty*s health." 

During the rebellion of 1745 in fa\'0«r of 
the exiled house of Stuart, the Ix^s Town 
Council, like others, passed a resolution dc 
nouncing " the Popish Pretender ;" and they 
did not fail to celebrate the victory of the 
King's troops with abundant festivity. At 
the commencement of the eventful \i'ar with 
France in 1793, a loyal address, which ^*c 
find fully set out in those rcconls, was sent 



ISO 



CIVIC LIFE IN BYGONE CENTURIES. 



from Leeds, promising the King a firm sup- 
port in its prosecution. Volunteers having 
enrolled themselves in the national cause, the 
thanks of the municipality were voted to them, 
in 1794, for their prompt enrolment: and 
an " elegant " sword was presented to the first 
commandant of the local battalion. In 1 798, 
when England was in expectation of being in- 
vaded by France, the Town Council records 
refer to the French "as our inveterate enemies, 
making preparations to invade our land, 
destroy our commerce, and enslave oiu* 
persons." A resolution was passed ex- 
pressing "fixed determination to assist in 
repelling these tyrannical efforts by the most 
vigorous means in our power." An address 
was at the same time presented to the King, 
promising that "your Majesty may have 
ample supplies to provide for the effectual 
protection and safety of this kingdom," and 
humbly offering " our deliberate opinion 
that the finances of the Government ought 
to be strengthened at this important crisis by 
such a legal but general contribution out of 
the annual income of all property, real and 
personal, by a rateable proportion, as may be 
fully adequate (under the blessing of Divine 
providence) to defeat all the machinations of 
our foes." Since that time. Governments 
have not been slow to profit by this self- 
sacrificing suggestion of an income tax. Not 
content with merely verbal expressions, it 
was further resolved that ";;^Soo be sub- 
scribed out of the Corporation stock, in aid 
of the supplies requisite for the defence of 
the counfay, and that it be subscribed in 
the following terms: — *The Corporation of 
Leeds, having no property or income what- 
ever, save the interest of a capital of about 
;^i,8oo arising from fees of admission, or 
fines paid by persons refusing to serve, ordered 
that the Treasurer do dispose of shares in the 
Leeds Water Works, towards raising a sum 
for the purpose aforesaid." When peace was 
restored, in the first years of the present 
century, two pairs of colours were publicly 
presented to the local volunteers, who were, 
moreover, entertained to dinner at a cost of 
nearly ;£^3oo. And yet, in 1800, local trade 
and social comfort were at a low ebb, as 
witness the following dismal petition from 
the Town Council to Parliament : — 
The condition of the labouring people of this 



populous boroii^h and its neighbourhood is extremely 
deplorable, owing to the excessively high price of com 
and other articles of sustenance ; that the petitioners 
are manufacturers of woollens, or connected therewith* 
and that the produce of their labour is almost unsale- 
able, from the general inability of the poor to purchase 
clothing ; that the master manufacturers — a numerous 
and most valuable class of men — ^have stru^led some 
time with the greatest difficulties, in endeavouring to 
find employment for their workmen, but from the 
causes above stated their goods cannot be vended in 
sufficient quantity, even at prices below the actual 
cost, and that the most ruinous accumulations of them 
remain in their hands, whilst their stodc of trading 
capital (a source of incmlculable benefit to the country 
when employed by them) is sinking so rapidly that, 
unless some immediate and effectual remedy to the 
evil can be applied, the most fatal consequences to 
them, and all who depend on them for employment, 
must inevitably ensue. 

Since this lamentation was written, a good 
many fortimes have been nuide in the West 
Yorkshire woollen trade. The manufacturers 
had not then, as in a more recent period of 
depression, hit upon the expedient of trying 
to divert the fashions by inducing members 
of the royal house, from patriotic motives, to 
wear clothing of local make. In 181 a the 
Town Council petitioned, in alarmist terms, 
against Catholic emancipation. Congratula- 
tions upon the " glorious victories" gained 
over Napoleon Buonaparte are recorded in 
1 8 13. In the following year an address was 
sent to the Prince Regent^ congratulating 
him upon '' the glorious events which have 
led to the down^l of tyrrany and the re- 
storation of the Bourbons to the throne of 
their ancestors." In 1831 the civic body, 
laying much stress on the protection of the 
interests of property, petitioned against the 
Reform Bill, which was passed in the follow- 
ing year. Apart firom any political partisan- 
ship, it now sounds singularly to read how 
they express their "dread of the consequences 
of intrusting the interests of the few to the 
protection of the many, which would be the 
case in a legislative assembly elected, fiyr the 
most part, by large bodies of people gene- 
rally indifferent, oftentimes opposed) to such 
interests, and too likely to be swayed in the 
choice of their representatives by matters of 
partial and temporary interest, at the dicta- 
tion of ambitious demagogues or the inter- 
meddling of political associations formed for 
Ihe purpose of controlling elections." 

The reformed legislature of the nation 



CIVIC LIFE IN BYGONE CENTURIES, 



»5i 



naturally turned its early attention to the 
need of reforming the civic parliaments. A 
Commission was accordingly appointed in 
1834, and reported in the following year 
that 

There prevails among the inhabitants ot a j'reat 
many of the incorporated towns a general and, in 
oar opinion, just dissatisfaction with the municipal 
institutions ; a distrust of the Belf-clectcd municipal 
councils, whose powers are subject to no popular con- 
trol, and whose acts and proceedings, beinq^ secret, 
are not checked by the influence of public opmion — a 
distrust of the municipal magistracy, tainting with 
inspidon the local administration of justice — and 
discontent under the burden of local taxation, while 
revenues are diverted from theiii legitimate uses. 

Moved by virtuous indignation, the Leeds 
Town Council petitioned, but in vain, against 
being included in this sweeping condemna- 
tion. The records of the unreformed Cor- 
poration close with an unfinished minute, 
dated 19th December, 1835 — municipalities 
entering in 1 836 upon an era of progressive 
improvement under the new Act. 

J. D. SiiAW. 



{\>in 




Cddcj: 3Sra00e0. 



|H£ following article contains some 
additions and corrections to the 
list given in the Manual of 
Manummtal Brasses^ by tlie late 
Rev. Herbert Haines, M.A. 
• Ashen. — ^A small brass, circa 1520, repre- 
senting a man in armour, and his wife. 
Inscription and shields lost. 

Al^ome. — I. Inscription : " Of yo' charite 
pray for the souleof Margaret Hyklott which 
decessed the xxvij. day of August in the 
ycre of our lord. M^ V*" two, on whose soule 
JhQ have mercy. Amen." The figure of 
Maigaret Hytdott is, unfortunately, gone, but 
above the matrix theft remains the figure of 
the B. V. M. seated in a chair, crowned and 
with long flowing hair, holding upon her 
knees the Infant Saviour. Beneath the 
inscription are two female figures, children of 
the deceased, one a widow, the other a nun, 
with left ' hand raised in the act of 
benediction. 

2. The full-length figure in civilian costume 
of William Hyklott. Above it is a repre- 



sentation of God the Father, seated in a 
chair, supporting the crucified Saviour. 
Beneath the figure is the following inscription : 
" Pray for the soulc of Willm. Hyklott of 
Althom, which paide for the werkemanship 
of the wall of this churche the same 
Willm. dyed the xvj. day of September in 
the yere of our lord M* V^ viij. on whose 
soule Jhu have mercy, ame." These brasses 
are very well preserved. 

Bowers Giflford. — The highly interesting, 
though mutilated, figure of Sir John Gifibrd, 
is now restored to this church. 

Benfieet, South. — A mutilated Latin in- 
scription. 

Chadwell St Mary. — English inscription 
and shield of arms to Cicilye Owen, who 
died 1 8th August, 1603. 

Coggeshall. — Nos. i and 2 appear to be 
lost. 

Corringham. — An inscription in Roman 
capitals, ** Here lieth the body of Robte. 
Draper, Person of Corringham, who decesed 
ye r8 of December, 1595." 

Cricksea. — Three escochcons of arms, with 
very long English inscription to Sir Arthur 
Herris, of Creeksea, who died in 1631. He 
married Ann, sole daughter and heiress of 
Robert Cranmer, of Chipsted, in Kent ; and 
secondly. Dame Ann, widow of Sir H. 
Bowyer, Kt, sole daughter and heiress to 
Sir Nicholas Salter, Kt., of London. 

Downham. — Two brass plates, fixed in a 
large slab of stone, were found during the 
recent restoration of this church, at a depth 
of more than a foot beneath the pews in the 
nave. The first is inscribed : — 

Mons Thomas TyrcU gist ici 
Dieu de s'alme eit verraie mercy 

The second : — 

Alice q fut fiJme de Mons Tbom4 
Tyrell gist ici Dicu dc s'alme cit m*cy 

Beneath this is shield of arms, chequy. Sir 
Thomas Tyrell died at the close of the 
fourteenth century. 

Fryeming. — ^The brass in this church is 
now lost 

Hanningfield West — i. The half-length 
figure of a lady, circa 1400. The figures of 
the husband and a second wife, with inscrip- 
tion, lost. . 2. Two escocheons of arms with 
two fragments of an inscription, the remainder 



^52 



ESSEX BRASSES 



of the composition consisting of male and 
female figures ; two shields lost. 

Harlow. — Add, i. The small full length 
figures of Thomas Aylmar and Alys, his wife. 
He is in civilian costume, wearing the long 
fur trimmed cloak. She wears a tightly 
fitting dress with elaborately ornamented 
girdle, and the kennel head dress ; behind 
her is a group of four daughters, and behind 
the male figure is a group of seven sons. 
The inscription, rather roughly engraved, is : 
" Here lyeth Thomas Aylmar, gent and Alys 
his wyfe which decssyd the xxviij. day of 
August anno dnL m"* 00000*" xviij." 

2. The full length figures of a civilian and 
his wife, with four sons and five daughters. 
The lady wears the homed head dress with a 
short veil. Inscription lost. 

3. Three shields of arms. The centre one 
is engraved upon a circular plate, and bears 
a Moor's head as a crest. 

Horndon, East — The lady is represented 
as a widow. 

Hutton. — An inscription to George White, 
1584. 

Laindon. — By comparing the figures with 
the list of rectors, as given by Newcourt in 
his Repertoriunty there appears litde doubt 
but that No. 1 commemorates John Kekil- 
peny, rector, who died in 1466, and No. 2, 
Richard Bladwell, rector, who died in 15 13. 

Latton. — Nos. 3 and 4 are apparently lost. 

The inscription to Emanuell Woolloye and 
Margaret his wife has been replaced ; sJso the 
three shields. 

Leigh, near Rochford. — No. iii. These 
figures are undoubtedly of earlier date, and 
probably commemorate members of the 
Chester iiaunily. 

Littlebury. — No. 6. The name of Byrch 
should be Byrd. 

Margaretting. — A man in armour (head 
lost) and wife, with three sons and four 
daughters. One shield of arms (mutilated) ; 
inscription lost. Add: three shields and 
English inscription to Margaret Whetcombe, 
and one shield and English inscription to 
Peter and Julian Whetcombe. 

Nettleswell. — Thomas Laurence is in civi- 
lian costume. This brass contains groups of 
two sons and five daughters. No. 2. The 
daughter is deceased, and represented as a 
chrism child. 



Ockenden, North. — No. a is apparently 
lost 

Pitsea. — Latin inscription to Elizabeth 
Parlevant, 1588. 

Pamdon, Great— The full-length figure ot 
Rowland Rampston. He is in civilian cos- 
tume, long fur-trimmed doak, with banging 
sleeves, low shoes, short hair, beard and 
moustache. Inscription: *' Here lyeth buried 
the body of Rowland Rampston, late of this 
Parishe, Gent, who married Mary the eldest 
daughter of Captain Edward Tvmer of Can- 
nons, Esquire; begotten on y* body of 
Martha, the daughter and heire of John 
Hanchet, Esquire : w*=^ Mary, in kinde re- 
membrance of her lovinge hvsband provyded 
this monument, who departed this lyfe in 
the faithe of Christ and in an assvred hope 
of a happie resvrrection the x*** day of 
September, 1598." 

Rettenden. — ^No. 2, with probably some 
other brasses, is now covered by floor- 
boards. 

Roydon. — No. 3 is now missing. 

Stow Maries. — A very well executed full 
length female figure, in the Paris houldresSy 
with large ruff. On each side is a group of 
children — ^four daughters and three sons. 
Above is a shield of arms. Beneath is the 
inscription in Roman capitals : " Here lieth 
the body of Maiye the daughter of Thomas 
Cammocke of Maldon in the county of 
Esse^, Esq. and late wife of William Browne 
of Stow Marris in the said county Gent by 
whome she had iiL sones and iiij. davgfaters 
and she departed her life the xvij. day of 
September 1602. In the 35 yeare df her age.* 

Southminster. — i . Two escocheons of aims. 
2. A square plate, elaborately foliated, beaiiqg 
a large shield surmounted b^ a crest Be- 
neath the shield are four Latm verses. This 
is the sole remnant of the noble monument 
erected to " Master William Harris," Hjgfa 
Sheriff of Essex, who died in 1556. 3. The 
full length figures of a civilian and Im wife^ 
circa sixteenth century; above her head is a 
shield of arms. One other shield and, die 
inscription lost| 4. The small full-length 
figure, in short doak and trunk hose, erf' Jdm 
King, Gent, who died on the I4di of Juty, 
1634. According to the English inscriptioot 
he married *' Ann, daughter of John HeBtoie, 
Yeoman, late of Bursted Magna." 



ESSEX BRASSES. 



^53 



Stock.— ^The Tweedye memorial is now 
mural 2. Inscription to Z. Pearse, rector, 
and Elizabeth his wife, 1707. 

Thurrock Grays. — The male figure is now 
lost 

Upminster. — Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7 apparently 
lost Add the full-length figure of a lady 
holding a book. She has a Venetian mirror 
attached to her girdle. Also a small full 
length figure of a civilian, in long fur- trimmed 
cloak, low shoes, and long hair. Also a 
Latin inscription to John Stanley. 

Waltham Abbey. — ^Add English inscrip- 
tion commemorating Robert Rampson and 
his charity. Also, a long English epitaph upon 
Sir Edward Denny, Kt, who died in 1599. 

Waltham, Great. — No. i commemorates 
Richard Everard and Clemence his wife. 
He is in civilian costume. She in the dress 
of the period, with very high hat She died 
in 161 7. Three shields of arms, and English 
inscription. No. 2, described as *' a civilian 
and 2 ws, r. 1600," is the memorial of 
Thomas W}'seman. One wife is now lost. 
Above the figures is a square plate, with 
shield of arms ; beneath, is an English inscrip- 
tion, and a mutilated group of three daughters 
imder the second wife. Add a full-length 
civilian figure, habited in long cloak, shoes, 
9aA wearing beard and moustache, probably 
one of the Wyseman family. Also an English 
inscription to Dorothie, wife of Thomas 
Wyseman ; she died in 1589. 

Waltham, Little, — i. An inscription : 
^^-fiic jacet Ricardus Walthin. qui obijt xxviij. 
dw mensis Octobr. a'.dni. mccccxxvi. cuius 
ane p'prdet d'ns. Ame.*' 2. A very fine 
figure in armour, similar in every respect to 
the knight, circa 1450, in Isleworth Church, 
Ifiddlesex, engraved on page cxcii., and 
probably by ^e same artist Inscription 
beneath the feet : " Hie jacet Johes Walton 
aimig. quondm. dns ista. ville qui obijt xxi. die 
Decembr. a dni mccccxlvii. cui aie ppciet de 
ame." The whole composition is in wonder- 
fully good preservation. 

Warley, Little. — ^An English inscription is 
beneath the demi-figure of Anne Hamner. 

Weald, South. — ^The whole of these brasses 
were given away in 1 863 (?) by the then rector, 
but thanks to Naies and Queries several have 
been recovered, and will be replaced by the 
present rector. 

VOL. IV. 



Writtle. — The three groups of children 
described as belonging to No. 2 form portion 
of a recently uncovered brass representing 
a ci\ilian and his four wives. It is in very 
good preservation, but unfortunately the in- 
scription is gone. Add also a fine brass 
representing the full-length figures of Edward 
Bell, gendeman, and "Margaret his onlye 
wife." The English inscription shows that 
he died in January, 1576. Beneath are the 
figures of three sons and one daughter. The 
whole surmounted by a shield of arms. 

In Little Burstead Church there are three 
seventeenth-century inscriptions. I also 
possess rubbings of the brasses in the fol- 
lowing churches, and find them correctly 
described— viz., Aveley, Baddow (Great), 
Barking, Dagenhara, Faulkboum, Ingrave 
(remarkably fine), Ockendon (South), Orsett, 
Rayleigh, Rawreth, Rainhara, Runwell, San- 
don, Shopland, Springfield, Stifford, Stondon 
Massy, and WillingaJe Doe. I may add 
that I commenced my Essex collection in 
August, 1880. 

J. A. Sparvel-Bayly, F.S.A, 

Billericay, Essex. 




Olivet (Tromwell an^ (3enoa. 

By J. Theodore Bent. 

|URING the Protectorate, a very 
close intimacy existed between 
England and the Italian Republic 
of Genoa; perhaps not so much 
owing to the excuse alleged by Cromwell 
when the Spanish Ambassador complained 
of the favour shown to the emissary of 
Genoa. " Do ye not perceive,'* said Oliver, 
"that England and Genoa are both Repub- 
lics? Hence, they wish to do themselves 
mutual honours, being, as they both are, 
under the protection of St. George." But 
more probably it may be attributed to th^ 
close relationship which existed between 
Cromwell's family and the wealthy house of 
Pallavicini, in Genoa. 

Sir Horatio Pallavicini came from Genoa 
to England in Queen Mary's reign, and 
settled here, being appointed collector of the 
Papal taxes in this countr}'. On the acces- 
sion of Queen Elizabeth, he put into his 

n 



154 



OLIVER CROMWELL AND GENOA, 



pocket all the dues he had in his possession 
at the time being, and was knighted shortly 
afterwards for lending to the queen a portion 
of his ill-gotten gain. 

Sir Horatio had three children by his first 
wife, who was Genoese, and shortly before 
his death, on her demise, he married a Dutch 
lady, who only remained his widow for a 
year and a day, when she gave her hand to 
Sir Oliver Cromwell, the Protector's grand- 
father. He, too, was a widower, with several 
children ; and so pleased with the arrange- 
ment did the respective families of Cromwell 
and Pallavicini seem, that three of the Crom- 
wells married the three Pallavicini, and hence 
the Protector had two Genoese uncles and 
one Genoese aunt. 

This will easily account for the intimacy 
which existed between Cromwell and the 
Ligurian Republic, without going further 
afield for a reason. There is a report cur- 
rent in Genoa that Richard Cromwell, the 
Protector's son, died at the Scoglietto Palace 
in Genoa ; but there is only evidence as to 
his having spent a short time there. 

In the archives of Genoa, the corre- 
spondence between the Genoese ambassadors 
and the Republican authorities is kept in full, 
forming several large folios, and each letter 
abounds with accounts of some pleasing 
audience he had had with the Protector, and of 
the amicable commercial terms which existed 
between the two countries. 

Hidden away amongst these are two letters 
of the Protector's, one professing to be a 
translation and copy of one he wrote shortly 
after the battle of Worcester, and the other 
being written in his own hand and signed 
with his own signature. 

Of the first of these I here append a trans- 
lation. It was written to Guglielmo Sentalle, 
Orator of the Parliament of Genoa, who sup- 
plied the translation, which is now in the 
archives, appended to a letter from the 
Genoese Ambassador in I^ondon, describing 
the same event It runs as follows^ and is 
without date : — 

I cannot at present give you full details of the 
successes which the Lord has been pleased to work 
for this Republic, and yet I cannot keep silent ; and 
so, according to my powers, I will sincerely represent 
the events as they occurred. 

The battle was fought with varied success for some 
hours, but always with good hopes on our side, until 



at last we became completely victorious, so much so 
liial the total ruin of the hostile armv was the result ; 
and when they were aU put to flight the fall of the 
city of Worcester soon followed, which gave itself up 
to us. 

Our soldiers entered in almost on the heels of the 
enemy, fighting with them in the streets with great 
courage, and getting hold of their baggage and 
artillery. As to how many dead there may be I can- 
not give an exact account, since a revision has not been 
made ; yet there are many, since the dispute was loi^ 
and hand to hand, and sometimes from hill to hill, 
and from one point of defence to the other. 

Our prisoners are from six to seven thousand, and 
many noblemen of high rank, and officers ; the Duke 
of Hamilton and the Earl of Ross, and several 
earls and marquises, and others, who vrill be fitting 
subjects for our justice. 

We have sent a considerable body of troops after 
the enemy ' who fled in haste, and I have already 
heard they have taken a considerable number. 
Another very important thing is that the whole 
country round has risen against the enemy. I think 
that mv forces, which, by divine Providence, betook 
themselves to Stroud, Shrewsbury, and StafTord with 
those beside under Colonel Selboome, seem in a 
manner to have foreseen what would happen, and luLve 
been greatly instrumental in preventii:^^ the return of 
the enemy into Scotland. I hear besides that the 
enemy have not more than a thousand horsemen in 
their flight, and that we have nearly four thousand 
following them, and others who are to interpose them- 
selves between them and their return into Scotland. 

Of a truth the battle was hard fought ; yet, neverthe- 
less I do not believe we have lost more tlian two 
hundred men ; the dimension of a debt to the mercy 
of Cjod passeth my understanding. Thify this appears 
to me a crowning mercy, and if it is not such, at all 
events it will prove to be so, if we, to whom so much 
is given, render the thanks due to God, and if the 
parliament, in changing the government, does His 
wiU and that of the nation, seemg that the people are 
so willing in defence, and that the diligence of otfr 
servants has been thus signally blest in Uiis last great 
work. 

Therefore, I take upon myself the hardihood 
humbly to beg of you that all your thoughts may 
only have re^uxl to the exaltation of His honom^ 
who has worked such great salvation, and that tlitt 
maintenance of those continued mercies may not 
cause pride or vanity, as formerly similar ones caused 
to His chosen people ; but rather that the fear of the 
Lord God alone by His mercy may hold rule, tlKt the 
people thus prospered and blessed may be humble 
and faithful, and that justice, rectitude, and troth mav 
flow upon us on returning thanks to our gnicioiis God 

These will be the prayers of yonr most hmnUe and 
obedient servant, 

OUVER CROIIWSLI. 

The second letter is written in Latin, pre- 
sumably not the Protector's composition, but 
in his handwriting and with his accustomed 
signature, and is a purely business letter to 
the Doge, as follows : — ' 



OLIVER CROMWELL AND GENOA. 



iSS 



Oliver Cromwell, Prelector of the Republic of 

England, Scotland, and Irdand, to the Most 

serene Doge and most illustrious Governor of 

the Genoese Republic, sendeth greeting. 

Most serene Doge. Most illustrious Governors : — 

Whereas vre have deemed it necessary to send a fleet 

of ships of war into the Mediterranean, for the 

wcoritj and protection of the navigation and com- 

merce of the Republic and its peopte ; it has seemed 

nod to OS to advise your most serene Republic of the 

net that we do this without the slightest intention of 

p^^ cin g any injury to any of our confederates and 

ftieads, amongst whom we number your Republic, 

and that, in fact, we have given ^express orders to our 

Adndral, Robert Blake, ^om we have set over our 

fleet, to conduct himself with all kindness and grati- 

tade towards them all. 

On your part we feel confident that our existing 
friendly terms will uige you, as often as our fleet 
toadies at any port or station of yours, to supply it 
with provisions and evervthing necessary, and will 
receive it on most friendly terms ; and that you will 
be wiUing to receive in perfect good faith the request 
we make <rf'yon in this letter, and that you will be good 
enough to inform your prefects and local governors by 
menenger or l^ letter when the occasion may occur 
to receive our Admiral, whensoever and wheresoever 
he may reqnii^. 
May the Great God sustain and protect your most 

seiene Republic 

Your good friend, 

\Signahirt\ 
GiTcn at Whitehall, Westminster, 

[Old style] August 5th, Year 1654. 

The following is a passport given to Fiesco, 
' the Genoese Ambassador, by Cromwell, like- 
wise reposing in the archives, and illustrating 
the style of credential necessary for travelling 
in those days : — 

Whereas his excellencie the Lord Ambassador 
Extiaofdinarie from the Commonwealth of Genoa 
now lesidinge here is upon his Retome home'; And 
oar will and Pleasure beinge that the said Lord 
Afltbaasador in his passage thither should travell with 
aD adetie and honour not only through theese Countries 
Butt at sea akoe. Wee doe therefore heereby will and 
nqoire yoa that you permitt and suflier the said Lord 
Ambassador to passe from England, beyond the seas 
to Genoa, with nis Retienue, followers, and servants, 
coosittinge of about thirtie-fivc persons, as alsoe his 
goods, necessary basgage, and foure Horses, without 
•eaich* payment otCustome, or any other lets or 
intenrnptions, and that you use and treate the said 
Lord Ambassador with all the honor and respect that 
is doe to a person of his decree and qualitie. Whereof 
yoa are not to faile ; and tor so domge this shall be 
the said warrant given at Whitehall, the 25th of 
March, 165!. 
To all our admirals and commanders att sea, and 
our officers, as well Civil as Militarie, at Land, 
the Commissioners of oar Customes, and all 
otbeis whome these may concern. 

\Signaiure\ 



The small kindnesses which passed between 
the Protector and his Genoese friends, private 
as well as public, are attested in the volu- 
minous correspondence of the ambassador, 
and on the death of Cromwell, the Doge and 
Senate of Genoa sent an address of sym« 
pathy to "Richard Cromwell, Protector of 
the Republic of England, Ireland, and Scot* 
land," in the following words: — 

Inasmuch as Francesco Bemardi, our agent at your 
Court, has given us advice how the Lord God has 
been pleased to take from this world the most serene 
Oliver, formerly Lord Protector, and that your moi»t 
serene Highness, as his first-bom, and legitimate sue- 
cessor, bv Ills last will has been clothed with the said 
office ana dignity ; Therefore we have expressly com- 
manded the said Francesco Bemardi, now our resident 
minister, to present himself before your serene High- 
ncss and to express by word of mouth our lively grief 
and feeling for so great a loss, as also on the other 
hand the extreme satisfaction we feel on hearing that 
your serene Highness has been deservedly raised to the 
above named dignity, praying you benignantly to listen 
to our resident at vour Court, and to give the same credit 
to his words as if we ourselves were present, knowing 
well that he never could sufficiently express our good 
inclination and immutable affection to your aercne 
Highness and the ardent desire that we have to con- 
tinue with you in that sincere good correspondence 
already carried on with vour most serene predecessor 
of happy memory, whilst we pray to heaven for a 
long lite, health, and contentment for you. 

Another little document attached to the 
English correspondence, and of interest to 
us, is an autograph letter, sent by Andrew 
Marvell, Milton's friend, and Poet Member 
for Hull, to the Genoese Ambassador, inviting 
him to attend the funeral of Oliver Cromwell 
It is written in excellent French, and runs as 
follows : — 

Sir, — His serene Highness having conmianded me, 
on account of the indisposition of ''Chevalier Fleming," 
to invite you, amongst other foreign ministers, to be 
present at the obsequies of his Father, of glorious 
memory, which will be celebrated on Tuesday next, 
I have learnt from the said Chevalier that you are not 
well, and hence I have decided the rather to let you 
know of it in writing ; nothing doubting you will 
pardon and excuse me for having chosen rather to 
lose the honour of rendering you this service in 
person than to inconvenience you by a visit out ol 
season. 

At any rate, I assure you that I am. Sir, 

Y*" most humble and affectionate servant, 

Andbjiw Marvell. 

Whitehall, Nov. 20, 1658. 

Bemardi, the Genoese Ambassador, care- 
fully informs his Republic that he considers 
this invitation a mark of especial favour, con- 

M 2 



156 



OLIVER CROMWELL AND GENOA. 



sidering the fact that he had only been a short 
time in England, and that, owing to ill-health, 
he had as yet been unable to present his 
credentials at Court. 

Shortly afler this he writes to say that he 
had been present at the obsequies ; that 
they were " wonderful to behold ;" but adds 
that the climate of England was most 
atrocious, and that he had well-nigh caught 
his death of cold on the occasion ; and on 
this plea excuses himself from sending for 
the present a detailed account of the cere- 
mony. 

After having recovered sufficiently from 
the effects of his cold, Bemardi writes along 
account of Cromwell's funeral to Genoa, 
which letter is inserted along with his other 
correspondence, and is as follows : — 

The guests invited to the ceremony exceeded 1,500 
in number, to whom his Highness (Richard Crom- 
well) had sent personal invitations for them and for 
their suites as well, who formed double that number. 

All these people assembled at nine o'clock precisely 
at Somerset House, where each was received and, in 
conformance to his rank, conducted into a room pre- 
pared for the purpose, all hung with black cloth, and 
adorned inside with the arms of the deceased. 

The street from the said Palace all the way to 
Westminster (which is over a mile) was closed by 
carriages, guarded by soldiers, so that none could 
pass down the centre except the invited guests ; the 
banners of the companies draped in black and the 
drums muffled. 

The effigy, or rather statue, of the deceased, life- 
size, and which up to then had been stretched on a 
bed, was now set upon its feet under a canopy, with 
regal vestments, a crown on the head, and in one hand 
a sceptre and in the other a globe. 

One hour after mid-day it was placed on a bier, 
richly adorned, and carried under the canopy by 
twelve persons to the spot where the hearse was in 
waiting, open at all sides, and then the effigy >vas 
placed upon it. 

The roof of the hearse was adorned with many 
plumes and banners, covered with black velvet both 
outside and in, and all around hung velvet, ten spans 
in length, down to the ground, and held up by gentle- 
men of Quality, whilst two servants sat, one at the 
head, ana the other at the feet of the effigy. 

The said hearse >^'as drawn by six horses, likewise 
adorned with many feathers, all covered, except the 
eyes, with black velvet, which almost trailed on the 
ground. The coaclmian and postillions had long 
robes of the same material. 

\Vhen all was in order, the king-at-arms sent his 
heralds to summon below the guests (irom the different 
rooms. He began with the lowest class, as follows : — 

\5t Division, Sixty poor people, just the number 
of the deceased's years, all dressed in new long robes 
of black, and followed by two flags. 

%nd DrvisioH, The inferior attendants of the 



guests and low officials of the Court, followed by two 
flags. 

yd DitnsiofU Court officials of middle rank and 
the superior attendants in the train of the guests, with 
two other fla^ 

4/^ Division, The Poor Knights of Windsor, 
dressed like priests at the High Mass, being a most 
ancient custom at the funerals of the Kings of England, 
which same caused so much laughter and noise 
amongst the crowd, who had not seen it before, that 
the soldiers had some ado to quell them. They also 
carried two flags. 

5M Division, The under officials of the Secretary 
of State, of the Army, Admiralty, and Treasury, and 
gentlemen of the embassies and of the public 
ministers. 

6M Division, The head officials of the Privy 
Council and Houses of Parliament, with the phy- 
sicians and advocates of the most serene Protector, 
followed by a horse, all covered with black cloth 
and plumes, and led by two men. 

7/A Divisum, The Masters in Chancery and of 
the Court of Common Pleas, with the Aldermen and 
the principal officials of the City of London, followed 
by a horse as above. 

8/^ Division, The Judges of the Supreme Court 
of Admiralty and of Wales, followed by a horse as 
above. 

9M Division, The supreme Judges of England, 
followed by a horse as above. 

loth Division, The head officials of the army, 
followed by a horse, as above, but covered with black 
velvet down to the ground, and adorned with many 
more plumes. 

lUA Division. The Lords of the Great Seal, 
followed by a horse as above. 

izth Division, The Lords of the Treasury, fol- 
lowed by a horse as above. 

13M Division, The resident and public ministers 
of the Prince, followed by a horse as above. 

14/A Division, The noblemen, or rather peers, ot 
the kingdom, followed by a horse as above. 

15M Division, The ambassadors, followed by a 
horse as above. 

16M Division, The Lords of the Privy Council, 
followed by v^ horse as above. 

17M Division, The relatives of the deceased, 
followed by a horse, with black velvet trappings down 
to the ground, and covered with black armour; with 
plumes and jewels of great value, led by six men in 
bUck velvet, each of whom earned a portion of the 
armour of the deceased. 

\%th Division, The effigy of the deceased in the 
above-mentioned hearse, accompanied on all sides by 
heralds of arms and many banners ; ten trumpeters 
on horseback, in black velvet, who sounded dolefully, 
whilst the velvet, which hung on the ground on all 
sides, was supported by men of quality. 

Finally came the Governor of the City of London, 
in the place of the present sereile Protector (by which 
was ^o\i(ii a peculiar favour to the said city), and the 

frocession was concluded by the Life Guards of his 
[jshness and halberdiers. 

When the hearse reached the door of the Church 
of Westminster, the nobles, public ministers, &c., 
were shown Uieir appointed places ; and ten of them 



OLIVER CROMWELL AND GENOA. 



IS7 



Gained the effigy under a canopy into the choir of the 
chnrch, iriierein it was deposited on a royal couch under 
an edifice made expressly after the fashion of apayilion, 
K^ich cost more than j^ooo sterling, where it will re- 
main three months, exposed to public view, and thence 
win be taken into another eoifice in the chapel of 
Ki^ Heniy VII» and will be placed over the 
monnment, under which is laid the body of the de- 
oeaaed, just as has always been the custom at the 
obseooies of the kings and princes of this nation. 

All the aforesaid people followed behind the noble- 
men, dressed in the finest doth, the shortest of whose 
trains trailed two spans upon the ground, some eight 
snans, some twelve, and some sixteen, carried by the 
gentlemen of their suite. The shortest train of the 
ofdLaanr people touched the ground, and they con- 
sider that Uie cloth given by his Highness for this 
solemnity cannot have cost less than ;C30,ooo 
sterlingi 

Your humble servant, 

Giovanni Bernardi. 




6reeft anb Gotbfc art at 

1?ome/ 

|R. TYRRWHITT has produced a 
really valuable book, and one that 
will live ; but it is to be feared that 
it is too thorough to l^ecome 
popular. He has not spared his own labour, 
but he expects a good deal of work from his 
readers also. To understand it properly the 
reader ought to have before him the plates of 
Seroox d'Agincourt's History of Art by its 
Monuments; but as these were originally 
engraved about the middle of the eighteenth 
centuiy, from drawings or tracings made at 
that period, their accuracy is not always*to be 
depended upon; from the 3,335 subjects 
given on these plates an immense mass of 
valuable information is to be obtained ; but 
although the work was republished by 
Longmans & Co. in 1847, the plates were 
not re-engraved, and it is easy to see that 
these old plates cannot be entirely depended 
upon. To remedy this he refers also to 
many of Mr. Parker's 3,354 Historical 
Photographs. This may be all very well for 
Mr. lyrrwhitt's pupils in Oxford, where both 
the old engravings and the new photographs, 
often of the same subjects, are readily acces- 

• Greet and Gothic Progress and Decay in the 
ikrte Arts of Architecture^ Sculpture, ami Painting, 
By the Rev. R. St. John Tyrrwhitt. London : Walter 
&BUth. i88i. 



sible ; and readers in London will most 
probably find both, either in the British 
Museum or at South Kensington ; but even 
Cambridge does not possess a set of 
Mr. Parker's photographs, and for a part of 
this book the use of these is quite necessary. 
The numerous extracts from other books add 
greatly to the value of this. It is time, how- 
ever, to let Mr. Tyrrwhitt speak for himself, 
but it is almost necessary to begin with one 
of his extracts : — 

Greek Art in Rome. 

The arch, says Fergusson, was never properly 
understood till the Roman tiles were used for it. As ' 
with Babylonian bricks of more distant time, they 
were duly dated, with time and place, maker's name, 
and consulate, and are often important chronological 
evidence. The 22nd Legion has been traced 
through great part of Germany by bricks which bear 
its name. Bncks of the 6th and 9th Legions are 
found at York ; and dates thus obtained luive been 
found of great value in determining the period of 
Christian sepulchral chambers, as in the cemetery of 
S. Domitilla, which contains dated tiles of Hadrian's 
reign. Mr. Parker's photographs of the House of 
Pudens contain excellent specimens of first and 
second century brick or tile work, and illustrate its 
excellent application to radiating arches. The use of 
less splendid materials seems in time to have worked 
both ways, and ministered to pride of science instead 
of pride of state. Mr. Street has ^xplahied, in a 
manner equally interesting and convincing, how 
the progress of architectural skill, in building vast 
structures with bricks or stones of small size, no larger 
than a man could carr}', gradually engrossed attention, 
so that men began to vie with each other in wonder- 
working ingenuities of construction, and to think less 
of sculpture and painting, or expression of solemn or 
inventive thought (p. 8a;. 

Mr. Parker's photographs have their usual interest 
here, as docimients beyond dispute ; and the pictures 
of the brick arches are specially valuable, as giving 
the reader a clear idea at one glance of what the true 
first-century brickwork, or rather tilework, of Rome 
really was (p. 88). 

P'crgusson and Street are both high authori- 
ties on the subject of .^Vrchitectural History, 
and though they do not always agree, yet in 
these extracts which Mr. Tyrrwhitt has made, 
the one only adds to what the other had said ; 
and it was difficult to find a passage that 
would so well explain the nature of Mr. 
Tyrrwhitt's book : — 

Scriptural Cycles of Catacombs, 

As to the antiquity of the catacombs ; as to their 
very generally, or almost entirely Christian origin ; as 
to the important and decisive differences between the 
catacomb and the arenaria, or sand-pit ; as to the in- 
frequent instances and difficult expensive works by 



iS8 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



which an arenaria could be made useful as a catacomb ; 
as to the peculiar strata of soil adapted for these 
cemeteries, called granular tufa — a dry, friable stone, 
midway between the puzzuolana sandstone, which was 
too soft for the purpose, and the lithoid tufe, which 
was too hard ; as to the way of beginning a catacomb 
by Qxcavating a passage all round your lot of groundi 
and driving ^dleries across and across ; as to table- 
tombs, arcosolia, luminaria, ambulacra, and cubicula, 
all this is accessible in one view, and)rith equal fulness 
and accuracy, in the late lamented Mr. Wharton 
Marriott's article on '^ Catacombs " in Smith's new 
Dictionary of Christian Antiquities^ which is very 
generally accessible. 

Mr. Parker's photographs are the best or final 
authority for the present state of cemeteries. Thev 
fully confirm the accuracy of Bosio, the pioneer of all 
subterranean inquiry in Rome, though too many 
paintings have perished since his time (p. XI 6). 

The usual method of construction was to secure a 
piece of grotmd on the right sort of granular tufa, so 
many feet in front, facing the road, so many deep in 
agro; to excavate a passage all round it, burying 
people in the walls as you went on ; and then to drive 
galleries across as you wanted more graves (p. 126). 

The first and second centuries were the spring 
sowing of the word ; and for a time it grew witn 
little molestation, before the burning heat of summer 
and thick undergrowth of thorns. 

The cemetexy of S. DomitiUa is Professor 
Mommsen's chosen example of an ancient burial 
chamber, and of the development of such a tomb into 
a regular Catacomb, either oy extension underground, 
or by other subterranean additions, till a Catacomb 
was established. .... This was S. Flavius Clemens, 
Domitilla's husband. He may have been a man of 
too retiring or indolent a character ; but I should not 
think, after lyxytxa^^z Fourth Satire about the "last 
Flavius" (Domitian), that any kinsman of his was for 
wrong in keeping out of the way while he could. At 
all events. Flavins Clemens undoubtedly underwent 
death for atheism and Jewish superstitions as a Chris- 
tian martyr (Suetonius, Domit. 15, and Dion Cassius, 
Ixvii. 14), and was contemptuously spoken of by 
heathendom in consequence. By some ne is thought 
to be Clemens Romanus himself, Bishop of Rome at 
the end of the first century, and it is (juite possible. 
He died, and DomitiUa was sent after his death to the 
island of Ponza, where she probably ended her days in 
exile (p. 132). 

HE](Christ) was Lord of Life and Death ; but in 
primitive days pe^le seem honestly to have looked 
over and beyond Death, and to have considered it as 
a brief passage between two lives, rather than the 
final consummation of a suffering and dubious exist- 
ence here. They dwelt on the Lord's victory rather 
than on His sufferings (p. 145). 

That word the Christian Faith alone could teach. 
But when the barbarian had once mastered it, he could 
take venr easily to all the great Order and Law of 
ancient Rome. To forget sJl we have received through 
Rome is to ignore or quarrel with histoxy ; and it is 
in history that the strength of our case lies against 
the Roman Curia, whenever that case has to be gravely 
asserted (p. 149]. 

Onr age is a Int ant, and expects that quality in 



all cleigy. They are to strive for pace instead of 
peace, and shew well in front of every movement ; if 
possible, they are neither themselves able to see, nor 
suggest to others, which way it ought to move, or 
where it ought to stop (p. 153). 

These extracts show that the author has 
succeeded in giving a clear account of the 
difficult subject of the Roman Catacombs in 
a very succinct nianner. He gives all that is 
* really true, avoiding the fables and the 
bltmders of the Roman Church, without anv 
feeling of animosity to it It has been well 
shown by Dr. Chnstopher Wordsworth, that 
the greater part of these are not wilful decep- 
tions, but blunders of sheer ignorance. The 
ignorance of nearly all the Romanist authori- 
ties for centuries past appears incredible until 
it is proved ; but those who have read Dr. 
Wordsworth's works, from his Travels in Italy ^ 
thirty years ago, to his recent pamphlet, in 
which he . shows the application of the 
prophecy of St Paul to the Roman Papacy, 
must see that it is undeniable. Those Angli- 
cans who were in Rome between i860 and 
1870, and were accustomed to visit the 
Catacombs with the official guides, will re- 
member the wide difference between the 
history of the Catacombs as given on the spot 
by two of them on different days. One was 
Dr. Smith, a credulous Irishman, who either 
did believe, or pretended to believe, every- 
thing, and De Rossi, the very opposite, who, 
without exposing the rubbish, smoothed off 
all the angles, and explained away what he 
called the " imaginary difficulties" in so in- 
genious and channing a manner that it was 
almost impossible not to be led away by him 
for the moment, although little consideration 
and examination of the evidence showed that 
it was all a delusion. The very name of 
Catacomb is a misnomer wheiv applied to the 
Catacombs of Naples or Syracuse ; it is not 
the name of the family burial vaults them- 
selves, but of the locality in which some of the 
earliest for the Christians were made, in the 
valley under the hill, on the summit of which 
stands the well-known tomb of Cecilia 
Metella; the Circus of Maxentius is made in 
the same valley, and is said by contem- 
porary authorities to have been made in 
Catacumbis; and the Church of S. Sebastian, 
in the same valley, was the principal entrance 
to a large number of them in the third cen* 



GREEK AICD G02H2C ART AT ROME, 



»59 



tuijy the time of the chief persecutions. But 
Mr. Tjmrhitt, though ahrays writing as an 
Anglican, caiefdlly avoids, as much as he can, 
all those irritating questions which make the 
ultramontane juoty so angr}-. The}' make 
it almost a matter of the fahh, that nenif all 
these Catacombs, and the paintings in ^em, 
belong to the first three centuries \ wheicas 
Mr. Paiker's Historical PhotQgxapfas have 
demoDstiated to all those who know an3rthing 
of the histosy of painting, that three-fourths 
of them are of the eighth or ninth, when the 
Catacombs were restored by the Popes after 
they had been ommMiaied by the Lombards, 
as recorded in the Pontifical Rigisters pub- 
lished by Anastasins, the librarian of the 
Vatican, in the ninth century. The name of 
Ri^ma SiAterranuL^ used by De Rossi, con- 
stantly misleads all strangers who come to 
Rome. They naturally expect to find them 
under Rome, and are amazed to find they are 
two or three miles from it 

ox CHRISTLVN SYMBOLISM. 

Agape. — Thieat Rpresentaticms must be s}inbolic 
Mcctngs certainlj took place from Apo&tolic tines, 
which may be described as suppers preceding the 
actttalhr Eachiffistic breaking of bread. It is at least 
profaslile that the oider of the Last Snpper woqM be 
followed CRD such occanons; and that the breaking 
and pcwiing forth — the actnal celebration — woukl 
come at the end (p. 155). 

At an crents, the general presence of bread and 
fish in these pictures, instead of bmd and wine, point 
to a dsdnction between the Eachaiist and the Agape 

which camiot bat be maintained Two Agapes 

are represented in the Catacomb of SS. Marcellinus 
and Peter (known otherwi<;e as that Inter duxs Lauros, 
OD the ^nk Labicana). Raoal Rochctte selects them, 
with thoae from the Calixtine, as the most ancient 
with whidi he is acquainted, and has no doubt what- 
CTcr of their reUtioa to pictures in Herculaneum and 
Pompefi (p. IS6). 

In both of the Viji Labicana Apipes, men and 
women are piacnt together ; in both, the provisions 
and wine are not placed on the table, but appear to 
have been handed by servants ; and in one the requests 
of two of the guests are strangely painted above their 
bends: "///w da ta/{t)da[m),*^ ** ^ga/k-, miser mP* 
(Jbt. Sat. v.ds). The names, as Rochette o))serves, 
are probably significant .... it must be supposed 
to be a Christian Agape. Yet the guests arc evidently 
meant to be reclining at table, not sitting, and some 
are crowned with Horatian wreaths of flowers. ITie 
names, Saim and Vincemtiu, are written aliove two 
of them. This picture would of itself be a perfect 
link between the classical ami Christian work (p. 

'57). 
Symbolisms and personifications of the Church 

(attting aside thai of lambs or sheep attendant on 



the Good Shepherd) are very numerous. The Shep- 
herd sometimes has goats with Him as well as shce{H 
and frequently the sheen issue in two bands from 
separate buildings or folds— one called HteruMileni, 
the other Bcthleem, repres e nting the Hebrew and 
GcntiJc sides of the Church. Sometimes a* in the 
baptism of S. Pontianu-s's Catacomb, the Lord stands 
by the mystic "Jordancs* and then the stag repre- 
sents the Gentile Church, iK*ith the lamK .... Let 
the building be turned lengthways to the east .... 
** it is like a ship* (p. 161). 

Dmie or D^Kvs.^Thc single do\'C, in rqjrcsontations 
of the Lord's Riptism, as in S. Ponlianus's Catacomb 
at Rome, ai Ravenna, and f>assjm^ stands for the pre- 
sence of God the Holy Spirit (p. 162). 

At all events the rarhcst representation of the four 
Gcs/iils K the four books or rolLs or the four rivers of 
the rock, on which the form of Christ stands from the 
fourth century (p. 163). 

Many who read this will have seen or heard of 
some of his [Mr. Parker^s] lectures pamphlets and 
photpgmphs on the House of Pudens. The great \-alue 
of sudi writings is that you have the pht-ktographs 
to refer to at every step, and they are original docn- 
ments ; it is like being there, and being toki where to 
look — seeing the actuid bricks and stones in their places 
(p. 190). 

The brethren met in the \-aultcil cellar* during per- 
secntioD, and in the l>asi1ica above at ordinary times ; 
and we have, in the subterranean church of rciiige, fts 
in the Catacomb cha)ie1s the type of our lon^ masMve, 
round-archeil and vaulted Early English i>uildings. 
So, again, the fair l^asilica alx>vc dc^-clopcN into o«r 
later Gothic (p. 193). 

THK BASILICA. 

The little Church of S. Clcmcntc, at Rome, still re- 
mains an almost ]>crfcctly p^cM^r^*Cll example of tlic 
inner arrangements of a primitive church (\\ 20a). 

This ])assagc sho^-s thai Mr. Tyrrwhitt 
himself has never seen the Church, or he 
would not call it a /////r chumh. 

Its plan, and :\ i»?cturc of it^ interior, iv gi\"en in 
IVAgincourt {ArrkitrctMrCy \\\. xxiv.); nnd it 1* repre- 
sent ol in Cially Knight's iuiiian Ck9tr*ha^ and many 
other books. — Jh, 

He forgets that Gaily Knight'i and these 
other books, were written forty yearn ago ; and 
he is not aware that the great excavations 
made by Father MuUooly during those forty 
years have thrown an entirely new light upon 
the subject. To the amazement of the gooil 
Father, he found the original church utidtr 
the present one, and the floor of it soft. 
below the level of the beautiful tnonaic 
pavement of the upj)er chtirch. The ho- 
called original arrangement, therefore, does 
not apply to the existing church ; although it 
is, in fact, the Bame cluirrh, it hn* Wn\ 
mobl uiiUerially altcrc<l. The nnginnl c hnn h 
was built at the level of th? old Via l^abicanM, 



i6o 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



which, like all the old roads, was a fosse-way, 
or hollow way, twenty feet below the level 
of the ground ; the roof of this church, and 
all that would bum, was burnt by Robert 
Guiscard and his Normans at the end of the 
eleventh century; before that time, a new road 
had been made, on the natural level of the 
ground, leading from the Vih. Sacra and the 
Colosseum to the Lateran Palace of the 
popes, when all the upper part of the church 
had to be rebuilt The old church was filled 
up with earth to the level of the new road, 
and an entrance made through the side wall 
at that level, and the beautiful mosaic pave- 
ment was then laid upon that earth. \Vhen 
Father Mullooly was appointed, it was all in 
waves, which was supposed to be from the 
irregular settlement of the earth ;♦ and it was 
to remedy this by building brick walls under 
it, that Father Mullooly began his excava- 
tions, when to his great surprise he found not 
only the floor of the great church, but the 
arches of a side aisle, now under the garden 
of the monastery. But those arches supported 
the north wall of the present church ; in the 
twelfth century they had made the nave 
considerably narrower than the old one, and 
so included an aisle in what was the width 
of the church below. All this has been 
excavated, and the north aisle of the old 
church is now under the garden. A new altar 
has been made on the old pavement, and a 
subterranean church or crypt made of it, 
which is used on certain festivals, when this 
lower church is lighted up. Mr. Tyrrwhitt 
is hardly to blame for this mistake ; it is one 
of the many that have been made by people 
ignorant of the enormous excavations that 
have been going on in Rome. Many things 
that were quite true fortyyears ago are entirely 
erroneous now ; for instance, twenty feet of 
earth have been removed from the whole 
surface of the Forum Romanum ; and Canina's 
book on the Forum, which was the best book 
on the subject in his time, like many other 
books on Rome, was made up of guesses as 
to the sites of building recorded to have been 
in the Forum, but not specified in what part 
of it ; and nine out of ten of Canina's guesses 
have turned out to be erroneous. 

{To he continued, ) 
♦ But sec atUet Hi. 153.— [Ed.] 




Denn? Hnbrewa, HImanac 
Compiler. 

By William Andrews. 

[HE name of Henry Andrews is 
familiar to the literary and scienti- 
fic world as the compiler for many 
years of Old Maoris Almanac^ but 
the particulars of his life are not generally 
known. His career, although not an event- 
ful one, was most honourable, and furnishes 
a notable example of a man, who, from a 
humble beginning, by perseverance attained 
an important position in life. 

He was bom at Frieston, near Grantham, 
on February 4, 1744, of parents in poor cir- 
cumstances, who were only able to afford 
him a limited education. In his earliest 
years he appears to have had a love for astro- 
nomy, a science in which he afterwards be- 
came one of the most proficient in his day. 
It is recorded that when only six years old 
he would firequently stand in his shirt looking 
at the moon out of his chamber-window at 
midnight ; and when about ten years of age 
he used to fix a table on Frieston Green on 
clear frosty nights, and set a telescope thereon 
through which to view the stars. The young 
student would afterwards sit by the fireside 
with a table covered with books, making 
astronomical calculations. 

At an early age he left home to earn his 
own living, the first situation he filled being 
that of a servant to a shopkeeper at Sleaford. 
We next trace him to the city of Lincoln, 
where he was engaged to wait upon a lady. 

During his leisure time he took every 
opportimity to make weather-glasses and 
weather-houses. The last situation he held 
as gentleman's servant, was, under J. Feri- 
man, Esq., who found Andrews so intent on 
study that he kindly allowed him two or 
three hours daily to devote to that purpose. 
We are told that on the ist of April, 1764, 
he went to Aswarby Hall, the seat of Sir 
Christopher Whichcote, to view the eclipse 
of the sun which was visible on that day. 
A number of ladies and gentlemen had as- 
sembled for the same purpose. Having pre- 
viously calculated a type of this eclipse, he 
presented the same to the company, showing 
them the manner of its appearance in a dark 



HENRY ANDREWS, ALMANAC COMPILER. 



i6i 



room upon a board, and, after it was over, 
they imanimously declared that his calcula- 
tions came nearer than any given in the 



Shortly after the above meeting he opened 
a school at Basingthorpe, near Grantham. 
We presume the venture did not prove satis- 
Hauloiy, for we find that he was afterwards 
engaged as an usher in a cleigyman's board- 
ing-school at Stilton. His next move was 
to Cambridge, hoping there to obtain assist- 
ance in prosecuting his studies from the 
men of science in the University. Accus- 
tomed to a quiet life, he could not endure 
the bustle of the ancient seat of learning, so 
he left, and settled at Royston, Hertfordshire, 
where he opened a school, and continued to 
reside until the day of his death. He had 
only reached the age of twenty-three years 
when he took up his residence at the latter 
town. 

A few ^ears after AndreiK'S settled there 
we find his name on the title-page of an 
almanac, also an advertisement of his 
schooL The title-page of the publication 
is curious, and reads as follows : — 

A Royal Almanac and Meteorological diary of 
the your of oar Lord, 1778, and of the Julian period 
6i49l» the teooDd alter Bissextile, or Leap year, and 
the ^S^teoith year of the reign of his Majesty, King 
Geoige IIL Containing the Feasts and Fasts of the 
Chinch of Enpiland ; the times of the lunations ; the 
rmng and setting of the sun ; the equation of time for 
the regulating of clocks and watches ; the moon's 
risiiig and settmg ; the times of high water at London 
BndgSi morning and afternoon ; the aspects of the 
planets and weather. Also, of every sixth day, the 
maetse and decrease of day ; the beginning and end 
of daj^^gfat ; the nightly rismg, southuig, and setting 
of the planets ami seven stars ; adapted to the 
meridian and latitade, London. Likewise an exact 
meCeorolq^cal journal for the preceding year, or the 
state of the barometer and thermometer, with the wind, 
Heather, ftc., as tl^y were registered every day. Also 
the dbepth of nin which felC and the observations 
made every month. To which are added the eclipses 
of the smi and moon, and other remarkable pheno- 
mena, that will happen this year ; the Middlesex 
commencement of toe Sessions of the Peace ; a table 
<if the tenns and their returns, and for finding the 
times of hi^ ^^^ ^t most of ^e seaports in this 
u 5y 



iom. By Henry Andrews, Teacher of Mathe- 
maOcs, at Koyston, Herts. London : Printed for 
T. Cannan, in St. Paul's Churchyard, who dispossessed 
the stationers of the privilege of printing umanacs, 
iHiicfa they bad unjustly monopolism 1 70 years, 1 77S. 
Price IS. ^^ 

The advertisement states :— 



At Royston, Herts, Young gendemen and others 
may be commendably boarded ^i-ith the Author of this 
Almanac at reasonable rates, and be taught by him 
as follows — \'iz.: Writing, Arithmetic, Mensuration, 
GeomctT}*, Trigonometr}', Navigation, Astronomy, 
the Use of the Globes, &c 

For forty-three years Henry Andrews com- 
piled Moore's Alnuinac for the Company of 
Stationers. The following extract from a letter 
written by Andrews' only son, proves that he 
did not receive liberal remuneration for his 
arduous task. Mr. W. H. Andrews stated : — 

My lalher^s calculations, &c., ion Moore s Almanac^ 
continued during a period of forty-three years ; and 
although through his great talent and management he 
increased the sale of the work from 100,000 to 
500,000 copies, yet, strange to s.iy, all he recci\'ed for 
his services was £z^ per annum. Yet I never heard 
him murmur even once about it ; such Mi-as his delight 
in pursuing his favourite studies, that his anxiety 
about remuneration was out of the question. Sir 
Richard Phillips, who at times visited him at Koyston, 
once met him in London, and endeavoured to )'>ei^uade 
him to go with him to Stationers* Hall, and he would 
get him ;£'ioo ; but he declined going, saying that he 
was satisfied. 

He was compiler for a time of tlie Nautical 
AlmanaCy and on retiring from the appoint- 
ment, he received the thanks of the Board of 
Longitude, accompanied by a handsome pre- 
sent, as a just tribute of long and able services, 
for which he would not receive more than a 
nominal payment. 

In 1805, Andre\^•s built a house in High 
Street, Royston, and in it he spent the re- 
mainder of his life. It is worthy of note that 
he paid the builders for the work as it pro- 
gressed, on account of the men being in poor 
circumstances. We think this is a good proof 
of his kind consideration. 

At the age of seventy-six Andrc^vs closed 
his well-spent life. We find in the Gentleman's 
Magazine of February, 1820, a short notice 
of his career, concluding thus : — 

His profound knowledge of astronomy and the 
mathematics was acknowledged by all scientific men 
who were acquainted witli his abilities, but the great- 
ness of his mind was never more conspicuous than 
during the period of his last illness ; and on his death- 
bed not a murmur escaped his lips, but the serenity 
of mind, patience, and resij^nation were constantly 
depicted in his countenance, m which amiable situa- 
tion he continued until the vital spark fled. 

He was interred in the new burial-ground, 
Royston, and over his remains was placed 
a tombstone, bearing the following inscrip- 
tion: — 



l63 



HENRY ANDREWS, ALMANAC COMPILER, 



In memory 
of Mr. Henry Andrews, who bjr his own 
industry, from a limited education, made 
great progress in the liberal sciences, 
and was justly esteemed one of the best 
astronomers of the age. He was for many • 
years engaged by the commissioners of 
the boaid of longitude as a computer of 
the nautical ephemeris. He departed this 
life in full assurance of a better, January 
xxvith, MDCccxx. aged Lxxvi years. 

Also near lies interred Ann, his wife, 
who died August xivth, mdcccxiv. aged 
Lxvii years. 

A portrait of Henry Andrews was pub- 
lished, and IS now very rare. Dr. Charles 
Mackay, in his entertaining volume entitled, 
Extraordinary Popular Delusions (issued by 
Routledge), gives a small portrait, and under 
it states, " Henry Andrews, the original 
' Francis Moore.' '' This is a mistake, as the 
Almanac was named after Francis Moore, 
physician, one of the many quack- doctors 
who duped the credulous in the latter period 
of the seventeenth century. In Chambers's 
Book of Days (vol. i. pp. 9-14) will be found 
some very interesting information respecting 
almanacs and almanac writers. We find it 
stated that " Francis Moore, in his Almanac 
of 17 1 1, dates from the sign of the Old Lilly, 
near the Old Barge-house, in Christ Church 
Parish, Southwark, July 19th, 17 10." Then 
follows an advertisement in which he under- 
takes to cure diseases. Lysons mentioned 
him as one of the remarkable men who, at 
different periods, resided at Lambeth, and 
says that his house was in Calcott's Alley, 
High Street, then called Back Lane, where 
he practised as astrologer, physician, and 
schoolmaster. Afoor^s Almanac hsidsL^^esLred 
some years prior to 171 1. 



.W»WiC9\rX«'K, 



ITbc ITower of Xon^on in the 
£fdbteentb Centun?. 



[HE worthy John Newbery, ''the 
philanthropic publisher of St 
Paul's Churchyard," as Goldsmith 
called him, did not occupy himself 
solely with books for children, for I find, 
among the many important works of this 
kind which appeared with his imprint, flercral 




intended for the use, edification and amuse- 
ment of older folk. Among these may cer- 
tainly be reckoned a series of guide books, 
published under the general title of TA€ 
Curiosities of London and Westminster, 
They were four in number ; and in perusing 
them the reader may gain some glimpses of 
London as it was 130 years ago. The first 
of them is entitled An Historical Descrip- 
tion of the Tower of London and its 
Curiosities^ and is "written chiefly to 
direct the attention of spectators to what is 
most curious in this Repository; and to 
enable them afterwards to relate what they 
have seen." It is " Printed for J. Newbery, 
at the Bible and Sun, in St. Paul's Church- 
yard," and is dated 1753. 

I propose very briefly to call attention to 
some of those passages in this brochure 
which to me possessed some novelty, so I 
imagine that there may be others who may 
be £dso interested in them. 

At this time " The Office of Records" was 
in the Tower, " and here," we are told, — 

all the rolls from King John to the beginning of 
the reign of Richard III. are deposited in fifty- 
six preserves, and contain the antient tendres of all 
the lands in England, with a survey of the manors : 
the originals of ail laws and statutes : the rights of 
England to the dominion of the British Seas : 
leagues and treaties with foreign princes, the 
atchievements of England in foreign wars : antient 
grants of our Kings to their subjects : the forms of 
submission of the Scottish Kings : with many others 
of great importance — all regularly disposed and pro- 
perty referred to by indexes. 

A favourite practical joke on the first of 
April, was the sending of simple folk to the 
Tower, to see " The Lions washed." At the 
time this little book appeared, the lions, at 
least, were there, as well as many other animals, 
which were, I believe, subsequently removed 
to the Zoological Gardens ; and we have a 
long description of them, each one distin- 
guished by its name ; some interesting anec- 
dotes are related of some of the animals. 

There is, of course, a full description of 
the jewels, which were then pretty much as 
they are now; and an account of Colonel 
Blood's attempt to carry them off, in the 
reign of Charles II., is given at length. 

Less than a page is devoted to the Mint, 
which was removed from the Tower early in 
the present century. The remarks are most 



THB TOWER OF iX>llDON IN TBE EtGNTEEIfTa CENlVitW i« t 



meagre, and no dcKiiptian mxtfiy die name 

• ■ 

IS glTCO. 

A veiy cxmoosandnotewoithjfiLct is, that 
no leference i^iatevcr is made to those scenes 
of spkndoor that have been enacted within 
the walb of this historic pile ; and no allusion 
is made to the more sombre and tragic in- 
cidents of which it has been the theatre. 
There i\ no long record of its prisoners, with 
its fli WIling human interest; no account of 
any one d[ those exalted personages who 
have suffered death within its walls. 

The compiler evidently thought the Spanish 
Armada a more important subject. And there 
are, accordingly^ several pages devoted to 
the history of this enterprise, together with 
an account of "The reUc^ues that are pre- 
served in the Tower of this memorable vic- 
tory, so glorious for our coimtry," in which 
there is a good deal of fine writing. Indeed, 
our author seems to be ill at ease when 
writing bare descriptions, and takes every 
opportunity of embellishing his work with 
ornamental writing such as this (he is 
speaking of the royal train of artillery): — 

To see so many and such various engines of 
destmctkni, before whose dreadful thunder, 
chmchcs, palaces, pompous edifices, the noblest 
works of human genius, liEdl together in one common 
and undistinguished ruin : one cannot, I say, reflect 
oa this without wishing that the horrible invention 
had still lain like a false conception in the Womb of 
Nature, never to have ripened into birth. 

The book bristles with anecdotes of more 
or less authenticity. Nearly every object 
to which attention is directed suggests either 
some story or a piece of moralizing. Here 
is an anecdote that is at least amusing. It 
occurs in the description of the horse 
aimoory :— 

The only (Breastplate) that was wont to be shown 
as a Cuiiotity, bangs upon a beam on the left hand 
as JOB pass thro' the entry [the reader must remem- 
ber that the whole of the armoury was re-arranged 
about fifty years 2^0, so that it will Drobably be in 
vain to look for this piece now]. It has had the 
lower Edge of the left sirie canryed away by a tlant 
shot of a Caanoo Ball ; and, as an old Wajyl«r used 
to tdi tlie story, the Rim of the Man'i Bel^y that 
bore it, asd Pan of his Bowels were carrier] a*^ay at 
the same Time ; cotwithstaDding whkh, icing pot 
midcr the caie of a sidllfal frargemL, the Man re^ 
cu T eic d aad lived ten ycais afterwards ; Thi« •trinr 
the old Warder oautastly trJd to all ttfaagerv till 
his late Ro^ liigfcaess the Prince of IVaU^ conzaf^ 
to see the Cetioaikh of the T'ywer, awi r. blirr^ U^ 
teoUMm'slol to tUtmA kis Hlf^hntsa, wtai he 



cane to this Breastplate he repeateti t^ him his 
accustomed Talc : His Kox-al Hi^n<«» listrnM t\> 
him with seeming Pleasunc, ami when he ha\i d\MK« 
looking upon him with a »mi1e : And what, VVirn\l» 
said he, is there m extraonlinary in all thi> ! 1 )v» 
member myself to hare read in a book, <4 a i^^Uiirt 
who had his head cleft in two so dcxteixHislv by hin 
Enemy that one Half of it fell on iwc shiwUW, ami 
the other half of it iw the oppoaitc Kh<niMcr ; ami 
yet on his Comrades cla)>ping the twt> siden \\\<^\y 
together again and bimlin^ them dote with hit Uarnl* 
kerchief the Man did wcU, drank h\% Pot of Ale at 
Night and scarcely recollected that ever he had l^etti 
hnrt 

This, we arc told, "so dashcil the oUi 
Warder that he never had the Courage to tell 
his story again." 

The following passages occur in the de- 
scription of the horse amioury. They show 
a freedom in dealing with some ninttcm of 
social life which arc spoken of with more 
reticence now. 

No. II in the horse armoury in :— 

The Droll figure of Will Somem, nfi the Wanlcrs 
tell you, King Henry V 11 Ith'n JcHtcr i nn honest 
man, say^thcv, of a wumnn'M mnking :->Hc had a 
handsome Woman to his Wife, who made him n 
Cuckold ; and wears hin HornM cm hU hca<l I)ccaupm! 
they should not wear holes in his pockctN. He wuultl 
neither l)elieve King, Queen, nor anvlKjdy alNnit tha 
Court that he was a Cuckold, till he put on hU 
spectacles to see — being a little film niglilrd, a* all 
cuckolds should l)e ; in which ntitic manner he is hero 
represented. 

12. A Collar of Torments, which, nny ywir Con- 
ductors, uscfl formerly to be put aUiut the woincns 
necks that CuckolVl their HunlKinds ; r/r scoMcd at 
them when they came home late; Init that Hun 
tom is left oti now a rlayi to prevent rinarrclllng 
for CoUoTK, there not being Smith;» mough to make 
them, as mftsi Marricl Men are «ure fo want them at 
one Time or other. 

There was, hr^evcr, one ftiglit in the 
Tower of Ixindon at this time which in not 
referred to in thi« guide, liut it in mifficfefitlir 
remarkable to nmicc here, fih^iwing, nn It 
does, a laxity of that |icrcq4fon of der.ent.y 
and fitness that in the^,c tnuf.U a\ni%cd later 
days is at all events ttn/fc ri((id. 

A pamphlet lie?; ysforc rnc, TTititl'rd : "An 
Kpisile to the i'/nhop of ]/fUt\ftu^ fMjj^ 
sione^l by ifis ly/r(hihi[/% f/,'tter t// the Ckr^y 
and Inhabitants r/f l/mAfm and ^fA^tnmn^Kf 
on the mhytsrX of th^ two bt/j \'^f^hf\u^k^A ; 
in whirh thf, Tfi^tihurr^ of the f^^|l^y Ar»/J 
gentry zin /ymskScr^d -. t/Mtfi yhrttnir tw:^^ 
tive% to vi/y: are ^r^ftnUA /«t, afirl the 
uauMkh toning ftaiu thence er efiffpH^ied m 



i64 fHE TdWEk OF LOJ^DON IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 



several real histories." By a Foreigner. Lon- 
don : Printed for J. Newbery, at The Bible 
and Sun, in St. Paul's Churchyard. 

One of these " glaring incentives to vice " 
was to be found in the Tower of London, 
and it is thus described : — 

Upon my first arrival in London I was led by a 
Cariosity customary with all Strangers to see every- 
thing which was said to be worthy of notice ; the 
Tower, my Lord, was one of the first places to which 
I paid a visit ; I was honoured with the company of 
a very worthy gentleman, a widow Gentlewoman and 
her daughter, a young lady of about 15 years old. 
We had finished our observations on one of the rooms 
when we came up to a figure in Armour before which 
was standing two young men, and as many girls, 
attended like us by one of the warders of the Tower. 
My friend was leading us by it in seeming Haste, 
saying, as he passed behind those who surrounded the 
Figure ; — ** That is our Harry th€ Eighth famous for 
shaking off the power of the Pope and laying the first 
foundation of the Reformation /' then, taking the 
young Lady by the hand, appeared intent upon 
hurrying her away, when stopping suddenly she 
observed that the Men were persuading the young 
women to stick a Pin into a Pincushion belonging to 
the Man in Armour, adding that she must see what 
they were about Ajs this was spoken pretty loud we 
all stopped, and turning our heads were in an instant 
shocked with a sight that we could never have 
expected ; a Piece of Indecency that seemed even an 
Anront to Majesty, and at the same time sudi an 
Insult on Modesty as must shock every mind that had 
the least sense of Virtue ; an Indecency that I am 
sure ought not to be countenanced in a Christian 
Country, or in any Country that has, or would be 
thought to have, the least regard to Virtue, or the 
Morals of the People. 

Several instances are given of the baneful 
effects which a contemplation of this figure 
has produced, and the moral is thus en- 
forced : — 

From these Instances my Lord, what Evils may we 
not justly suppose this Effigy has produced ? Is it 
thus, my Lord, that this wise and polite nation treats 
the memory of its deceased Kings ? If it be necessary 
to represent the infamy of a Prince who shook off the 
ShflLckles of Rome, and to hand down his Immoralities 
to Posterity, may not this be done in a more decent 
manner? If not, my Lord, the 'Effigy of a dead 
King may do more real Mischief than it was possible 
for him or the greatest Tyrant to do when livine. 
"While this is tolerated, can the Legislature justly 
complain of and suppress the comparatively unmean- 
ing Pictures, the paultry Prints that have been exposed 
to view? While this is tolerated, will it not be 
considered as countenancing and giving encourage- 
ment to the most obscene representation, since nothing 
can give a greater affront to Common Sense or to the 
Common Law of the Country? It is an evil my 
Lord that may, and doubtless- will, increase by Tolera- 
tion and the next Century may add a Charles to a 




Harry, till at last the Lusts of your Kings may be 
exposed in every Comer, till the Tower of London 
shaU not only reflect Dishonour on the British Annals, 
but be generally esteemed a place as dangerous to 
Virtue as the most Public and infiunous Stews. But 
this, r my Lord, you may easily prevent, since the 
slightest intimation from your Lordship to those in 
Power will readily obtain a removal of all that is 
indecent. 

Doubdess this powerful remonstrance had 
the desired eflfect. That such an exhibition 
should have been tolerated, even in those 
days of comparative licence, seems to me 
remarkable. / 

Charles Welsh. 



(vx^n 



ZTbe public 1?ecorb0. 



|HE Forty-second Annual Report of 
the Deputy Keeper of the Public 
Records which has been recently 
issued, contains an abundance of 
new and interesting matter, filling a volume 
of no less than 746 closely printed pages. 
This is good evidence of the progress 
which is being made in the arduous work of 
calendaring and indexing the ancient records 
of this realm. With such annual instalments, 
the completion of the.referental aids to the 
earliest and most difficult manuscript collec- 
tions, is certainly brought within a " measur- 
able distance," and the historical student will 
at length be in possession of the important 
and minute information contained in these 
early muniments. 

Jhe Calendar of the Norman Rolls, pre- 
pared by Mr. A. C. Ewald, is continued and 
concluded in the Report before us. With the 
rolls from the seventh to the tenth years of 
Henry V., dealt with in these pages, the 
series terminates. In a previous number 
(vol. ii. pp. 214, 215), we have drawn atten- 
tion to the valuable contents of these rolls, 
and the editor has now added — on complet- 
ing his labours — a most useful glossary of 
the more obsolete French words used in 
them. 

Mr. W. Basevi Sanders, Assistant Keeper 
of the Records, who is at present engaged at 
Southampton superintending a full edition of 
fac-similes of Anglo-Saxon Charters, reports 
a curious point in connection with one of 



THE PUBLIC RECORDS. 



i6S 



the early charters belonging to the Exeter 
collection. In that portion of Doomsday 
Book which relates to the Devonshire estates 
of the Church of Exeter, it is stated, with 
reference to the Manor of Newton, held with 
that of Crediton: "De hocmanerio ostendit 
Osbemus Episcopus cartas suas quoe testautur 
CEcclesiam Sancti Petri inde fuisse saisitam 
antequam Rex Edwardus regnaret. Insuper 
tempore Regis Willielmi diratiocinavit coram 
Baronibus Regis esse suam." A charter of 
yEthelstan, granting a hide of land in Newton 
to St. Peter's of Exeter, of a date more than 
I GO years before the accession of King 
Edward, is now preserved at Exeter, and is 
probably one of the very charters produced 
l>y Bishop Osbem to the Commissioners of 
William the Conqueror, as evidence of his 
rights. The boundaries set out in these 
Ajiglo-Saxon charters are of great topographi- 
cal interest ; those in the neighbourhood of 
London being especially deserving of notice. 

Nearly 250 pages of the Report are devo- 
ted to the new and exhaustive Calendar of 
the Patent Rolls of the reign of EdwarJ I., 
commenced by Mr. F. Scott Haydon. The 
period covered is but a single year ; a remark- 
able instance of the vast amount of informa- 
tion contained in this important class of 
Chancery Rolls. But, as Mr. Haydon tells 
us in an admirably written introduction, ** at 
least seven-tenths of the roll are filled by 
appointments of justices to try assises of 
novel disseisin, assises of mort dancestor, 
assises of darrein presentment, assises of 
nuisance, juries, and certificates or certifica- 
tions arising out of these, all of them arraigned 
between parties named in the appointments, 
the subject of litigation being also specified." 
Consequently — ^and we do not remember to 
have seen this fact pointed out before — the 
Patent Rolls for this period serve as a fairly 
complete index to the Assise Rolls. 

The other entries on this roll are of the most 
varied nature, including documents relating 
to monastic and ecclesiastical matters ; resti- 
tutions of temporalities; presentations to 
benefices ; grants of custodies of lands and 
wardships of heirs ; liveries to heirs of full 
age ; appointments to offices ; mandates for 
extents ; protections and safe- conducts ; post- 
mortem mandates ; and licences for the expor- 
tation of wool. In connection with these 



wool licences, Mr. Haydon has been led to 
investigate the correctness of Misselden's 
estimate* of the number of sacks of wool ex- 
ported in 28 Edw. III. As a result, it appears 
that the quantity of wool exported in that 
year was very nearly 45,000 sacks, instead of 
31,651, the number given by Misselden on 
the authority of a record in the Exchequer. 

The voluminous Calendar of Depositions 
by Commission in the Court of Exchequer^ 
well deserves careful examination. The 
subject-matter of these records is by no 
means altogether of a dry, legal character. 
As a specimen, we may cite a case abstracted 
on pp. 236, 237, in which the matter in dispute 
was an agreement between one Thomas Cust, 
of Danby Hill, in the parish of Danby Wisk, 
Gent., plaintiff, and Ralph Thompson and 
Martin Dunn, defendants, touching a match 
or main of cocks to be fought at Bishop's 
Auckland, co. Durham. To elucidate the 
legal points, it was found necessary to obtain 
evidence as to the rules and method^ oi 
cock-fighting, and particularly those rules, 
&c., "when a battle comes to sett (/>., 
handing the birds and inciting them to fight) 
or when one or both of the cocks refuse to 
fight, or when one of them is so hurt that a 
wager of ten pounds to five shillings is 
offered to be laid against him." The match 
seems to have been a remarkable one, oc- 
cupying five days — from the i8th to the 
22nd of August, 1746. An extract from 
the evidence of John Sutton, of Warrington, 
in the county of Lancaster, cock-feeder, is 
quite worth reproducing : — 

To the sixth interrogatory, this deponent saith that 
he was present on the twentieth of August, in the 
^ear 1746, in the forenoon, when a battle was fought 
m the main between a red dunn cock belonging to the 

{>laintifr Cust, and a yallow winged gray cock be- 
onging to the defendant Dunn ; that very soon after 
the setting the cocks down, the complainant's red 
dunn cock knocked down the defendant Dunn's yallow 
winged gray cock, and had greatly the advantage 
over the defendant Dunn's cock, in so much that ten 
pounds was laid on the part of the complainant's 
cock to five shillings on the part of the defendant 
Dunn's cock ; that upon the said ten pounds to five 
shillings being wagered, this deponent, according to 
the usual and known rule, accounted forty, and ac- 
counted either twice or three times ten, which he can- 
not set forth ; that then the defendant Dunn pretended 
that his cock had fought, began accounting, and said 
upon the first setting to three or four times, refused, 

* Circle of Commerce f London, 1628, p. 119. 



t66 



THE PUBLIC RECORDS. 



and brought his cock unfairly to, and pusht him upon 
the complainant's, hastily accounting the number ten, 
not distmctly so as to be understood, and in such 
manner as is usual for banders to account ten, and 
hastily took his cock away, which un£ur transaction 
this witness complained of to the gentlemen then 

Present, who (to no purpose) spoke to the defendant 
)unn, but he persisted in and did carry his cock 
away dead, as triis witness verily believes ; that then 
this witness, for the satisfaction of all the gentlemen 
present (altho* by the rules of cock-fighting he was 
not obliged to do it), fetch'd a fresh cock, and put 
him upon the sod to the complainant's cock, and tnat 
the complainant's "imediately and vigoriously," 
fought such fresh nock ; that had the defendant Dunn's 
cock had the advantage over the complainant's cock, 
yet by taking his cock away before he had fairly and 
distinctly accounted ten times ten he had lost the 
battle ; saith that after the ten pounds to five shillings 
was laid, and this deponent had accounted forty, the 
cock of the said defendant Dunn never fought or 
made battle at the complainant's cock to this depo- 
nent's observation, and which he, this deponent, salth 
he must have observed if he had fought or made 
battle at the complainant's cock, being this deponent's, 
business so to do. 

For further details of this curious dispute 
we must refer our readers to the pages of the 
Report, which will amply repay the perusal. 

The Appendix to the Report has so fully 
occupied our attention, that our space will 
not permit us to do more than notice in the 
briefest manner the Calendars of State 
Papers and Chronicles issued in 1880. The 
Calendars included : — (i.) The fifth volume 
of Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury's State Papers ; 
Colonial Series, relating to America and the 
West Indies, from 1661 to 1668; (2.) The 
eleventh volume of the Foreign Papers, 1575 
to 1577 ; (3.) The sixteenth volume oi State 
Peters of the reign of Charles /., April to 
August, 1640; (4.) The fifth volume of 
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of 
the reign of Henry VIII,, for the years 1531 
and 1532, edited by Mr. James Gairdner, 
Assistant Keeper of the Public Records, who 
had previously been engaged with the late 
Rev. J. S. Brewer, in editing the former 
volumes ; (j.) The fifth volume of Irish 
State Papers, 1615 to 1625. 

The series of Chronicles and Memorials 
received an addition of three volumes during 
the same period. 



f%Xi') 




English Etchings : a Monthly PuBlicaiion of Original 
Etchings by English Artists, (London : William 
Reeves. 1881.) Parts I to 4. Folio. 

[HE revival of the taste for etching in Eng- 
land has been so marked, and the demand 
for good specimens of this art has been so 
widespread, that it is not surprising to 
find publishers coming forward to supply 
the demand. We have four numbers of a new 
periodical now before us, which contain a considerable 
variety of good work. There are four etchings in 
each number, so that subscribers cannot complain of not 
having a sufficient return for their money. We cannot 

S've a list of aU the subjects, but we would especially 
aw attention to " Baiting his Hook," by A. W. 
Bayes, a singularlv pleasing little subject, characteristic 
in treatment, and rich in colour, and the "Sacristy 
Door," by the same artist. The projector of this series 
appears to have the definite object of making a charac- 
ter for it by giving representations of definite places, 
which are much more satisfactory than mere fancy sub- 
jects. One of these is Ribbesford Church before it was 
restored, which is treated with much taste by S. H. 
Baker. With reference to this, a letter from Mr. 
Ruskin is quoted, in which the great art critic sajrs 
of the old Perpendicular traceries : — "If they are 
already too much decaved to hold the glass safely 
(which I do not believe), any framework which may 
be necessary can be arranged to hold the casement 
between them, leaving the bars entirely disengaged, 
and merely kept from falling by iron supports. But 
if these are to be * copied,* why in the world cannot 
the congregation pay for a new and original church 
to display the genius and wealth of the nineteenih cen- 
tury somewhere else, and leave the dear old ruin to 
grow grey by Severn side in peace ^" The italics are 
ours, and we should like to print them in letters 
of gold. Another interesting picture is "Lady 
Dorothy's Doorway, Haddon Hall," by W. Holmes 
Hay ; and we are promised a series of etchings of the 
odd nooks and comers of London, which will com- 
mence in Part 5, for October. This is an admirable 
scheme, and we look forward to its successful fulfil- 
ment with much pleasure. The get up of these 
numbers, with their neat portfoliofi, is in every way 
admirable. 

The Etcher: a Magazine of the Etched Work of 
Artists, (London : Sampson Low, Marston, Searle 
&Rivington. 1881.) Parts 21 and 2$. Folio. 
This well-established magazine keeps up the 
character of its well-earned reputation. The in- 
terior of an 'old Swedish church, by Axel Herman 
Haig, is an elaborate piece of work, very success- 
fully carried out; and Arthur Evershed's view of 
Twickenham is poetioUlv treated, and at the same time 
thoroughly truthful. We also like Southwold Har- 
bour, by Charles Keene. The literary portion con- 
tinues to be carefully prepared, and the July 
number contains an obituary notice of the charmii^ 
artist, Samud Pahner, with a list of his works vdth 
tiie etching needle. 



REVIEWS. 



167 



Historical Handbo(tk to Loughltorougft, \\y the Rev. 
W.G.DiMOCK Fletcher, M.A. (Luujrhborough: 
H. Wills. 1S81.) Sm. 8vu. 

Mr. Fletcher has been for several years employed 
in collecting materials for a complete history of 
Loughborongh, and he asks for copies of old docu- 
ments, pedi^ves, or other information that may be 
useful in elucidating the history. As this work is still 
far from finished, the author has issued this little 
Hamdhook^ which contains much information respect- 
ing the old Leicestershire town, in a convenient 
form. 



PdUUhu Note-Book: for the i9it€r-<ommutticatiofi of 
AntiptarieSt Bibliophiles^ aud other investigators 
into the History and Literature of the Counties of 
Lancaster^ Chester^ &c. Vol. I. Nos. 1-9, Jan.- 
Sept. 1881. (Manchester: J, £. Cornish). Sm. 
4io. 

Mr. J. E. Bailey, F.S.A., has here produced a 
model of a local magazine. It is full of valuable 
matter idiidi will be of interest to antiquaries gene- 
rally, as well as to those of the Counties Palatines. 
Besides the longer articles, which consist of accounts 
of worthies sudi as Nathan Walworth of Ringley, 
Henry Newcome, Dr. Samuel Hibbert-Ware, Dr. 
Geoige Downame, Bishop of Deny, Rev. John 
Whitaker, and Mrs. Elizabeth Rafiald, and a variety 
of subjects both of general and local importance, 
there are notices of such interesting points as the 
ori^pnal version of "The Three Jovial Huntsmen," 
Qumcey's Birthplace, Mother Shipton, Prynne's scat 
in the Lcmg Parliament, Queen Anne Farthing, and 
Crowing Hens. The valuable Chronogical List of 
the Cbctham Society's Publications, 1843-80, and the 
account of Manchester Collegiate Church, in 1603, 
are worthy of especial mention. The editor quotes 
Sir Hugh Evan*s resolve, " I will make a prief of it 
in my note-book' - ^although he improves upon the 
Welsh Parson's ortnograpny), and he acts up to the 
spirit of the quotation, for he makes a brief of many 
Enable things. 

TVansaeiionsofthe Royal Historical Society, Vol. IX. 
London : 1881. 8vo. Pp. xxiv.-267. 

This volume contains several papers of value. 
Mr. Chapman treats of the persecution under Eliza- 
beth, ana brings forward a heavy indictment against 
the Queen and her counsellors for their treatment of 
the Roman Catholics. Mr. Fleay analyzes the Actor 
Lists, 1 578-1642, and gathers together a large 
amount of information respecting a most important 
pcnnt of our dramatic history. The particulars of 
the old actors and their companies, which are spread 
about in various places, are .eminently confusing, and 
Mr. Fleay has therefore done good service in collect- 
ii^ the difeent lists extant, and arranging them in 
tables for comparison. Although he has found a 
dodEen complete casts of plays, with actors' parts 
assigned, they are all subsequent to Shakespeare^s 
deam. With all our research, we have to rest con- 
tented vdth a veiy limited knowledge of the parts 
taken by the actors in the plays of our greatest 
dnmatiit. Mr. Fleay, however, is of opinion that 



Shakespeare himself was one of the chief actors, 
'*fit to head the company in acting as well as in 
writing," because his name appears second in most 
of the lists, and in one holds the first place. He 
thinks there is little doubt " that Shakespeare played 
the parts of Richard H. and James I. in the two 
plays that got his company into so much trouble in 
1 60 1 and 1604 — viz., J^ichani II, and the drwry 
Conspiracy,^* The position in the lists most probably 
had as much to do wiXh the share in the property of 
the company as with artistic excellence. 

The next paper, Mr. Cornelius Wallord's ** Out- 
line History ot the Hanseatic League," we have 
already reviewed in these columns, 'fhe Rev. A. H. 
Wratislas contributes a '* Life of Dubravius, Bishop of 
Olmutz (1 542-1 553) ;" the Rev. Dr. Irons an article 
on the " Re-construction of Civilization of the West;" 
Mr. Howorth, a continuation of his learned articles 
on the Norse stories (The Early History of Sweden); 
Mr. James Heywood, an article on the transference 
of the German Weimarian army to the crown of 
France in the seventeenth century ; and Dr. George 
Harris completes the volume with a continuation of 
his researches on ''Domestic £ very-day Life, Man- 
ners, and Customs." 



A more Exact and Perfect Relation of the Treachery^ 
Apprehension^ Conviction^ Condemnation, Con- 
fession and ExectUion of Errands Pitt, affed6$, who 
was executed in SmithfieiJ, on Saturday, October 
12, 1644, for endeavouring to betray the garriufn 
of Rushall Hall, in the County of Stafford, to the 
Enemy, Published by Ithiel Smart and Edward 
Archer, two ministers who were acquainted with 
him in his life, and present with him at his death. 
(London : John Field, 1644. Reprinted by W. H. 
Robinson, Walsall, March, 1881). 4to. pp. 16. 
This is a careful and well-executed reprint of one 
of those pamphlets which were so common during the 
period of our Civil Wars. Mr. Pitt's account of his 
proceedings.is highly instructive. He proclaims him- 
self a friend of the Parliament, but he was willing to 
betray one of their strongholds to the Royalists, and 
his reason was not a bad one — *' He told us in private 
that two garrisons of the king being near to it (Leidi- 
field and Dudley), the county was forced to pay to 
lK>th sides, which was a sore burden to them ; better 
to pay to one only, as he supposed.** The reprinter 
has not given any explanation of the cause of the re- 
print, or any account of the tract itself. Had he done 
so the interest of a curious publication would doubt- 
less have been increased. 



The Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue 
of the Topographical IVorks in the Library of the 
British Museum, relating to Great Britain and 
Ireland. By John P. Anderson. (London : W. 
Satchell& Co. 1881.) 8vo. pp. xvi.-472. 

It is now sixty-three years since Upcott*s admirable 
Bibliographical Account ofthePrituipal IVorks relating 
to English Topography was published, and although 
many full bibliographies of particular counties have 
since been issued, no general book on the subject was 
attempted. It was therefore high time that this im- 



i68 



REVIEWS. 



portant subject should be grappled with, and we are 
glad to be able to congratulate Mr. Anderson on the 
production of a singularly useful volume, which is a 
worthy result of inany years of labour. What labour 
there is collecting the titles of 14,000 books on a 
particular subject, only those who have attempted 
similar works can adequately judge. The plan of the 
work includes Scotland and Ireland, and the arrange- 
ment adopted is as follows : — I, Catalogues ; 2, General 
Topography under various headin|;s ; 3, Counties of 
England in alphabetical order, with the towns and 
villages arranged under the names of their respective 
counties ; 4, Wales and its counties ; 5, Scotland and 
its counties ; 6, Ireland and its counties. There is an 
index, which will be of considerable assistance to 
those who forget the name of the county in which 
the town they arc seeking for is situated. It must be 
borne in mind that this volume only refers to the 
books in the library of the British Museum, and 
although that library is particularly rich in topo- 
graphical works, it is somewhat deficient in privately 
printed and subscription books. The cumbrous 
headings of the British Museum catalogue are retained 
here, and they seem rather out of place where the 
titles are arranged in chronological instead of in 
alphabetical order; for instance, the constant repetition 
of P.P. for Periodical Publications looks awkward; and 
moreover, the arrangement is not consistent, for on 
p. 253 we find two Bath directories under Bath^ 
and two others under P.P, Bath, Again, such a 
heading as Academics^ etc. — Board of Agriculture^ 
draws off attention from the real title of Donaldson's 
Agriculture of Northampton, The reason Mr. Ander- 
son gives for this is that it will facilitate the labour of 
referring to the Museum catalogue, and there is some 
virtue in this plea. Those who hold that catalogues and 
bibliographies are dull reading should glance their eyes 
over the pages of this work, and after doing so it is 
not unlikely that they will change their opinion. It 
is really a most interesting occupation to read column 
after column of Mr. Anderson's oook, for we there see 
how much has been done to illustrate the nooks and 
comers of our land, and learn for the first time of 
books that would otherwise have been unknown to us. 



The Library Journal, Official of the Library Asso- 
ciations of America, and of the United Kingdom ; 
chiefly devoted to Library Economy and Biblio- 
graphy. Vol. VI. Nos. 1-7, Jan. to July, 1881. 
(New York : Leypoldt. London: Triibner&Co.) 
4to. 

We welcome this sixth volume of a most valuable 
journal with more than common pleasure, because it 
appears to have taken a new lease of life. It is in- 
vigorating to find how nfuch interest is felt in 
questions of library management and bibliographical 
accuracy in the New World. One thing we miss, and 
that is, the little attention that seems to be paid to old 
books. Differences of opinion as to the reading of 
Action, and questions as to books for boys and girls, 
are well worthy of discussion; but we should be glad 
to see some evidence that a proportion of the readers 
in the public libraries care to consult our great clas- 
sics in their original editions, and have been educated 
up to reading something superior to the mere current 



literature of the day. The reference lists and notices 
of books generally are of very great value. Mr. W, 
L. Fletcher has contributed i^ul lists of novels 
published in serials in the March and May numbers. 
The April number contains a report of the Con- 
ference of Librarians, held at Washington*, in February, 
which appears to have been a very sacoessful meetiiig. 
Mr Cutter discoursed on '* Classification on the 
Shelves. Mr. Poole, on "The Construction of Li- 
brary Buildin|s;" Dr. Homes, on "Libraries with 
Museums;" Mr. Green, on '*The Distribution of 
Public Documents ;" Mr. Warren, on " The Place of 
Libraries in a S^tem of Education ;** Mr. Melvil Dni, 
on "Heating Libraries;*' Prof. Robinson, on "The 
Relation of Libraries to College Work ;" and Mr. 
Green, oil "Library Aids," a Paper which contains a 
large amount of practical informatioo. Here is a 
very varied and important programme, and the utter- 
ances of these authorities on their respective subjects 
cannot be without valuable results. 



NcVingham Free Public Libraries, Catalogue of 
the Central Lending Library^ University College, 
By John Potter Briscoe, Principal Librarian. 
(Nottingham. 1881.) 

Annual Report of the Universitv College and Free 
Library Committee^ i879-8a (Not^^m. 1881.) 
8vo. 

These two publications show the prosperous con- 
dition of the Nottingham Free Library. The total 
number of volumes in the libraries is 27,108, and. 
during 'last year 2,308 volumes were added— that 
is, 1,192 bv purchase, and 1,116 by gift. Of books 
issued for home reading and for con^tation in the 
libraries the daily average has been 555 volumes. 
This is highly satisfactory ; but the constant lending 
out of the books necessarily wears than out, and the 
Library Committee have been unable to replace 
many of the popular books, which have become un- 
readable by lon^ usage. Mr. Briscoe's catalogue is 
nmde on the dictionary system, and is doubtless fonnd 
very useful by the users of the library. The arrange- 
ment of some of the headings strikes us as rawer 
confusing ; as for instance, British^ when the line of 
repetition might have been more sparingly used. We 
notice a misprint merely as an instance of the ease 
with which tne written letters /and Umoy be misread 
by the printer. Mr. Gladstone's Juventus Mundi 
appears as Invefttus Mundi, This is an exactly 
similar misprint to one we noticed in a newspaper 
a short time ago, when Mr. Wills's play of Juana 
was called Jnana, 



Leviathan ; or the Matter, Fortiu, and Power of a 

Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Crinll. By 

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury. London, 

Printed for Andrew Crooke at the Green Dragon 

in St Paul's Church Yard, 1651. (Repmit. 

Oxford: James Thornton. 1881.) 8vo, pp. 573. 

Hobbes was a writer who appears to have stumbled, 

as it were, upon a good subject by accident. There 

can be little doubt that his treatise on government 

owes its origin to his detestation of the Long Parlia- 



REVIEWS. 



169 



raent and its eflect apon English monarchical power. 
His book was politicU, not academical. How, then, 
is it that the pieKot time seems to call forth a re- 
isne of it ? We do not altogether onderstand how 
sach a book as Hobbes* Lemathan can be of use at 
Ozlbfd ; bat the answer to the broader question is to 
be fbnnd in the midoabted genius of the work itself. 
Hobbes^ it is true, wrote for a political object, but he 
wrote 00 scientific principles, icA he so applied him- 
•df to his subject that his successors, Bentham and 
AiBtiiiy ahhough finding mudi to alter in detail 
periyipB, owed great debte to the result of his work. 
Hobbes applied himself first to the question of the 
origin of society. He here formulated the famous, 
bat altogether imsdentific theory of a social contract 
Mankind, he supposes, were originally in a state of 
war, and they made a compact, under which every 
man abandoned his powers of aggression. Hence 
arose sovereignty. Monstrous as this theory seems 
to th^sdKx>l of mdnctive thinkers, who have worked 
JK^ firom materials that Hobbes could not have pro- 
cored, the question of the origin of society, it was 
the light way, as Sir Henry Maine so strongly in- 
sists, to commence his work on sovereignty. That 
he faSed was due, to a great extent, to his want of 
materudSy not to a want of the true conception of 
sovereignty. But leaving this part of his treatise, we 
itand upon different ground when we consider his 
examination of sovereignty itself, and its analysis in 
the ereat body of jurisprudence. He arrives at 
near^ the same conclusions as Austin in our own 
time has arrived at. Sir Henry Maine has supplied 
chapters in the elucidation of sovereignt>; which 



Anstin had altogether left out, but then Sir Henry 
Maine has called to his aid the evidence of history, 
which neither Austin nor Hobbes touched. Thus, 
then^ Hobbes stands in a very instructive position 
for those who study political philosophy. 

In matters of repnnts such as this is, it is alwavs 
well to retain as much as possible the old spell- 
ing and the old form of printing. By this means 
we are constantly reminded that we are reading a 
seventeenth century writer and not a nineteenth ; 
and hence students will apply more checks to 
their process of reasoning than they mi^ht be in- 
dined to do if the book were printed in modem 
fonn. This is, we are glad to say, applicable 
to the present excellent reprint, which is issued in old 
spdling, and contains in tne margin the figures of the 
pagination of the first edition. There is a fac- 
simile of the original engraved title-page. But we 
most express our surprise that fo good a reprint in 
these respects should not have been edited for the use 
of modem students, and, above all, should not possess 
even an index* 



A Grammar of the Friesic Language, By Adlby 
H. Cummins. (London : Trubner & Co. 1881.) 
8vo^ pp. X.-75. 

We have too long neglected the study of Friesic in 
Enc^and. We know a good deal about Friesic institu- 
tions and Friesic early history, because our historians 
know that English history began When the early 
Frisians invaded and sqhseqaeotly occupied Britain. 
TOU IV. 



Their continental home was on the north-west coast 
of modem Germany, between the mouth of the Rhine 
and of the Ems. It is a characteristic of the Frisians 
that they have ever retained their primitive location. 
It has been cut down on its borders, but it has never 
been entirely wiped out of European geocpraphy. The 
language of the Frisians has been equally enduring, 
though now, says Dr. Cummins, spoken by but a 
small number of persons. It is a reflection on Eng- 
lish students that an American has been the first to 
introduce the language to English readers. The 
Grammar before us is a lucid exposition, and we cor- 
dially welcome its assistance in this most interesting 
study. It consists of four parts — phonology, etymo- 
logy, sjrntax, and prosody ; and, as the illustrations 
are almost all necessarily drawn from old laws and 
old alliterative poems, this little book will doubtless 
be of considerable use to others besides philologists. 
Already it has brought about a stir in the antiquarian 
world. Mr. Hyde Clarke, following up some sug- 
gestions from Mr. Thoms, has set to work in Notes 
and Queries to see whether that journal cannot insti« 
tute yet another society — namely, a Friesic Guild. If 
Dr. Cummins' book brings about this it will indeed 
have done good service. 



yi:s5r:^ja:r-«> 



fDeetinaa of antiquarian 
Societiee. 



Berwickshire Naturalist Club.— July 27, 28. 
Redesdale. — At Elsdon, a visit was paid to the 
church, which is dedicated to St. Cuthbert, being one 
of the resting-places of the bones of that saint when 
the monks wandered from Holy Island to Durham. 
The skeletons of the three horses' heads, which were 
found during the restoration built up in a chamber of 
the tower, were shown, and placed in the same 
pyramidal form they were in when discovered. The 
curious mote hill was next visited, and a Paper was 
read by Mr. Arkle, attributing to it a Druidical 
origin. Two Papers were afterwards read by Dr. 
Robertson "On Elsdon Church," one in reference to the 
horses' heads, the doctor maintaining that they were 
the relics of a Pagan worship which had been pre- 
served down to the present time. The other Paper 
was an account of the immense number of human 
skulls which were found buried beneath the church 
and its walls in one part, the wall having been built 
over them, and it is supposed the skulls were those of 
men of high degree who had fallen at the battle of 
Otterbum. On the 28th the Roman Station of 
Bremenium was explored, and although much of the 
excavations have been filled in again, yet enough of 
the masonry of the outer walls and gateways remains 
to indicate the strength and importance of this 
military station. Otterbum Tower, which withstood 
the assaults of Douglas and his army on the eve of 
the battle, was next visited. A Roman altar from 
Bremenium is to be seen here in a good state of pre- 
servation. 

N 



170 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



British A&CHiGOLOGiCAL Association. — Aug. 
22>27. Malvern. — ^The Very Rev. Lord Alwyxic 
Compton, President. — ^The President devoted his 
address to the subject of ' * Restoration." After com- 
menting upon the dangers of over-restoration, he 
especially commended much that had been done 
with our cathedrals and churches during the last fifty 
years, and spoke of Worcester Cathedral and its 
recent restoration as being carefully and well carried 
out. The party then inspected the Priory Church. The 
first meeting for the reading of Papers was held on 
the 24th at the Malvern College. The Rev. 
Gregory Smith, Vicar of Malvern, presided. The 
Papers were by Mr. J. Tom Burgess, on the ** Mal- 
vern Intrenchments," and by Mr. Nott on the '* Glass 
of the Priory Church at Malvern.'* The party went 
first to Bosbury. Here the church was examined* 
and returning to Ledbury, they were shown over a 
fine old church. The party then went to inspect Much . 
Marel Church. At Kempley some interesting pre- 
serves were examined. Subsequently two Papers 
were read. Mr. G. R. Wright, F.S. A., read a Paper 
on ''The Alleged Assassination of Prince Edward 
by Richard of Gloucester." The second Paper was 
by the Rev. Canon Dunnington Ingram, on "The 
Ecclesiastical State of the Diocese of Worcester 
during the Episcopate of John Carpenter.'* The 
excursion on th6 25th ult. was carried out amidst the 
discomforts of a tnoroughly wet day. The places 
visited were Cs^stlemerton, where the castle and turret 
were described by the Rev. E. C^ Dobree Fox, the 
vicar ; Portsmorton, where the church was described 
by the rector, the Rev. R. Pelson ; Paynes Place, 
an ancient house in which Queen Margaret of Anjou 
is said to have taken shelter after the battle of 
Tewkesbury ; and Severn End, an old timbered 
mansion houses belonging to the Lechmere family, 
near Upton-on-Sevem. At the evening meeting a 
Paper was read by Mr. C. H. Compton, on " 'Hie 
Antiquitv of the Game of Golf," which was followed 
by another, by the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, on 
**The Records of Municipal Corporations, with 
special reference to those of Penzance and Manuion." 
Friday, the 26th ult., was devoted to a visit to 
Kidderminster, Areley Kings, and Moor Hall. On 
arriving at Kidderminster, the party proceeded to the 
council-room of the town hall, where they were re- 
ceived by the mayor, who remarked that, in antici- 
pation of the visit, search had been made on the 
previous day for any old documents that might prove 
to be in the possession of the corporation ! The 
result had been the finding of several, which had not 
been taken much account of^ but which were then 
upon the table I The documents were then examined, 
and proved to be the charter of King Charles L, in- 
corporating the borough, together with several other 
papers of considerable local interest. Mr. W. H. 
Cope read an inscription upon an elegant silver- 
gilt lovinp; cup which had been placed on the table 
for exhibition. Proceeding to the church, the party 
assembled in the chantry, built by Simon Ryas about 
1530, and which had been restored as a parochial 
room. Its position is that of a detached chapel, in a 
line with tne church, and, at its east end, having 
access to the church only by. a small doorway. The 
body of the building, which is of considerable size, 



is of the fifteenth century, while the restored chancel 
is about a century earlier. The tower, which is at 
the south-west comer, is Perpendicular in its style, 
and in a dilapidated condition. The party then pix>- 
ceeded to Warshill camp, where Mr. Brinton read a 
descriptive account of the earthwork of one of the 
hill forts or towns of early date, which occur in great 
numbers in the district, there being one on almost 
every elevated site, and which appear to be so placed 
for purposes of general defence, and for signalling 
from one to the other. A halt was made at the 
church of Ribbesford, remarkable for the curious 
sculptures over the tympanum of the Early Norman 
door of the north porch, where an archer is repre- 
sented as apparently shooting a stag and a beaver or 
a seal with the same arrow, which has given rise to 
much local comment. Proceedii^g l^ong the banks of 
Severn, the church of Areley Kings was visited. It 
is a small building on high ground, from whidi a fine 
view is obtained. At the evening meeting, at Great 
Malvern, the following Papers were read : — i. '* Some 
Flowers of Chivalry and Fields of Rue, 1458-71, 
and 1642-57," by Mr. Thomas Morgran, F.S. A. 
2. ** The Church of Gar way, Herefordshire," by Mr. 
E. H. L. Barker. This is an interesting building, 
with a belfry only connected with the (£urch by a 
passage of later date, and in the author's hands for 
carefiu restoration. 3. '* Some Extracts from the 
Ribbesford Paris Registers and the Chapel and Bridge 
Wardens' Accounts of the Parish of Bewdley," with 
notes and introductions, by the Rev. John R. 
Burton, B.A. Saturday was spent at Worcester and 
other localities. The party proceeded to the adjacent 
camp on Midsummer Hill — probably an outwork to 
the greater one above it — and thence to the ruins of 
Branshill Castle. A visit was paid to the mansion 
of the Earl Somers, known as Eastnor Castle. The 
closing meeting took place in the evening, when a 
Paper was read by Mr. G. H. Piper, F.G.S., " On 
Branshill Castle," in which various details were ren- 
dered. This was followed by an account of the battle 
of Tewkesbury, by the Rev. W. S. Symonds, M.A. 

Cambrian Arch/eological Association. — 
Thirty-sixth Annual Meeting, Church Stretton, Aug. 
1-5. — President, Professor Babington. — Hi^resident 
gave an address on *' The Camps and Other Primaeval 
Fortifications." He proposed to arrange the existing 
remains under four heads : — 

1. Simple earthworks. 

2. Earthworks, with external stone supports ; 

revetments. 

3. Drystone walls. 

4. Simple earthworks again. 

The camps of the first period consist of one or more 
banks of earth or stones, according to the character 
of the ground, and external ditches. These are ex- 
ceedingly conmion, and very difficult to distinguish 
from the comparatively modem camps of the Roman 
period. The second class consists of much more 
elaborate works. They have the appearance of 
having been constantly occupied by a garrison, and 
provided more or less conveniently with water. Here, 
again, the banks are formed of earth and stones, sur- 
rounded by formidable ditches. But one or more of 
the banks was strengthened externally by very large 
stones being placed upright against it, forming a kind 



I 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARTAA SOCIETIES. 



i7» 



of revetment. There was also usually a well-con- 
trmd entnuice, passing diagonally through the 
de fenc es, and formed by a narrow passage, flanked on 
cadi side by large upright stones, supported by banks 
which might be used by the defenders as a cover 
when resisting an attempt to force an entrance. 
Usually, also^ there is a tolerably extensive enclosure, 
defended by a moderately strong bank, attached to 
the other works. This was doubtless intended for 
the defence of the flocks in time of danger. It may 
be well to mention a few instances of this class of 
works. One of the best examples is very accessible, 
from being close to a much frequented place — Dinas 
Dinorwig. It is also in very fair preservation ; 
although many of the characteristic stones have been 
used in the erection of a new farmhouse adjoining it. 
Din Sylwy, in Anglesea, and Lligwy, in the same 
island, are beantifhf examples of tms class, but they 
are not very easily accessible. These are both ap- 
parently of somewhat later construction than Dinas 
binorwig, for the upright stones bear a far greater 
proportion to the mass of the defences, and confer a 
tar more marked character upon them. At Dinas 
Dinorwig the stones play a very subordinate part to 
the banks, except at the entrance, where they were as 
marked a feature as at those two places just named. 
At these forts in Anglesea the rows of stones seem to 
constitute a kind of wall, as we might almost call it, 
and the earth and rubbish simply fill up the space 
between them ; for there is an internal as well as an 
external row of stones. The defences consist of 
lines formed of two rows of upright stones, which 
present a remarkably regular appearance from the 
rock splitting in flags. Inese stones are placed so as 
to touch eaoi other, and the space between the rows 
is filled with loose stones of all sizes and rubble. 
The entrances are very ingeniously plannetl in both of 
them. These works show a decided advance upon 
Dinas Dinorwig, but the plan of the builders is the 
same, and there is no approach to the walls found 
in the n^t class. The third class shows a further 
decided advance in constructive power. The works 
of this class are very numerous, but they are usually 
so dilapidated as to be far from easy of detection. 
These defences often seem to be only confused heaps 
of stones, and it is only by very careral and somewhat 
skilled search that their true structure is discovered. 
But althoup^h usually so little is at first apparent, even 
in some of the most stupendous of them, a careful 
examination shows how slcilftdly they were built. On 
the top of Penmaenmawr is a dilapidated one, and 
Tre 'rceiri on the Rivak is still tolerably perfect 
Works of this class are by far the grandest and most 
interesting forts of which any remains exist in Britain, 
which are anterior to the Roman period. They were 
entirely walled forts, or even towns, built with a skill 
which would do credit to a modem architect and 
modem masons. At Tre 'r ceiri the walls are still 
fifteen feet high in some parts, with very nearly per- 
pendicnlar external and mtemal faces. These walls 
are so perfect that a person may walk along the top 
of the wall behind a breastwork or banquet rising 
firom the outer fiwe. This breastwork is sufficiently 
high to have protected the defenders of the place from 
most of the missiles of an enemy. In this more per- 
fect put of the wan there is a very curious sally-port, 



with slightly converging sides, and covered by enor- 
mous slabs extending across it ; in these respects much 
resembling some of the magnificent pre-historic forts 
in Ireland. The true entrances to these fortresses are 
usually defended by flanking walls of great strength 
and thickness ; the op>cning itself being narrow, 
perhaps about eight feet in width. A fine example is 
furnished by Cam Goch, near Llandovery. There 
the walls are even more obscured by fallen stones 
than at Penmaenmawr. Another work to be men- 
tioned is the great "camp" upon Worle HiU, 
above Weston-super-Mare, in Somersetshire. This 
appears to have been a prinucval town, with very 
strong fortifications, consisting in most part of dry 
walls of great thickness and height, with diagonal 
entrances flanked by outworks. In the part which is 
open to approach along the ridge of the hill there are 
the remains of two walls extending across the hill, 
and external to them several deep trenches ; and, 
again, further out a considerable space is surrounded 
by an intrenchment of inferior strength. In the in- 
terior of this very strong place there are many pits of 
28 to 30 feet in diameter, which were doubtless the 
foundations of huts. Each pit is lined with a wall 
of uncemented masonry, which does not now reach 
the level of the ground, and probably never rose much 
above it. There is a very curious approach to this 
outer part of this fortress from what was probably an 
inlet of the sea. It is a flight of upwards of 200 steps, 
extending from near the Ixise to the top of the hilL 
This is similar to the steps forming part of the ap« 
proach to a fort of apparently this class near Abergele, 
called Castell Cawr, which the author recently men- 
tioned in the Archaol. Cambrensis, But there is one 
other place to refer to called Castel Caer Helen, or Pen- 
y-Gaer. It caps a hill overhanging the Conway valley. 
The entrance to it is defended by having a great 
number of stones so placed on end as to obstmct the 
approach of an enemy. The fourth class can be sum- 
marily treated. We have near this town a remarkable 
example of possibly very late date in Caer Caradoc, 
and also one which may be of very early date, called 
Bedbury Ring, upon the top of the hUl above the 
town. As long as distinct and often hostile tribes in- 
habited the country such works as these retained 
their value; indeed, even to the time of the wars 
between the Welsh and old English or Normans, they 
were of much use. — On Tuesday the Association 
visited Shrewsbury Castle. In the inner ward, Mr. 
Leighton explained on a map the probable aspect of 
the town and its fortifications in the time of Henry III. 
Then pointing out the early British fortress, near Laura's 
Tower, the existing castle of Edward I.'s time, and the 
Gateway, the only remnant of Roger Montgomery's 
Castle, the party passed the site of the beaut ifid little 
chapel of St. Nicholas — cruciform, with apsidal east 
end — in the outer baily, where now stands the modem 
chapel of the English Presbyterians. The Gateway 
and Council House of the early Court of the Marches 
were next inspected ; thence to the Free Grammar 
School of Edward VI. and Elizabeth. The party 
proceeded to the Water Gate of St. Mary, where 
the town was entered at the siege in Charles I.'s time. 
From thence to the beautiful church of St. Mary, the 
architectural gem of the town. Then to the Drapers' 
Hall, in which quaint room is an old portrait of 

N 2 



172 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Edward IV. Thence to St Alkmund*S Church, 
whose beautiful spire is the only remnant of the 
original church; then to Double Butchers* Row, 
where the fine old timber mansion, the Guild House 
of the Fraternity of Holy Cross in St. Alkmund's 
Church, was pointed out to the admiration of all. On 
Pride Hill were seen several old timber houses, and 
at the bottom an ancient mansion, termed Bennett's 
Hall in the time of Richard H. On Wednesday, 
Thursday, and Friday the Association visited the 
chief places of interest in the locality — viz., Much 
Wenlock, Acton Bumell, Stokesay Castle, Urico- 
nium, &c. 

Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian 
AND Archaeological Society.— August 30, 31. 
Egremont. — At Calder Abbey the party alighted, and 
a short P^per descriptive of the Abbey was read by 
the Rev. Canon Knowles. The ruins were then in- 
spected, and Mr. Jackson and Canon Knowles made 
some remarks upon three mutilated stone effigies of 
mailed knights which lie against one of the walls ; 
while Mr. Ferguson, F.S.A., directed attention to 
what is styled a cresset stone — a square block of 
red sandstone, having sixteen circular holes. These 
stones, several of which have been found about old 
abbeys, had long puzzled antiquaries ; and Mr. Lees, 
of Wreay (a member of the aociety), has the credit 
of discovering their use. It was the business of the 
cook in the monastery, it appears, to keep these holes 
filled with tallow or fat, into which a rush was set ; 
and thus fitted up, the cresset stone was used to illu- 
minate the dormitory. A walk along the romantic 
path by the Calder brought the party to St. Bridget\ 
Calderbridge, the attraction here being a curious port- 
able or super altar, one of a number which had been 
blessed by the Archbishop of York about the middle 
of the fifteenth century, by permission of Pope 
Nicholas V. The altar, on which several small crosses 
are sculptiured, was found at Calder Abbey. The 
party drove on to Gosforth Church. Here the curious 
old cross in the churchyard was inspected, and re- 
marks as to its age and the prolmble meaning of the 
well-nigh undicipherable figures carved upon it were 
made. — Dr. Parker considered it much earlier, and 
narrated what local tradition said on the subject. This 
was to the effect that the cross had been erected by 
Danes who settled at Gosforth, and were converted 
to Christianity. The party next visited the church, 
anc^ the rector exhibited some quaint old communion 
plate, some of it of pewter, and a black-letter copy 
of the Book of Hotntlies, folio, 1633. The carriages 
started again for Seascale HalL Mr. £. T. Tyson, 
Maryport, here read his Paper on " The Senhouses, 
Stewards of Holme." The old church of St. Bridget 
was next visited, for the inspection of its two famous 
crosses. — In the evening the Rev. W. S. Calverley 
read a Paper entitled, "Illustrations of Teutonic 
MjTthology from EUurly Christian Monuments in Brig- 
ham and Dearham Parishes." The Paper was illus- 
trated by diagrams hung on the walls. Mr. Jackson 
followed with a Paper, *' The Mesne Manor of Thom- 
flatt and its Owner, 1656-59." Papers on Church 
Plate were next taken. — On the second day Mr. Fer 
guson read a Paper by Mr. G. T. Clark, on **The 
Mediaeval Defences of the English Border." Mr. T. 
L. Banks then read a Paper on ** Egremont Church.' 



%> 



During the pulling down of the ancient parish 
church, many things unknown and unsuspected were 
revealed, and although as a building it is no longer 
existent, these new revelations may prove interesting 
to lovers of church architecture. The Paper de- 
scribed the appearance and building of the interior of 
the church as found on demolition, and after referring 
to sundry indications furnished by the exterior appear- 
ance, adds : — ^The base and one stone of the respond 
pier were found in the foundations of the mc^lem 
chancel. They fit in exactly into the arch stones of 
the modem chancel arch. It is interesting to note 
that the windows, buttresses, plinths, and string 
courses are almost identical with the best portions ot 
St. Bees. Some crosses and sides of graves of early 
and late Norman work were found in the walls of the 
church; none that can certainly be pronounced 
Saxon. The tower had a number of stones which 
evidently never belonged to the church, and which 
most likely came from the castle, for the castle seems 
to have been the common quarry about the time the 
steeple was built. These stones were battlement 
stones, castellated, tracing windows of fifteenth and 
sixteenth century architecture, a gurgoyle, &c. Re- 
specting dates, the Norman chEmcel could not be much 
later tl^n 113a Except the string at the chancel 
arch everything speaks to a much earlier date. Tlie 
Early English church was probably built between the 
years 1 195 and 12 14. The almost Norman sediUa, 
west door, and depressed window arches point to the 
earlier date, while the exceeding beauty of the detail 
incline to the later. The party then went to Egre- 
mont Castle, where Canon Knowles read a Paper and 
distributed lithographed copies pf a ground plan of 
the grand old stronghold. The members then pro- 
ceeded to Ravenglass to inspect the excavations which 
for some time have been going on at Walls Castle, as 
the remains of a Roman villa, near Walls farm, are 
popularly called. Mr. Robinson has been lately ex- 
cavating here, with most gratifying results, a hypo- 
caust, or subterranean heating chamber, having becm 
discovered, thus satisfactorily dispelling any little 
doubt that might remain as to the villa being indubi- 
table Roman work. The hypocaust. takes the form of 
a small tunnel, so to speak, supported by tiny columns 
of tiles ; the floor was laid over these, and a furnace 
was so constructed, that the heated air passed through 
these undeigTound flues and effectually warmed the 
building. Tiles, stones, and a fragment of pottery 
were euiibited« and Mr. Jackson also showed some 
small pieces of class, presumably of Roman manufac- 
ture, whidi had been found in the course of the 
excavations. The pArty afterwards proceeded to 
Mnncaster Castle. They were shown over the prin- 
cipal apartments, including the room traditionally 
said to have been used by the unfortunate Henry VI.,. 
when in hiding at the castle. The well-known 
painting of Tom Skelton, the Fool of Muncaster 
(who is said to have flourished during the Civil Wars), 
was on view ; and Mr. Ross exhibited the famous 
"Luck of Muncaster," a curious glass basin about 
seven inches in diameter, and said to be of Venetian 
manufacture. It is carefully preserved in wool in a 
box, and the greatest care was shown in handling 
and exhibitmg it. 
Glasgow Arch^ological Socibty.— Sept. 6.— *v 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES, 



173 



The aimial ezccrsion was this year to Daxnfries. 
On arriying there the par^ was received by the 
Pnm»t, the oflke-bearers of the local Natural His- 
to^ and Antiquarian Society of Dumfries, and others. 
After inq>ecting the Siller Gun presented to the town 
by James VI., the old bridge built by Devorgilla, 
the site of the monastery wl^re Robert Bruce slew 
the Red Comynf and other places of interest, the 
party drote to Caeriaverock Castle, eight miles distant, 
wtoe a Paper was read by Mr. T. D. Duncan. On 
the way a visit was paid to the graye of ''Old 
Mortality."^ On returning to Dumfries the two 
Sodetiet dined together in the room in the Com- 
mercial Hotel where Prince Charlie held his court in 
the year 1745. 

Royal Arcil«ological Institute.— July 26-30. 
Bedford.— Mr. Charles Magniac, President of the 
pieeting. The inaugural address dwelt upon the 
important aid which archiiaeology gave to tne pro- 
gress of ciyilization, and pomtedout how unjust and 
silly it is to r^ard the i>resent race of antiquaries as 
mere collectors of curiosities. Afterwards various 
objects of interest in the town were inspected. Bed- 
loid Castle^ was the first place visited. Some founda- 
tions have recently been discovered among houses, 
and the pn^rietor of the property kindly ordered 
CKcavations to be made which have exposed the angle 
of a wall, bat there is little to indicate of what part of 
the castle it once formed a part All the buildmgs of 
this great fortress have long since been swept away, 
but one remarkable feature remains — a vast mound of 
earthonwhichashell keep may once have stood. Of the 
churches visited, St. Paul's church is a mixture of De- 
corated and Perpendicular work. St. Peter's Church 
has a central tower, the lower and middle portions 
of which are pretty certainly of Saxon work, though 
whether executed before or after the Conquest may 
admit of question. The nave is- Perpendicular, the 
choir Decorated ; both have been much restored. 
On the south Is a very fine Norman doorway. In the 
eycning^ Papers were read by Mr. M. H. Bloxham, 
•• on Earthworics." Mr. G. H. Hurst, " On the Church 
of St Mary," and Mr. J. Day, " On the Church of St 
PaoL" Wednesday was devoted to Leighton Buzzard, 
Wing, Stewkley, and Eddlesborough, the churches of 
wht(£i places were severally explored under the 
enidance of Mr. Albert Hartshome, Mr. J. H. Par- 
ker, Mr. M. H. Bloxham, and others. At Leighton, 
the fine tower and spiiCt tfie scroll work on the south 
door, and the restored market-cross came in for their 
share of admiration. At Wing, the ancient crypt, 
bdieved to be very early Saxon, if not Roman work, 
was inspected, Mr. J. H. Parker act ine as interpreter. 
Tlie great IDceness between Stewsldey and IfHey 
dmrches was noticed. At Eddlesborough they in- 
qwcted the early English chureh, recently restored, 
and also an ancient bam, with windows and timbers 
of at least Early Tudor date. Eaton Bray church is a 
▼eqr fine specimen of the Early English style. The 
Papers read on Tuesdayevening were as follows: — "On 
Chaucer's Monument in Westminster Abbey," by Mr. 
H. Bknham; " On the Church of St. Mary, Bedford/' 
by Mr. G. Hurst; and "On St. Paul's Church," by Mr. 
J. Day. Thursday was devoted to the annual general 
meeting of the institute, which was held in the Bed- 
Ibfd Assembly Roomsi under the presidency of Lord 



Talbot de Malahide. The annual report, which was 
read and adopted, recorded the fact that the Council 
had joined with the Society of Antiquaries in con- 
sidenng the steps necessary for the preservation of 
Stonehenge, ana had also entered its strong protest 
against the destruction of the west front of St Albans 
Abbey, i^ich is still going on under the name of 
** restoration." At the close of the meeting the party 
left for Cople Church, where they inspected the 
monuments, brasses, and heraldic bearings of the 
Launcelyns, Lukes, Rolands, and Greys. The next 
halting place was Willington, where the monuments, 
and especially the helmet and tabard of Sir John 
Gostwick, Master of the Horse to Henry VI H., were 
inspected. These, it was stated, were probably worn 
by him on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Leaving 
Willington, they proceeded to Caesar's Camp, in the 
pine woods above the town. Thence they made their 
way to Galleyhill Camp, where a similar construction 
was noticed. The general opinion was that these 
camps were of British, not of Roman origin, though 
they might possibly have been used by the Romans 
during their occupation of this country. They after- 
wards inspected Howbury Camp 'and Risinghoe 
Castle, two curious earthworks, probably also of 
British origin. In the evening there were sectional 
meetings in the Bedford-Rooms, when papers were read 
by Messrs. Wormall,Copner, Micklethwaite, and others. 

On Friday the expedition organized was to St. 
Albans and to Luton. At St. Albans Abbey the 
archaeologists were conducted over the building by 
Mr. J. T. Micklethwaite, F.S.A. He explained the 
various features of the structure from the first founda- 
tion of the present Abbey in the early Norman times^ 
when Saxon and Roman materials were worked into 
the walls of the new fabric. He also explained the 
curious history of the recent discovery and reconstruc- 
tion of the shrines of St. Alban and St. Amphibalus. 
They then inspected the church of St. Michad and the 
monument of Lord Bacon, and reconnoitred the re- 
mains of Old Verulam and of the British city on the 
banks of the Ver, the abbot's boathouse, and the large 
earthworks at Bernard's Heath. In the evening, 
papers *« On the Earthworks of Bedfordshire," " The 
Mural Paintings at St. Albans,**" On the Churches and 
the Bells of Bedfordshire," were read by Dr. IVior, 
Messrs. Ridgway-Lloyd, Foster, and North. On Satur- 
day they visited Clapbam Church, conspicuous all 
around by its lofty Anglo-Saxon towers; Shambrook 
and Felmersham, where they inspected the churches; 
Stevington, where they admired the Anglo-Saxon 
work in the tower, and also a curious low side-win- 
dow, perforated through the wall to enable wor- 
shippers in the south chancel aisle to see the elevation 
at the high altar ; Oakley — a parish almost wholly 
belonging to the Duke of*^ Bedford, whose pew in the 
Church is partly roofed by an old rood-loft, much of 
which still stands in situ, 

Sussex .\RCHiEOLOGicAL Society. — August 
Meeting. Pevensey. — The visitors repaired first to 
Westham Church, in the vicinity of the station, a 
plain but rather interesting old church. From West- 
nam the party proceeded to the fine ruins of Pevensey 
Castle, wnich is one of the most perfect of castellated 
remains of Roman origin. The outer walls of the 
castle inclose an area of about eight acres, axKl are 



174 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



almost 20 ft. in height. In the ,interior is a smaller 
fortification of a quadrangular form, with round 
towers, and which was once entered by a drawbridge. 
The circumference of the outer walls is about 260 
rods, and they must at one time have been of 
immense strength. The villi^ of Wartling was 
inspected. A wdl-preserred Catherine-wheel win- 
dow and a Pelham buckle of more than the ordinary 
sise in the outer wall are worthy of notice here. 
The wooden spire is rather a rarity in Sussex. Ash- 
bumham Church was rebuilt in 1693 > ^^^ ^"^ ^ i^ 
features is that in all the windows the muUions are of 
oak instead of stone. The church consists of a tower, 
a nave, and a chancel with two side chapels to its 
north and south. The nave is entered from the tower 
by seven steps, and from it there is a similar approach 
to the chancel. The effect of this arrangement is 
extremely striking, the sacrarium standing out in 
grand relief as you approach it from the west end of 
the building. The tower, not unlike that of Battle 
Church, is built of local grey sandstone, and with its 
embattled turrets and ample buttresses, and approached 
as it is by a steep incline, is sufficiently imposii^. 
The party were then conducted to the mansion of thie 
Earl of Ashbumham, where they entered by the west 
door, in the entfance-hall of which are hung several 
very fine portraits of the Earl's ancestors, and other 
celebrities of days gone by, amongst them King 
Charles I., Queen Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, 
Prince Rupert, and the Earl of Marlborough. The 
visitors were conducted to the magnificent manuscript 
library. 

Yorkshire Arcileolooical and Topographi- 
CAJL Association.— Aug. 29th. — Helmsley was the 
place selected for the annual excursion, with the 
object of visiting the ruins of Helmsley Castle and 
Rievaulx Abbey, access to which was kindly per- 
mitted by the Earl of Feversham. Colonel Brooke, 
of Huddersfield (Chairman of the Council), read a 
Paper by Mr. G. T. Clarke, F.S.A., on the Castle. 
After inspecting the ruins the party then proceeded 
to Rievaulx Abbey, and spent some time in inspect- 
ing the magnificent ruins. This was the first 
Cistercian house built in Yorkshire, and the second 
in England. It dates from 1131, and was founded 
by Walter TEspec, who afterwards became a 
monk, and was buried in the Abbey. Mr. J. T. 
Micklethwaite, F.S.A., briefly alhided to the rise of 
the Cistercian Order, and described the architectural 
features of the Abbey. 

[Our report of the Annual Meeting of the Somerset 
Archaeological Society is deferred until next month, 
owing to pressure on our space.] 



®hituari?. 



a valuable addition to oar stores of Coma-British folk- 
lore. His taste for Cornish folk-lore developed in 
his early childhood, and more than hatf a century ago 
he delig;hted in collecting the quaint C(»nish legends 
in a region where they are especially rile-— the weird 
coontry of the "S. Levan witches," where every 
estate and hamlet has some wild tale told of it We 
believe it was by the advice of the present editor of 
Ike CormsAmOM, Mr. A. C. Wildman, that his valuable 
collection of Cornish stories was given to the jmblic 
Besides -his own puUished writings, many students of 
Cornish iblk-lore and antiquities consulted him, and 
derived much valuable information, which has ap- 
Beared unde^ many forms. Mr. Bottrell re»d^ 
latterly 4it Penzance, and was there taken by the 
lingering illness (paralysis) which terminated with his 
death. Havii^ lost the power of using a pen, he 
confided the preface of his last work to the Rev. W. S. 
Lach-Szyrma. Having seen his third volume published 
and revised, the " Old Celt," as Mr. Bottrell quaintly 
called himself, passed away to the company oif those 
" old men of Cornwall" about whom he nad written so 
mnch. 



REV. ROBERT W. EYTON. 
Bom Decetr^er 25, 1815 ; died September 8, 1881. 

Mr. Eyton was the son of the late Rev. John 
EytoO) vicar of Wellington and Eyton, Salop. He 
was educated at Rugby, and at Chrxstchurch, Oxford, 
where he obtained a second class in classics and gra- 
duated in 1839. He was rector of Rvton, Salop, 
firom 1841 to 1863, during which time ne composed 
his great work, the AntiquUies of Shropshire^ in 
twelve volume^ which brings the history of the 
county to the reign of Edward I. Mr. Eyton was the 
author of Digests of the Domesday Survey of Dorset^ 
Somerset, and Staffordshire, works whidi, though not 
making large volumes, are replete with classified filets 
of the times, and do more, perhaps, to throw light 
on some of the most difficult portions of Domesday 
than anything else published. Mr. Eyton also com- 
piled the Itifurary of King Henry II, His last 
work was for the William Salt Archaeological Society, 
for which he edited the '*Pipe Rolls" and ''Early 
Charters of Staffordshire." 



WILLIAM BOTTRELL. 

Mr. William Bottrell was well known as a collector 
of Cornish folk-lore. He published three volumes of 
TrmdiiioHs and Umtrthskk Stories^ which have fonaed 



JOHN WINTER JONES, F.S.A, 
Bam 1805. Died September 7, 1881. 

He was the son of Mr. John Jones, some time 
editor of the Naval Chronicle and the Enropean 
Gazette, and grandson of Mr» Giles Jones. Mr. Wmter 
Jones first entered the British Museum in 1837, and 
rose through all the grades until, on tiie retirement of 
Sir Anthony Panizzi in 1866, he was appointed 
Principal Librarian. This post he held up to his re- 
tirement in 1878. He edited three volumes for the 
Hakluyt Society ; and recently printed, for private 
circulation, a Paper upon Mr. Rassam's discoveries 
in MesopQtamia. As one of the Vice-Presidents of 
the Society of Antiquaries he delivered the annual 
address on an occasion when Lord Stanhope was 
prevented, from attending. 



OBITUARY. 



«7S 



JAMES THORNE, F.S.A. 

Bom Sepiember^ l8l5 ; died September '^^ l88l. 

Mr. Tiorne was tlie aathor of Rambles by Rivers^ 
winch wts first published b^ Charles Kni^t, be- 
tween tS44 <nl 1S49, in his series of ''weekly 
Vohimes/' and \ti whidi was interspersed much use- 
fol sntiqflarian and historic matten along with glean- 
ings iA fmtj and folk-lore. His most important 
work was the excellent Handliook to the Efwtrons of 
London^ published about five years ago by Murray. 



ITbe flntiauari^'6 tlote«3Soofi. 



Extracts from Parish Registers of South 
Stoke, Wallingford— (Communicated by the Rer. 
P. H. Nind). — The Copy of a Supplication made to 
the Lord Archbishopp of Canterbury \s^ the chief 
inhabittBts of Woodcote and Exlade, whicn then were 
resyants (here — Mr. William Palmer, Lord of the 
Manor of Hyde, then living and dwelling at South 
Stoke beneath the Hill ; Mr. Richard Knapp, sojourn- 
ing or dwelling at Henley, which was then ffermor of 
RawUnes ; Mr. Richard Wintershull, Lord of Deane 
flierme, dwelling at Little Stoke ; and John Wylder, 
heire of Pables, in minoritie, remaining in the County 
of Berks ; one Will>^ Coxe then beeing tenaunt in his 
twoec parts of the sayd fferme of Pables, a.d. 1597. 
In most humble wyse complaining show unto yo' 
Gnure yo^ pore and dayly orato" Will™ Ffrewcn, 
Nicholas Wylder, Henry Cruchfield, Jun', Edward 
BbdcbaH, Will» Nicholls, Will- Coxe, and Will™ 
Alhibtt, inhabitants of the hamletts of Woodcote and 
Exiade, in the Parish of South Stoke within her 
Highness County of Oxford : that whereas yo' Lord- 
shipp's pore suppliants and dyverse other the inhabi- 
tants of said twooe hamletts whose several habitations 
and dwellings are of some twooe miles, and the 
greater part three miles distant from their Parish 
Chnrch of South Stoke aforesayd, have always (as 
abo their predecf^sors) in tyme out of myndc, at such 
times as unseasonable wether, by snow, sleete, or 
layne, or foulness of the wayes, some tyme in the 
siiort dayes, hath hindered them from going to their 
.Parish Chnrch every Sunday, and otherwy^e also at 
other times, when they have bene at their owne 
Parish Chnrch at morning prayer for lykc tyme out of 
mynd, without any vexation, usually frequented and 
resorted, for the hearing of God's Word and the 
^▼iDe prayers, unto the Parish Church of Checkendon 
within the same County, being but one quarter of a 
ittyle from the habitations or dwellings of most of 
tliem, and from the other half a myle ; as lykewyse on 
the contrary, the inhabitants of an Hamlett of the 
Parish of Checkendon aforesayd, three myles or more 
distant from their own parish Church, but within one 
halfe myle aforesayd have and doe still without moles- 
tation and trouble resort to the Church of South 
Stoke (a thing generally tolerated throughout the 
whole rcahne, for any thing that ihey heare to the 
contrary, where the occasions be lykc). Nowe, may it 
plene your ^ood Lorsliippe to bee advertised that one 



M'. Owen Thomas (a man, while hee was Vicar of 
Taynton on the other side of this Shiere, but a five 
years since, by verdict of a jury of twelve men at an 
Assises in this County, convicted for a common bar- 
retter and drunkard) having gotten the possession of 
the Parsonage or rectory of Checkendon aforesayd,' 
were hee is and remayneth nowe Parson, hath for 
those twooe years past and more, eftsoones prosecutes 
them, and procured the Churchwardens to present 
them into the Archdeacon's Court of this diocese of 
Oxford for coming in such sorte, as is above sayd to 
heare divine service at Checkendon, without any dis- 
turbance there or mislyke of the parishioners. Into 
which Cotyrt yo' pore suppliants being presented, have 
been as often called and cyted as presented to their 
great trouble and hinderance from their worke whereby 
they live and intollerable expences (in respect of their 
small liabilities) by their journeys to Oxford and costs 
day and night there, with charges and fees of the 
Courte ; and so are still threaten^ by the said Owen 
Thomas, parson of Checkendon, never to be left in 
quyett by him, till hee have compelled them altogether 
to refrayne his sayd Church, and only to frequentt 
their own, contrary to his solenme advised (?) protes- 
tation, and as yt weare a kynd of sacramentail oath 
before many witnesses, that hee would never trouble 
them agayne, so that they would surcease from a sujrt 
agaynst him (which he feared but they mentt nott) of 
endyting him again for a common barretter, whether 
of delight he taketh to continue his former conditions 
or of malice prepensed they vnll not say : but sure 
they are (by himselfe uttered) for this yere past, of 
desire of revenge agaynst them all for that, by reason 
of twoe women parishioners of South Stoke, of 
Woodcote and Exlade, among others, his purpose was 
made frustrate, when he unmercifully, unchristianly, 
and unjustly (as yt was thought) at the Assises a yeare 
since, sought the lyfe and blood of a poore boy of a 
dozen yercs of age, and also to putt them the sayd 
inhabitants of Woodcote and Exlade (without re- 
spect whether able or not able to endure yt) to an 
endlesse and intollerable toyle and travell of xii 
myles by the day, yt they should twise a day be 
compelled to their owne Parish Church. Whereupon 
will ensue, as y' Grace can most wysely and honor- 
ably consider, that even the ablest ol them, often 
the lame, the impotentt, the aged, and most women 
and children necessarily shall be enforced her High- 
nesse most wholesome and godly laws in that behalfe 
provyded; and their yongcr children whom they care- 
fully desyre may be trayncd upp to frequent divine 
service and the hearyng of God's word somewhere, 
for wantt thereoff shall lack that good education and 
instruction in some part, which they wish for them, 
and (which Is to be feared) that many shall continue 
still in darknesse and ignorance; and falling into 
neglect of the ordinary hearing of divine service and 
the word of God, without regard of keeping the 
Lord's Sabbath; shall rune into recklessnesse of their 
Christian duties to God and their Prince, &c. ; and in 
the end, to make no account of any religion at all, to 
the high displeasure of Almighty God and their utter 
(Icstniction in soule. In pitifuU and tender considera- 
tion whereof, may it please y' (iraco of y*" most 
Christian accustomed clemencv, to vouchsafe unto 
y* sal^d poore suppliants (being not able to give 



176 



THE ANTIQUAJRVS NOTE-BOOK. 



allowance to one to serve at a Chappell that standeth 
neare unto them at Woodcote, where they have ser- 
vice duely bat only upon the day of the nativitie of 
o' Saviour Christ, upon Easter day, and upon some 
working dayes, as y' falleth out for thanksgivinge of 
women and marriages) yo' Lordshippe's favorable 
lycence or toleration, for frequenting of divine service 
at Checkendon, without disturbance of the parish- 
ioners there, in such sorte, as is above-sayd that they 
and their predecessors have, for tyme out of mynde 
used, beinc^ so neare and convenient for them. Not 
of any dislike they have or contempt of their owne 
Parish Church or minister, but only of desvre and 
love, in dutv towards God, to spend the wholle Sab- 
both and other festivall dayes in hearing the word of 
God and resorting to the- divine service, which they 
cannot so welle accomplishe at their own Parish 
Church, so fare distant, without intollerable toyle and 
some daunger to their healtes at some tymes, but 
specially lame folks and impotentt with most part of 
the aged and of women and children. Being all most 
willing and ready without any recusance or anyone 
rescusant amongst them, as they have always done, 
still to be partakers of the Lorde's Supper at their 
own Parish Church; and lykewyse at all other tymes 
thither to repayre as often as with convenience they 
may. And all yo*" Lordshippe's sayd poore sup- 
pliants and all the sayd inhabitants shall, as they are 
most bounden, dayly pray to Almighty God for yo^ 
Grace's long, prosperous and happy life. 

Will" ffrewen, at the tyme of exhibiting this suppli- 
cation, was lyving, but deceased afore the lycense was 
made, and so Leonard his sonne therem named, 
succeeding him. 

Then follows 

The copy of the testimony which Hilary Fishwicke, 
then Vicar, gave unto his neighbours and parishioners 
of Woodcote and Exlade, when they went about their 
lycense : — 

Paraechos Hosce meos Gulielmum ffrewen, Nicho- 
laum Wilder, Henricimi Cruchfield, Seniorem, 
Richardum Buckridg, Gulielmum Coxe, Henricum 
Curtchfield, Juniorem, Edwardum Blackball, Guliel- 
mum NichoUs, et Gulielmum Allnott, aliosque 
Woodcotae et Exladia: incolas, ut homines novi 
simplices et apertos. Vitaeque et conversationis 
placidx, ita verbum Dei audiendi, precibusque divinis 
publicis et coensi Christi sacri rite debitoque modo 
participandi, cupidos omnes et perquun studiosos 
nemine refractario, compertum habeo. Quapropter 
eis secundum petitionem ab illis exhibendam; eatenus 
mihi, quatenus Dei cultum et sui suorumque in 
timore Dei instituendorum et educandorum curam 
spectat, probatam tolerationem et indulgentiam iis 
de causis, eodemque modo quo ab ipsis expetitur, 
modo reverendissimo ita placeat Archiepiscopo 
summd exopto. 

HiLARIUS FiSHWICCIUS, 

Vicarius Ecclesise quae est South Stoke dicecesios 
Oxon. 

The licence, under the seal of the Chancellor of 
the Archbishop, is as follows : — 

The Archbiskofs Licence. 

Johannes divind providentii Cantuarius Archi- 
episcopus, totius Angliae Primas et Metropolitanus ad 



quem omnis et omnimoda jurisdictio Spiritualis ct 
Ecdesiastica quae ad Episcopatum Oxoniensem sede 
pleni pertinuitips&sede jam vacante notorii dignoscitur 
potinere, dilectis nobis in Christo, Leonardo firewen, 
rlicholao Wilder, Henrico Crutchfield, Ricardo Buck- 
ridge, Edvardo BlackaU, WU1«» Nicholls, WiU"" AU- 
nott, Geoigio ffuller, et Will"*» Etheridge, villarum sive 
hameletarum de Woodcote et Exlade mfra parochiam 
de South Stoke, dicecesis Oxoniensis, nostneoue pro- 
vincial Cantuariae et aliis inhabitantibus aictarum 
villarum sive hameletarum de Woodcote et Exlade 
prsedicat salutem in omnium salvatore. Porrecta 
nobis nuper pro partibus vestris petitio continebat. 
Quod Ecclesia vestra de South Stoke praedicta. Fa 
domibus sive mansionibus dictarum nabitationum 
vestraorum infra villas sive hameletas de W^oodcote 
et Exlade praedictis, tam lon^ distat, videlicet per 
spatiura trium aut duarum milliarium ad minus, ut vos 
propter locorum prsedictorum distantiam viarum atque 
itinerum adeo praesertim et hyemalibus temporibus 
difficultatem, corporumque vestrorum aut aliquorum 
vestrorum incolarom ioidem nimirum puerorum, 
faeminarum, senum et valetudinariorum imbe^allitatem, 
dictam Ecclesiam vestram parochialem de South Stoke 
prout alias de jure astricti estis, ac positi essetis (ut 
asseritis) adire et eandem ad divina audienda et 
sacramenta participanda ita saepius frequentiusve com- 
moda non possitis neque valeatis, Cumque praeterea 
ubi eadem continebat petitio, ecclesia parochialis de 
Checkendon dictae Oxoniae diocesis nostrseque Can- 
tuariensis provinciaedomibussivemansionibns dictarum 
habitationum vestrarum et aliorum inhabitantum vilhi- 
rum sive hameletarum de Woodcote et Exlade praedictis 
multo majis vicina existens(?) et commoda ut per 
unius quarterii miiliarii spatium aut cocirciter distat, 
ut eam muho facilius et cum minore labore corporum- 
que vestrorum discrimine quam dictam Ecclesiam 
parochialem de South Stoke ad divina audienda diebus 
dominicis et festivis adire et frequenter possitis et p>os- 
sint, ideo nobis supplicium fecisiis et fecerunt humiliter 
quatenus (prarmissorum intuitu) licentiam et facultatem 
sub modo et forma inferius descriptis vobis et aliis 
dictarum ullum (?) sive hameletsuiim inhabitantibus in 
posterum concedere dignaremur. Nos igitur precibus 
et supplicationibus vestris et eorum in hac parte utpote 
justis et rationalibus (pnemissorum impcdimentorum 
intuitu) favorabiliter mclinati, ut vos et omnes alii 
post hoc inhabitantes dictarum villarum sive hamele- 
tarum de Woodcote et Exlade praedictis, cum liberis et 
omnibus aliis domestic^s et familiis suis de tempore in 
tempus Ecclesiam parochialem dc Checkendon prae- 
dicta adire et eandem ad divina audienda et sacra- 
menta participanda frequenter^ liberi licit! et impune 
possitis et vsueatis, possintque et valeant dummodo 
ecclesiae vestrx parochiali de South Stoke et ministris 
ejusdem vel dictae ecclesiae parochiali parochianis de 
Checkendon nidlum ex inde prejudicium damnum 
vel gravamen aliter inde generetur, licentium et facul- 
tatem nostras ex causis praedictis et aliis, nos in h£c 
parte moventibus (quantum in nobis est et de jure 
legibus et statutis hujus r^ni Angliae (hlc in parte) 
possumus) benigni vobis aliisque pr»dictis cum familiis 
vestris suisque concedimus et impertimur per prae- 
sentes. Ita ut ex causis supra dictis (quatenus semper 
inoffensi l^bus, statutis ac consuetudinibus hujus 
regni Angliae nobis (h&c in parte) licebit nee minister 



THE ANTIQUARVS NOTE-BOOK. 



177 



de Qieckendon vel dc South Stoke praedictis, nee 
etiam ullos inferior ordinnius pro tempore existens 
dietos incolas cum femiliis suis, vel eorum successores 
ibidem pnBmissonun occasione molestare vel inquietarc 
qnovismodo valeat vel praesumat — Proviso tamen 
semper quod juxta provisionem statutorum ei in parte 
editomm ros ac quuibet vestrihn aliiqne inhabitantes 
ibidem pro tempore existentes quater ad minimum 
quotanms idc^ue temporibus maxime ad id opportunis 
adeuntes divmas preces ac condones, sacramenta, 
ntfticipanda ad parochialem Ecclesiam vcstram de 
South Stoke accedere teneamus ac teneantur, pnc- 
missis vel eorum aliquo ndn obstantibus. 

In cujus rei testimonium si^Uum quo in hie parte 
utimur praesentibtts apponi feamus : datum quarto die 
mensts Junii anno Domini millesimo quingentesimo et 
nonagesimo septimo et nostne translationis anno 
dedmo quarto. Tho: Redman. 

Jo: COSTON. 

The prindpall followers of this suyt, in their own 
name and the name of the rest, to London, Lambeth, 
and Croydon, were Richard Buckridge and Henry 
Cmtchfidd, Senior. 

The foregoing is as true a copy as can now be 
dedphered from the old Roister (1557) of South 
Stoke, Oxon. 



^f^ >j; *.-»> 



Antiquarian flewa. 



"The Ballade of the Scottysshe Kpge," to which 
b ascribed, W authorities on the subiect, the honour 
of bein^ the nrst printed English ballad, is about to 
be repnnted in fac simiie^ ^ Mr. Elliot Stock. A 
liill historical introduction and copious notes, in eluci- 
dation of the subject, will be added. 

The Rock states that a considerable portion of the 
saperstracture of the shrine of St. Frideswide at 
Oxford has been lately found thrown carelessly into a 
well in the rear of one of the canons' houses at Christ 
Chan:h. It is hoped that a further search will bring 
the rest of thb mogX interesting structure to light. 

The trustees of the Lenox Library in New York 
have issued a Shakespearian Catalogue, containing a 
▼arietjof curious information as to the spdling of 
the poet's name. After consulting the prindpal 
aathorities, it is found that thirty-three are for Shak- 
spere, 1 11 for Shakspeare, and 283 for Shakespeare. 

A stone coffin, containing human remains, has just 
been discovered at Ipswich, during son\e excavations 
OD the site of the College founded by Cardinal 
Wcdsey. The coffin lid is missing, so that there is no 
doe to the identity of the remains, but tliey are be- 
lieved to be those of one of the monks of St. Peter's 
Monastery. 

Preparations are being made for widening Fleet 
Street from Chancery Lane to the comer of Bell 
Yard ; and, in the demolition of the block of houses, 
a i^flce of interest will be '* improved" from this 
thoroaghCuifr— viz., the old Cock Tavern, long asso- 
ciated with the names of Johnson, Boswell, GoKl- 
Stede^ wdA. Addiffon. 



The restoration of the Old Crypt School, Glouces- 
ter, a work which has been going on for some time 
past, has been completed. The building, which is 
350 years old, is in the Late Perpendicular style. The 
best feature in it is the gateway and oriel window ovet. 
The lower room, with its dark oak wainscoted walls 
and ceiling, was used formerly as tlie Crypt Grammar 
School. 

Three months ago an arch<xological exploring ex- 
pedition was sent out from Austria to Lycia in Asia 
Minor. The members of the party have just rcturnal 
to Vienna, and report that their excavations and re- 
searches on the sites of some of the principal cities of 
the ancient kingdom in question have resulted in very 
important discoveries, the particulars of which will 
shortly be made known. 

In the course of the excavations for a new fort at 
Lier, in the neighbourhood of Antwerp, a number 
of bones of extinct animals, mammoth s teeth, and 
the almost complete skeleton of a rhinoceros have 
been dug up. It was in the same district that, in 
1760, was found the immense skeleton of a mam* 
moth, which has been preserved in the Natural His- 
tory Museum at Brussels. 

The date of the sale of the Sunderland library, to 
which we have already alluded, has now been fixed. 
The catalogue of the first portion, consisting of 2,700 
lots, has been issued by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson, 
who will sell the books by auction on the ist of 
Decemljer and nine following days. The articles are 
very fully catalogued, and the descriptions promise a 
rich treat for the lovers of fine books. 

The restoration of the parish church of Market 
Drayton is being proceeded with. On removing the 
floor, the workmen discovered several hitherto un- 
known vaults ; and the whole edifice seems to be 
honeycombed with such. Over one vault was found 
a large alabaster slab, the inscription on which, with 
the exception of three Latin words, is entirely worn 
away, but the lettering shows that it belonged to the 
fourteenth century. 

Tlie fourth Biennial Congress of the Students of 
American Archueology will be held at Madrid, from 
September 25 to 28, inclusive. The Congress meets 
under the patronage of King Alfonso and of the 
Municipality of Madrid ; and strangers will have a 
rare opportunity of examining the various interesting 
museums and collections in the Spanish capital. It is 
rq)oried that the lineal descendants of Montezuma 
and Columbus are to preside at some of the meetings. 

An important discovery of ancient silver coins is 
reported from Tarlasco, province of Lomellino, Pied- 
mont. A countryman found a vessel containing 600 
silver coins, mostly bdonging to the first Roman 
epoch, as shown by the efngies of Bnitus and Col- 
latinus dcsigiutcd as primi ConsuUi, Others of more 
recent peri<xl, dating from the time of Ca'sar, Pompey, 
Antony, and Antoninus Pius, are still of great archa:o- 
logical interest. 

The parish church of Melkshain w.is re-opened on 
the nth of August, after restoration. Tlie alterations 
to the structure principally affect the chancel. An 
entirely new ceihng 01 panelled oak has been pro- 



178 



ANTIQUARIAN NB WS. 



vided for the chancel, and the walls of the chancel 
and chancel arches ha^e been thoroughly cleaned. 
This latter work led to the discovery of some in- 
teresting work in the shap)e of portions of a Norman 
arcade running along a part of the north and sonth 
sides, with one pillar in the north-east ai^le. 

Clapton-in-Gordano Church is in course of exten- 
sive restoration. It is an interesting structure, 
perched on an eminence, and is of singular and irre- 
gular outline. It consists of nave, chancel, and 
western tower, with a sort of transept chapel north 
of the nave, and a very narrow chapel north of the 
chancel. The earliest part of the church is the 
tower, which b supposed to be of the thirteenth, 
century. Another curious feature of the church is 
the reeedos, in which are two Early English capitals. 

The Naples correspondent of the Daily News 
writes : — " During the excavations in Strada Cam- 
pagna, in this city, a marble tomb has been brought to 
light, the bust of a female, and a Hermes column. 
The bust represents a young woman, the hair 
arranged in a net resting on the neck. To judge by 
the arrangement of the hair and the rather slovenly 
execution, the bust seems to belong to the end of the 
second or beginning of the third century, about the 
time of Caracalla. The Hermes presents a head of 
robust form, with short hair, cut m a circle on the 
forehead, evidently belonging to the same period.*' 

Ashbourne Church is being restored. The work of 
cleaning the walls of the nave and south aisle by 
scraping off the plaster which has disfigured them'is 
being very carefully and actively proceeded with. An 
ancient doorway in the north wall of the nave has 
been brought to light. The removal of the galleries 
has exposed to view the beauties of the arches and 
pillars, and the fine proportions of the nave and aisle. 
Some interesting frescoes have been discovered, one 
of them being the Lord's Prayer in Elizabethan 
characters, with a curious ornamental border. Por- 
tions of these have been carefully copied. 

A very curious and remarkable seal has recently 
been found on Wash-common, the scene of the first 
battle of Newbury, September 20th, 1643, J^^ar the spot 
where the Falkland Memorial is erected. The seal is 
circular, and made of brass, measuring one inch and 
eight-tenths in diameter. It bears the device of a 
skeleton with the surgeon's knife in the dexter hand, 
and,an hour-glass on the sinister side. The legend with 
which it is inscribed is as follows : *'the • sosciETY 

AND • LOYALTY • OF * CHYRVRGEONS * HALL 

LONDON." This seal is supposed to have been used by 
those members of the Cnirurgeons* Company of 
London attached to the Royal army at Newbury, and it 
was probably lost in the encounter. 

Avenburv Parish Church, an ancient structure, built 
on the banks of the river Froome, about a mile and 
half above Bromyard, has l>een re-opened after re- 
storation. The interior restoration consisted in taking 
down the old lath and plaster, and cutting a new 
ceiling. By this the whole of the old oak timber in 
the roof up to the apex — and most of which is in 
good preservation — now stained and varnished, will 
be displayed to view. The old oak screen, which 



was formerly partially covered with plaster and white- 
wash for many years, has been completely restored 
and varnished, with new oak gates of verv good de- 
sign. The entrance porch has been entirely removed, 
and a level entrance is now made into the church. 
There is also a new gate leading into the charch3rard. 

The Cairo correspondent of the Times sends full 
details of the discovery, made a few weeks ago, at 
Deir-el-Bahari, near Thebes, of thirty-nine mummies 
of royal and priestly personages. Twenty-six are 
now identified, and the correspondent sends a list of 
them furnished by Herr Emil Briigsch, the acting 
director of the Boulak Museum. Twenty-four out 
of the twenty-six are mummies of kings, queens, 

Erinces, or pnncesses, and the other two are those of 
igh priests. Among the kings is Rameses II., the 
third king of the nineteenth dynasty, and the Pharaoh 
of the Jewish captivity. The remaining thirteen of 
the thirty-nine mummies discovered require more 
searching study and investigation before they can be 
identified with absolute certainty. 

A story which appears almost incredible has been 
sent to us from Cornwall. It is reported that the 
church of Minster, near Boscastle, has been "re- 
novated" by the substitution of deal pews for a 
quantitv of most curious and interesting carved oak 
seats, tne devices on which appear to have been most 
singular. These have been treated as rubbish, dis- 
persed through the village, and in part burnt The 
innkeeper has a considerable quantity locked up in 
his stable and has offered them to the vicar to replace 
in the church if he likes. Surely such a matter ought 
to be inquired into, with a view of rescuing^ at any 
rate some portion of these treasures while it may not 
be too late. But we hope some correspondent may be 
able ta tell that the report is exaggerated. 

A find of considerable interest to the city of Berne 
was made a few days ago, at Niedersteinbrunn, in 
Alsace. As two men were digging a ditch on the 
site of an old house, they came upon an earthenware 
jar, containing 4,000 gold pieces, of which the weight 
was nearly twenty pounds. The pieces are all of the 
same mintage, about a millimetre m thickness and the 
diameter of a mark. On one side is the effigy of a 
double eagle, with the inscription, ** Bercht. V., Dux 
Zerin. Fondator," and on the reverse appears the arms 
of Berne — a bear on a mown field. The inscription 
signifies that Berchtold V., Duke of Zeringhen, was 
the founder of the city. The dates on the coins 
run firom 1617 to 1623, and they were probably hidden 
where they were found at the time of tne Thirty Years* 
War. 

The ancient documents of Welb Cathedral have re- 
cently been examined l)y Mr. W. DeGray Birch, of 
the British Museum, and the Rev. Chancellor Ber- 
nard has just made the following report to the Dean 
and Chapter : — **Many of the documents contain im- 
portant notices of historical and political events, both 
general and local ; records of matters of the highest 
value in relation to the history of the revenues aifd 
.fabric of the Cathedral ; and instances of great interest 
to the student of church and monastic antiquities, 
pal»ography, manners and customs, and topography. 
Many have also been exposed to damp and dust for so 



ANTIQUARIAN NE WS. 



179 



long a period that they have become seriously iniured 
and motilated.*' Mr. Birch also pointed oat that a 
somewhat similar poUection of documents in possession 
of the Vicars-Choral is in a very deplorable condition. 

The Church of St. Lawrence, Frodsham, an in- 
teresting ecclesiastical edifice in the north-west dis- 
trict of Cheshire, is undergoing extensive restoration. 
The drarch is in part Norman, and is beliered to 
belong to the early part of the twelfth centnry. 
Additions, in later penods of architecture, have been 
made to it from time to time, and in the eighteenth 
ccotnry the whole of the sonth aisle was restored. 
The woiIl was begmi about a 3rear ago, when the 
bnildin^ was quite dismantled. The roofs of the 
south aisle^ nave, and north aisle, and the low gal- 
leries and high square pews, were entirely removed. 
The walls of the south aisle have now been partly 
made good, a string-course and three new windows 
fised, and new priests' doorway and buttresses have 
been constructed. In the nave the old Norman 
pillars have been cleaned and partly restored. 

The learnoigement of the City library at Majence 
has just bfought to light some literary treasures m the 
shape of vahmble manuscripts, and very rare printed 
booKs. AuKMig these latter are two books printed by 
Gnttenberg. One is a Bull of Pope Pius II., ad- 
dressed to the Cathedral Chapter of Mayence, con- 
cerning the deposition of the Archbishop Diether ; 
the imprint bears the date 1461. The other, consist- 
YOi^ ci twfOktf leaves, is Tractalus rationis et con- 
scumtuTf and is dated 1459. Both books are in good 
condition ;'they are printed with the same trpes as the 
CmikUieom^ but are neater and better defined. A copj 
of the CatMoHcon also is in the library. The Bull is 
believed to be a unique copy, since no reference to 
another copy is to be found m any known catalogue ; 
but there is another copy of the Tractatus in the 
National Library at Paris. 

The village church of Micheldever, which has 
recently beoi restored by the Earl of Northbrook, 
has imt been re-opened l^ Bishop McDougalL The 
works have consisted in the removal of the plaster 
aisles in the chancel, and rough casting of the u*alLs, 
and the substitution of a new pencilled roof; the 
cottstiiiction of a new organ chamber and chancel 
arch ; new mosaic floor, oak stalls, altar table and 
rail, choir seats, marble credence table, &c. In the 
uve the oak seats have been re-constructed, the 
callcry removed, and the fine old Perpendicular arch 
Dronglit to light in the tower. There are some 
beawtifiil monuments of the Baring family in the 
chmch. The excavaticms disclosed interesting re- 
mains of the ancient church, showing specimens of 
the Eariy English, Decorated, and Perpendicular 
st]4es, also remains of two Norman fonts, and of a 
decorated stone reredos, or screen. 

The Caxdtt de Lausanne says that an extraordinary 
and scarcely credible story is afloat as to the discovery 
of a wdl-preserved city, of immense antiquity, under 
the waters of the Lsike of (jeneva. An American 
gentleman, who lost a valuable hand-bag by the up- 
setting of a boat, employed two divers to <;eek for it. 
They not only recovered the Americanos property, 
tat bfODght «p with them, from the depths of the 



lake, a splendid vase of Etruscan form, and they 
related further that they had discerned n large quantity 
of houses. The Communal officials of Bex here- 
upon went forth in boats to view the spot indicated 
by the divers* The archaeologists of Rex settled that 
the town must have been built by the Combri, or 
earliest Gauls. The Cantonal Council of Vaud is to 
be urged to construct a great dam around the spot 
•containing the town, and to pump the place dry, in 
the interests of historical science. 

The following letter appeared in the Tinus recently: 
— " Permit me to draw the attention of those who are 
interested in the preservation of ancient monuments to 
the present state of things at Fumcss Abbey. - 1 was 
present in the ruins for three hours one after- 
noon, and was extremely shocked at the spectacle 
I witnessed. The place was filled with a roueh and 
noisy crowd of excursionists, and large numbers of 
children, apparently under no control, were climlMUg 
in and out of the beautiful sedilia and over the sculp- 
tured capitals of the fallen pillars, which lie on the 
ground in the ancient Chapter-house, to the extreme 
danger, I fear, of destruction of most exquisitely- 
carved work. On remonstrating with the guide, be 
merely exprcivsed his inability always to prevent 
mischief. I hope that some means may be taken to 
prevent what I fear may end in serious injury to a 
priceless treasure." 

A work of the greatest interest and amiquarian 
value has lately been purchased by Mr. bamuel 
Caswell, Meole Brace. It is the private collec- 
tion of etchings, water-colour, sepia, and pencil 
drawings of old streets and buildings in the town of 
Shrewsbury, made at the beginning of the present cen- 
tury by the late Archdeacon Owen, the historian of 
Shrewsbury, and his son, the Rev. E. Pryce Owen. 
The work consists of three large quarto volumes, and 
contains all the original drawings for the illustration of 
Owen and Blakeway's history, and a vast number 
of which have never been published. The total number 
of drawings and sketches is over four hundred, the 
most rare being numerous early views of the old 
English and Welsh bridge<t, the Castle Gates, the 
Abbey, St. Mar/s, old St. Chairs, old St. Alkmund'i, 
and oid St. Julian's churches. We believe it is in con- 
templation to publish a copy of the vicw.^ which have 
never been published before. 

Several workmen engaged in the works along the 
Via Flaminia, outside the Porta del Popolo, Rome, 
have discovered near Tolcntino a group of tombs 
containing the skeleton of a child with the head 
resting on a splendid black cup, a boy and several 
warriors with lances and other arms lying at the feet. 
A precious epigraph was found during the excavations 
for the new Exnibition Palace in the Via Nazionale. 
The ofticers appointed I>y the Ministry for Public 
Instruction to .supcrintexul and to inspect all works of 
excavations at Rome pcrccivin;; a large stone, had it 
carefully removed. 'ITiis new ciiscovcry will enrich 
the splendid collection which has been forminij in 
Rome since 1870, and which occupies v»veral of the 
large halls at the capital. Hardly a new hoase has 
been constnictcrl in Rome since the occupation which 
has not led to the discovery <»f some important object 
fA art. The archaeological bulletin iHiich is being 



i8o 



ANTIQ UARIAN NB WS. 



published by the Roman municipality contains every 
week long lists of new objects discovered and photo- 
graplis of anything considered worth reproducing. 

The rector of Frestwich and the churchwardens have 
applied to the Manchester Diocesan Registry for a 
faculty to rebuild the tower of Prestwich parish church. 
The application states that the old slated roof is to be 
replaced by a lead flat roof, and the existing south- 
west turret staircase is to be superseded by a new one 
to be built at the north-east comer of the tower. The 
foundations of the tower are to have " proper spread- 
ing footings, and to be put in with the least possible 
disturbance of the adjoining graves. The present 
design«of the tower to be retained as far as oracticable, 
according to the plans and particulars of the said re- 
building now deposited in the Public Episcopal Regis- 
try in Manchester." The ultimate shape the alteration 
will assume, is, however, by no means agreed upon. 
This week the whole of the plaster has been removed 
from the inside of the tower in order to see if the crack 
is there apparent which is so visible above the ringers' 
chamber, but nothing of a nature to cause the slightest 
alarm can be discovered. The base of the tower 
appears to be perfectly sound and free from all decay. 

In the course of the restorations now going on in 
the nave of St. Giles's Cathedral, the woricmen have 
come upon a very interesting relic of antiquity in the 
wall of the Albanv Aisle, consisting of an arched 
recess for a mural shrine. The arch is in the north 
wall of the aisle, opposite the central pillar, and 
measures eight feet high and about seven feet wide, 
bein^ sufficient for a recumbent figure. The recess 
withm- the arch is two or three feet deep. On the 
front aroimd the arch is an exceedingly fine moulding 
in carved stone of the style of the thirteenth century. 
Unfortunately, rather more than one-half of the 
moulding is gone, a result of different mutils^tions. 
Latterly, the whole had been enshrouded in some 
common kind of building;; and plaster, on the removal 
of which this beautiful and ill-used work of art was 
brought to light. On Mr. Hay, architect of the 
restorations, making the fact of the discovery known 
to Dr. Chambers, he received orders to restore the 
moulding of the arch, where it was deficient, in 
exactly tne original style, and also to mend apy other 
broken parts of the monumental structure. 

The restoration of Sidbury Church has been com- 
pleted. The general fabric was found to be in a very 
dilapidated condition. The whole of the roof has 
been stripped, and the mortar removed from all the 
exterior walls. The stonework has been repaired, 
and partly rebuilt in herring-bone to correspond with 
the old work. The old timbers in the roof (where 
required) have been removed, and the space between 
the rafters plastered and left visible, mcluding the 
bold oak principals. The chancel has a pitch-pine 
boarded ceiling, formed in panels with moulded ribs. 
The turret old timbers have been properly recon- 
structed, and new louvre-boards to belfry windows ; 
new roof to the same, covered with tiles, and the apex 
finished with a wrought-iron ornamental finial. The 
old porch has been taken down, and a new one built to 
correspond innth the other portion of the work. The 
old stone paving has been removed, and the aisle and 
chancel are paved with encaustic tiles. The whole , 



of the seating in the chancel and nave is in pitch 
pine, with solid, elaborate and moulded bench-ends, 
with capping on the top, the front portion of the 
seats having traceried fronts. The pulpit and reading 
desk have been reconstructed with the old oak fram- 
ing, with carved panel fronts. The ancient font has 
beoi restored and cleaned. 

The ancient custom of proclaiming the Fair at 
Newcastle took place on Auc^ust 9, at noon. This 
being the August or Cow Kill Fair, the Mayor, 
accompanied by the Sheriff and Committee Clerk, 
attended the Guildhall, St. Nicholas Square, and 
Newgate Street, where the proclamation was duly 
read at each of the three places. At the Guild- 
hall several off the merchants on 'Change turned 
out to hear the proclamation read, at the end of which 
lusty cheers were given for the Mayor. The following 
is a copy of the proclamation : — ** O Yez ! O Yez ! ! 
O Yez ! ! I^The Right Worshipful the Mayor, the 
Sheriff, and the Aldermen their Brethren, Give 
notice tlie Fair of this Town begins at 12 o'clock 
this Dav, and will continue for the next Eight Da3rs 
after, when it shall be lawful for all Persons to come 
to the Town with their Wares to sell. And it is 
strictly diai]ged and commanded no Person, of what 
degree or quality whatsoever, be so hardy during the 
time of this Fair to carry any manner of Weapon 
about him, except he be a Knight or Squire of 
Honour, and then to have a »Sword borne after him. 
Notice is Hereby Further Given, That a Court o! 
Piepowder will be holden during 4Ik time of this 
Fair, that is to say, one in the formon, another in 
the afternoon, where Rich and Poor may have Justice 
administered to them according to the Law of the 
Land and the Customs of this Town. God save the 
Queen, the Worshipful the Mayor, and the Sheriff." 

Respecting the discoveries which have just been 
made in certain caves in Moravia, some interesting 
details are published in the Augsburg AUgemeine 
Zeiiung, For some months past excavations have 
been going on upon the Kotoutsch HiU, near Stram- 
berg, which have already brought to light a large 
number of remains of the highest scientific interest, 
llie spots where the most important discoveries have 
been made are the two caves of Schipka and 
Tchertova Dira (or the Dwarfs Cave). The objects 
which have been found and the position in which 
they were discovered prove in the clearest possible 
manner that both the caves mentioned were innabited 
by men in prehistoric ages. The objects obtained in 
the Schipka cave comprise thousands of bones of 
antediluvian animals, as the mammoth, rhinoceros, 
cave bear, horse, cave ox, stag, reindeer, &c Far- 
ther, there are thousands of separate teeth and horns 
of these animals, besides i^umerous well-preserved 
stone and 1)one tools, which were dug up as far 
down as three metres below the cave. In the 
Tchertova Dira the discoveries include bones of the 
cave deer, reindeer, edelhirsch, primeval ox, &c., 
besides numerous pieces of horn, showing artificial 
work, and manv well-preserved bone objects and 
tools, such as awls or bodkins, and pins or needles, 
pierced with holes, three and four-edged arrow heads, 
rough and unpolished stone tools of flint, jasper, and 
chalcedony ; fragments of very different kinds of 



ANTIQUARIAN NEJl^S. 



i8i 



earthenv-are vessels, witii mnd tnthoal graphite ooal> 
ing, which had been made bj hand wuhoat the use 
of the potter's wheel, and whidi are cor ered with 



Mr. G. H. Bbcfa writes to tbe editor of the Sarm^ 
Adttr^str^ as follows : — " It maj interest soone of 
your ouiuauus readers to hear that more sabstantial 
tzaoes of tbe Roman occupation of Staines than coins 
or fine tHes ha^e come to l^;hL In digging a rain- 
water tank bracoCtagefor Sir. £. Bodgen, inllUey's 
Lane, Staines, at the depth of about fire feet from the 
sn&oethe wockmenstnickupoiia portion of a mosaic 
pATcmoit fls iite. The tesseix oomposixig it are of 
theoidinaij small SQinre shape, and there are no 
tzaoes of a pattern. They rest on the nsoal tenadoos 
bed of 6iie concrete, and are covered with a fine layer 
of bladE earth, which invariably accompanies and 
overlies Roman remains. I madi regret that, from 
the cnmped nature of tbe ste, I am nnable to pozsae 
any further invcstigatioo; nor is tbe pavement itself 
of soflkient artistic exodlence to wairant it. Soch 
pa i rmriits are awnmnn enough in London. In an 
wdueolagical sense tbe find is most interesting, proving 
tlie Booian occnpation of Staines on tbe Roman Road 
fipom L ondo n to tbe sontb of Ei^land, via Bagshot, 
where portions of the road can still be traced. I 
wvold add that no traces of m-alls were discovered, 
and that tbe pafemcnt itself is uneven, a portion of it 
fadng inclined at an ai^le of jo d^jees, giving tbe 
appeuanoe at^|^sight of it bong the lining of a pis- 
cua orimpbnp^PS but from carml investigation this 
part has been probaUy disturbed at some time or 
other, and does not occupy its original position. I 
hope to preserve a portion as a record, and regret that 
the requrements cif the building now being erected 
mder my soperintendenoe compel me once more to 
bary it beneath the soiL It n possible that this 
po rti o n may be only tbe outer oorder of a more 
imentalp avement buried beneath the adjconing 



During the first week of September an interesting 
find of archaic pottery has been brought to light in 
excavating the toundatioos for a new wing about to 
be added to Chesfield, Lower Teddii^^ Road, 
Hampton Wick, the residence of Mr. H. E. Tatham. 
At a depth of from eighteen inches to two feet the 
workmen came upon a number of earthen vessels, 
iHiicfa their pidcazes unfortunately reduced in a great 
measure to potsherds before the arrival of Mr. Tatham, 
who was happily in time to save several from more 
than partial destruction, one being secured in an 
ahnost perfect condition. This last was the smallest 
of them all, being no more than about six inches in 
at the bulging central portion, whence it 
red upwards andjlownwards. Itmaystandeightor 
indies high, and is fiimished with a pair of well- 
j arop oil iooed, and not altogether inelegant handles. 
Two others are cyKndrical in shape, are without 
haiifllrs, and are about a foot in width and altitude. 
To the same type as these two belongs another, 
which was broken to pieces as it was being extricated 
from the soil, all the fragments, however, having been 
carclidly gathered and preserved. The whole of the 
vases present the appearance of cinerary urns, and this 
appeaimnce is confirmed pretty decisively by their 



contents, which in every instance turned out to be 
cbarved bones and other animal remaiiks. >Vhether 
these booes belonged to man or to his fonrfooted 
firienis, has not yet been sdentincally ascertained. 
No portion of these orramir remains bears a trace 
of the potter's whed, and the whole have been 
sun-dried, not fired in a kiln. Among the detadied 
potsherxis are fouitd portions of a chain-shaped orna- 
ment, which seems to have traversed the bulging 
body of an urn. Similar pottery is said to have been 
found at Hampton Court or its neighbourhood. Mr. 
Tatham deems it not unlikdy that his new finds may 
date from a very early age, possibly before the 
Roman occupation of Britain. Urns of unbaked 
clay of a like type, he remarks, ha%-e been di sc overed 
in the barrows on Salisborr Plain, near Stooehe^ge ; 
but it must not be forgotten, he adds, that in their 
immediate neighbourhood were fooikl beads of glass 
and amber, beads of spears, swords, and brooae 
artides, and in some of the banows the burnt booes 
of dogs, fowls, horses, and other animals. But no 
metal, no glass or amber, not even a single flint im- 
plement has been disoovoed in association with the 
Hampton Wick urns, whence Mr. Tatham infers 
that these urns must be referred to a remoter period 
than that to which bdong those found in the barrows 
on Salisbury PlaiiL We learn, says the Tmut, that 
Uie whole of this new and interesting ceramic find 
will shortly be submitted to the judgment of the 
authorities at tbe British Museum. 

The repair, alteration, and enlargement of the 
diurch of St. Andrew, Auckland, is progressing, and 
tbe XtUK'ostJe ComranS gives particulars of some 
interesting relics of the earlier edifice, that must have 
stood upon the same site, which have been brought 
to lighL This remark applies particularly to a num- 
ber of stones which once formed portions of the 
arches of doorways of Norman date. There are six 
or seven, exhibiting the ouaint beaked moulding, 
having sculptured on two adjoining fiuxs two singular 
heads, with noses like the beaks of birds which meet, 
or nearly so, at the angle which formed the edge of 
the arch. The remains of a round-headed window 
have come to light in the chancel, on the north 
side, next to the chancel arch. The mouldings of 
this window are the same as those of the fine limcets 
still remaining in the chancel, but the breadth of tbe 
window is greater, the apex of tbe arch lower, 
and the arch deddedly semi-circular, not pointed. 
It is situated in a wall built of very fiiie large 
stones, much finer and larger than those employed 
in the inside work of the nave. Opposite to it, in 
the south wall of the chancel, next the rhanod arch 
on that side, are the remains of a door, the lintel of 
which seems to have been interfered with by the 
lancet window above it, and which looks, therefore, 
like a doorway of earlier date than the lancet. 
At some .subsequent period this doorway was 
blocked, and a small wmdow, like those generally 
called *' lepers' windows," was inserted in the block- 
ing. Besides the beak-moulded arch stones many 
small grave covers, both of males and females, as 
signified by the sculptured sword in the one came and 
shears in the other, were found in the walls of the 
south transept and elsewhere, and several fragments 



t82 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



of larger grave covers with floriated crosses sculp- 
tured upon them. There was also found a very 
cunous grave cover, evidently belonging to the last 
resting place of a priest, small, whence it may per- 
haps be gathered that the size of the grave cover was 
not in all cases regulated by the age of the deceased. 
Upon it are sculptured the Sacramental Wafer, and a 
right hand elevated, as in the act of blessing, with the 
thumb, forefinger, and middle finger extended, but 
the fourth finger and little finger bent down. But 
perham the most interesting Snds at St. Andrew, 
Auckland, remain to be mentioned. These are the 
fragments of a Saxon cross, of most elaborate and 
beautiful workmanship, which have been taken from 
the tower, in the walls of which they have been 
buried for centuries. There are seven fragments in 
all, though they may not all belong to one cross. The 
base of the cross was three feet tluee inches in height. 
It tapers rapidly upwards, and was hollowed out at 
the top to receive the shaft. It was broken apparently 
into eight pieces, three of which had been recovered. 
The three pieces give three-fourths of one of the 
broadsides, which bore sculptured upon it three robed 
figures, with flowing hair encircled within nimbi. The 
sides of these blocks furnish other two figures, lead- 
ing to the conclusion that originally there were ten 
sculptured around the base of the cross. A cohsider- 
able length of the shaft of the cross has also been re- 
covered. Upon one side of it, at the lower part of 
the shaft, are likewise two figures. Above them, and 
on each side, and on the back are waving branches 
and birds devouring fruit. The word PAX is in- 
scribed upon the side which is without human figures. 
Two of the other fragments appear to have also 
formed portions of the shaft, but they are but small, 
and it is difficult to assign them their proper place. 
The seventh fragment is a portionpf the extremity of one 
of the horizontal arms of this, or of some other*cross. 
The more important of these fi'agments were taken 
from the tower — one from the outside wall, near the 
ground on the north side, where the tower returns ; 
two from the wall, inside the church, above the tower 
arch, looking towards the nave ; two from within the 
belfiy. Some of them show, by their change of 
colour, that they have been exposed to great heat. 
From the circumstances of fragments of Saxon work 
being found in the tower, and the fragments of 
Norman work in the transepts, the opinion arrived at 
on other grounds that the tower was probably the first 
portion of the building executed at the re-erection, 
derives further confirmation. Among the fragments 
are a corbel displaying a bold, well executed, though 
somewhat grotesc^ue, head ; and a stone representing 
a body swathed m grave clcAhes, and which is pro- 
bably of Saxon date. There is also a most interesting 
grave cover of Saxon workmanship, representing the 
cross planted on the hill of Calvary, decorated within 
and vathout, with a profusion of cable sculpture, and 
surmounted with numerous pellets. This was found 
in the excavation made for tiie heating apparatus, at 
the depth of about eight feet from the present surfiice 
of the ground, serving as the cover of a rude stone 
cist. 



w'^t-y 



Corre0pon^ence. 



ROMAN VILLA AT BRADING. 

Will you kindly insert in your next issue "of The 
Antiquary the accompanying copy of a letter which 
my esteemed friend Mr. C. Roach Smith wrote tome 
containing a few words upon the Roman villa at 
Morton, Isle of Wight, nnaer the belief that, as one 
of the Committee of Management, and as the dis- 
coverer of the villa, I should have been present at the 
meeting of the London and Middlesex Archaeological 
Society, at Morton, on the nth of last month, when 
I should have had the pleasure of reading Mr. C. 
Roach Smith's letter before the members ? But, unfor- 
tunately, I was not present at the meeting, and the 
letter therefore was not read. 

John Thorp. 

St. Wilfricd's, Brading, Isle of Wight. 

My Dear Captain Thorp,— Although I cannot 
conveniently be with you, I should like to make a few 
remarks on the Morton Villa, in addition to what I 
have printed in the Collectanea Antiqua, in case you 
mav have an opportunity to read them to the meetmg, 
and mav care to do so. 

I find that some persons consider that the villa bears 
a military character. I do not shar^n that view ; for 
these among other reasons : — No fea^jHbrhatever bears 
any resemblance to military constraBbns. But pro- 
bably it was only intended to mean that the villa Mras 
the residence of military officers. This, I conceive, 
supposes a military establishment somewhere near. 
Of such there is no vestige in any part of the island. 

After the conquests of Vespasian under Claudius, 
the south of Britain seems to have quietly submitted 
to the Roman rule; and thus we have no instance in 
any remains extant of a permanent garrison. There 
are castra (vestiges) at Bittern, on the Itchen, and at 
Porchester; but they -are probably of comparatively 
late date ; and from their peculiar situations are more 
significant of defence against foreign invasion than 
against internal risings or rebellion. All the castra 
to the eastward, from Pevensey to Reculver, and to 
Brancaster, on the Norfolk coast, are of late date. 
Their origin is well-known. They were built to pro- 
tect the province from invasion b^ the Saxons. 

The entire absence of fixed mili^kry establishments, 
or walled castra^ in the south of Britain, is conclusive 
evidence of the pacific state of that part of the pro- 
vince. The miportant inscription discovered at 
Chichester, and preserved at Goodwood, affords testi- 
mony of this in showing that a British chief, or Rex^ as 
he is termed, held the high office of a Roman Legate. 

In comparing the extensive villas at Bignor, Abbot's 
Ann, Apethorpe, and others with that of Morton, it 
is obvious that the last named is inferior in extent as 
yet laid open ; and compared with Bignor,* Bram- 
dean, Thruxton, &c., its embellishments are artistically 
inferior. That in no way lessens its interest. It must 

* Bignor should never be named without mention 
of Mr. Tupper's liberality in keeping it up at his 
own cost ana risk. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



183 



Still have been an important building; and we naturally 
speculate on its history and object. 

The great incentive to the conquest and retention 
of Britain, at enormous cost in men and money, was 
its wealth in mines, com, cattle, sheep, and other pro- 
ducts, the mines especially. The entire province 
became tributary. The securing of the tributes neces- 
sitated, as a matter of course, imperial depositories ; 
and these, I submit, are represented by the remains of 
the extensive building such as those refcrred-to, Morton 
included ; many of them covering acres of ground ; 
and reveading not only spacious dwelling apartments, 
but all the accessories needed for storing agricultural 
products ; granaries, stables, bams, sheds, and the 
various appendages sudi as are commcm to large farms. 

In the long apartments of the Morton villa, with 
the well at one end and the dwelling room at the 
other, I recognize these indispensable adjuncts, and 
the bailiff's or steward's room. 

A. few words on the pictorial floorings. Most of 
the subjects are common, and all are artistically in- 
ferior to many in this country, far inferior to many in 
France, Germany, and Italy. Seldom have they 
reference to the locality or to the owner : but were 
selected in accordance with the taste, the skill, or the 
means of the artist or UsstUarius, From the mixed 
jmd incongruous characters of the subjects the artists 
seem to have been allowed to exercise their own judg- 
ment and fancy very freely. Occasionally they inserted 
inscriptions rdating to the subjects or to the place. In 
a villa at Lilki^ne, of a superior order, the artist 
bas record^/^Hlm name, birth, and parentage. 

One of the compositions of the ilorton pavements is 
of a very unusual Kind, and rather obscure in its mean- 
ii^. It must of course be accepted as a caricature ; 
bat a caricature of what ? I think of the dog-headed 
god Anubis. The Egyptian myths had been received 
at Rome at a comparatively early date ; and they 
soon penetrated Gaul and Britain. Coins of Postumus 
show that he selected* Serapis as his companion or 
cmrnn, A unique coin of the younger Tetricus in my 
possessiont has the figure of Anubis in a temple. An 
mscription records a temple of Serapis at York ; while 
throughout France are preserved dedications to this 
deity and also to I sis. The ^7/ajt-religious character 
of me composition, I think, is implied by the small 
temple, or iacdlum, above the figure. If the figure be 
a caricature, as I suggest, I cannot conceive what else 
it can possibly be a caricature of. You are aware of 
the important paiAAnubis played in the mythology 
of the Emperor Julian. 

Hopii^ the excavations will soon be resumed, and 
wishing yon and your colleagues continued success, 
me, dear Captain Thorp, Yours sincerely, 

C. Roach S.mith. 



THE "KENTISH GARLAND.^' 

(iv. 58,134.) 
It seems to be a pity that Mr. William Rogers did 
not look at the Kentish Garland, which he implies to 

* One is included in the Morton collection. 
+ Sb&apidi Comiti Avo. Figure of Scrapi:». See 
CUkcianta AnHqua^ vol. v. 



be inaccurate. Nobody wrote concerning any '* All 
Saints' Cliurch, Ashford." In the Kentish Garlaftd, 
so favourably reviewed in your pages, 58-62, these are 
the words, which you will permit me to quote, as 
proving how utterly unnecessary was Mr. William 
Roger's note: — ''Ashford was always considered a 
perfect hotlxid of Nonconformity, and the energy of 
its professors greatly troubled the busy spirit of 
Archbishop Laud. If we may trust our satire {On 
the Grey- Friars o/Ash/ord, by Henry Tubbe) they 
seem to have been e<]ually powerful in numbers and 
noise, though in notoriety they were outdone by 
Maidstone, which produced two such * lights * as 
Andrew Broughton, the regicide mayor (whom Thomas 
Wilson, the Vicar of All Saints*, publicly rebuked 
from the pulpit for his share in the King's death, and, 
when he rose from his seat to leave the church, cried 
after him that 'he ran away because he was hard 
hit ') and Thomas Trapham," &c. {Kentish Garland, 
1 88 1, vol. i. p., 70). Nor can it be pretended that 
the error was in the review of Miss de Vaynes's 
work, for on p. 59, the sentence concerning ** Thomas 
Wilson, the Vicar of All Saints'," and his rebuke of 
Andrew Broughton, the regicide mayor, is absolutely 
distinct from the one which had previously been de- 
voted to Ashford, "as the hotbed of Nonconfor- 
mity (which it was, and Is) ; but even there the other 
side dared to speak out ;'* which is all true. Unfor- 
tunately, the word "Maidstone" was omitted, 
apparently by mistake, after All Saints'. 

Let me add that I am long behind time in furnish- 
ing some of my ovm promised contributions ; but 
this delay has been caused by other pressing duties, 
and by no indifference to the success of The 
Antiquary, which is already a valued friend. 

J. WOODFALL EbSWORTH. 

Molash Vicarage, by Ashford, Kent. 



MR. ALBERT WAY. ' 

Mr. Parker, in his communication to The Anti- 
quary two months since, did not overstate the great 
services rendered by the late Mr. Way to our national 
archeology. From his remarks I was led to inquire 
in wliat shape the Institute, so especially served and 
helped hy him, intended to show its gratitude. 

As no reply has been given, I venture to suggest 
one mode 01 doing honour to his memory, which may 
commend itself, not only to the|Institute, but to others. 
Before the divi»ion took place, Mr. W. J. Taylor 
commemorated the Canterbury Congress by striking 
a medal in silver and in copper. Mr. Taylor did thb 
entirely at hb own risk, from warm feeling and 
sympathy. He is, I am happy to say, yet living, in 
health. Of his unquestioned eminent skill in m^lal 
engraving there are many proofs. To him, I surest, 
should l« entrusted the engraving and striking a 
medal of Mr. Way, with his profile on the obverse, 
and some appropriate design, with an inscription to 
be chosen by the Institute, on the reverse. 

I will not, and I need not, say more, beyond sug- 
gesting that, if my notion be adopted, the medal be 
struck by subscription. 

C. Roach Smith. 

Temple Place, Strood. 



1 84 



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SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASES 



jSS 




The Antiquary. 




NOVEMBER, 1881. 

Some JB&vVi Sreacb of 
promise Cases. 

By S. R. BiBD, F.S.A. 



|H£R£ are, amongst the Early Chan- 
cery Proceedings formeiiy in the 
Tower of London, a considerable 
number of Bills of Complaint 
groimded on an allied breach of promise, 
or xadier breach of contract of marriage, some 
of which date back as far as the middle of 
die fifteenth centmy. At that period, and 
indeed till t^ passing of the Mairiage Act of 
26 Geo. II., Ae solenmization of matrimony, 
according to the laws of holy church, appears 
to have been altogether subsidiary to the 
dvil contract or espousals, which often pre- 
ceded the actual marriage by a considend)le 
period. A pre-contract of this kind was, 
tin the 32nd year of Henry VIII., and 
agun after a and 3 Edw. VI., considered 
an impediment to marriage with any other 
penon ; and, undl the statute of 26 Geo. II., 
above refened to, a suit might be brought 
in the Ecclesiastical Courts to compel a 
maniage in consequence of such contract 

If a formal betrothal of this kind, to be 
dnlj oonmiitted to writing and attested, were 
at the present time declared to be the only 
l^gal basis on which an action for breach 
of promise could rest, a great saving of 
time to the judicial bench would ensue, 
and the public would be spared the recital of 
much of the amorous nonsense with which 
more or less facetious counsel endeavour to 
mflaence a sympathetic jury in assessing the 
amount of damage, fixnn a pecuniary point of 
Tieir, done to the outraged feelings of many 
a too seductive or too enterprising damsel 
The law reports would, however, then be 
deprived of one of their most amusing fea- 

VQL. IV. 



turcs, and one on which the ordinary news- 
paper reader seizes with andit)*. 

That the courts of the fifteenth and sixteenth 
centuries were not altogether without their 
sensational trials of a somewhat similar kind, 
appears from the curious records now 
under review. I have before me copies of 
four documents, all apparently bearing date 
between the years 1452 and 15 15, which are 
peculiarly interesting as illustrative of the 
social life of that period. They show, in fact, 
that then, as now, amongst a certain class of 
persons, marriage was regpded principally in 
the light of a commercial speculation, the 
bargains made in some of the cases being s]>e- 
cified with a minuteness of detail as amusing 
as it is unromantic. The first of these is a 
complaint preferred to the Cardinal Arcli- 
bishop of Canterbury, Chancellor of England, 
between the years 1452 and 1454, by Mar- 
garet Gardyner and Alice Gardjmer (pre- 
sumably her daughter), against one "John 
Keche of Yppeswych," who, in spite of his 
unpleasantly suggestive name (in these days, 
at least), appears to have been in consider- 
able demand amongst the fair sex, as, 
according to their own statement, the said 
Margaret and Alice agreed to pay him the 
sum of twenty-two marks on condition of 
his taking the said Alice to wife; but the 
fiEUthless '' Keche," after receiving ten marks 
from the said Margaret and twelve marks 
from the said Alice, " meyning but craft and 
discejTt,'' went and took to wife one Joan, the 
daughter of Thomas Bloys, to whom he had 
bun previously assured^ *' to the gret disceyt 
of the said suppliants and ageyne all good 
reason and conscience;" and although at 
divers times required by the said suppliants 
to refund the twenty-two marks, he persis- 
tently refuses so to do; whereupon they 
pray for a writ directing him to appear, 
before the king in his Chancery to answer to 
the premises, which is granted to them 
accordingly. 

The plaintiffs in this suit appear to have 
regarded the matter purely from a business 
point of view, for they seek only to recover 
the money fraudulently obtained from them 
by the defaulting " Keche," without making 
any claim for compensation to the lady whose 
affections had been so cruelly and wantonly 
disappointed. 



1 86 



SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASES. 



In the next instance before us it is the 
gentleman who is the victim of a too implicit 
confidence. 

In this case the complainant, John Anger, 
states that he, '' of the grett confydence and 
trust that he bare to one Anne Kent, syngle- 
woman, entendyng by the mediacion of her 
fnends to have married the said Anne," and 
upon a full communication and agreement 
between himself and the fnends of the said 
Anne that a marriage should take place 
between them, "suflferid the same Anne 
to come and goo resort and abide in his house /' 
after remaining in which for the space of a 
month and more, she departed therefrom 
without the knowledge of the plaintiff, taking 
with her " dyvers evydences mynyments and 
chartres concern)mg the seid house and also 
dyvers juells of the value of iiij/r.," of which, 
"although oftyntymes requyred" by the 
plaintiff, she refuses to make restitution; 
wherefore he prays a writ commanding her to 
appear on a certain day before the king in his 
Chancery, &c. Here the parties to the 
suit appear to have discounted the actual 
marriage b^ setting up an experimental 
household immediately after the conclusion 
of the marriage contract. Apparently, some 
" incompatibility of temper," or perhaps the 
innate fickleness of the ** said Anne," induced 
her to bring the experiment to an abrupt 
conclusion; in carrying her resolution into 
effect, however, she committed the mistake 
of endeavouring to indemnify herself for the 
error into which she had fallen, or perhaps to 
vent her displeasure on her quasi-husband, 
by carrying off with her all the valuables she 
could lay her hands on. This the quasi-hus- 
band appears to have strongly objected to, 
although he does not make any sentimental 
grievance of her desertion, and^ so long as he 
recovered his property, was evidently pre- 
pared to consider himself well rid of his 
bargain. 

The complaint of " Maister Walter Lein- 
ster, Doctour of Phisik," which follows, dis- 
closes a very curious story, and affords a 
striking example of pertinacity in following 
up an absconding suitor. The primary 
motive, however, in this, as in the preceding 
instances, seems to have been merely the 
recovery of monies actually expended, 
although the lady's distress of mind and the 



consequent injury to her health foiin a 
moderate item in the schedule of txgicasts 
incurred by the unlucky doctor. 

In his bill of complaint, addressed to 
" The right reverend fader in God the Arche- 
busshop of York and Chaunceller of Eng- 
land," the worthy Doctor alleges that " one 
Maister Richard Narborough, Doctor of Law 
Sivill, in the moneth of May in the ix. yere of 
the reigne of the Kyng oure soveraigne Lord 
(Edward IV.), att Cambrigge in the countie 
of Cambrigge, in the presens of your said 
oratour," affianced one Lucy Brampston, the 
daughter-in-lawe of the said plaintiff, to have 
her to wife, and the said Lucy affianced the 
said Richard to have him to her husband ; 
immediately after which affiance, the said 
Richard informed the plaintiff and the said 
Lucy that he would "depart over the see 
unto Padowe, there to applie his stodye for 
the space of ij. yeres," at the end of which 
time he promised to return to England and 
to ** espouse the said Lucy according to the 
law of Holy Chirche," at the same time 
especially desiring the plaintiff to maintain 
the said Lucy and a maidservant to attend 
upon her^ providing them with meat, drink, 
clothing, and all things necessary, until his 
return from beyond the sea, when he pro- 
mised faithfully to repay to the plaintiff all 
the costs and charges which he had incurred 
in that behalf; to which the plaintiff agreed, 
"giffyng full trust and confidence to the 
promises of the said Maister Richard." The 
latter, however, departed to " Padowe," and 
there and in other places absented himself 
from England for the space of ten years, " to 
the full grete hurt and hevynes" both of the 
plaintiff and of the said Lucy, who, together 
with her maid, was provided by the pkintifl 
during the whole of that time with meat, 
drink, clothing, and all other necessaries. 
After the expiration of the ten years the said 
" Maister Richard" returned to England, and 
being required by the plaintiff to fulfil the 
contract of marriage between himself and the 
said Lucy, and also to reimburse him for the 
maintenance of her and of her maid during 
his protracted absence, with other " grevous 
hurtez, costez, and charges," incurred by him, 
utterly refused to do either, "which is not only 
to the greate hurte and hevynes of your said 
besecher, but also to the greate ptrell and 



SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASES. 



187 



icpardy ofsoule cf the same Maister Richard ;^^ 
and whidi sums of money, with other '* rea- 
sonable considerations" which ought to be 
paid to the said plaintiff^ are set out in a 
schedule annexed to the plaintiff's bill And 
the said Richard having of his own free 
will bound himself ''by his obligacion of 
the Statute of the Stapuir in the sum of 
;f 200 to appear before the king in his 
Chancery on the Holy Trinity next 
coming, " which shalbe in the yere of oure 
soveraigne Lord Kyng Edward the iiij^ the 
xxj," and so from day to day to answer all 
such matters as shall be alleged against him, 
the plaintiff being fully prepared on such 
appearance to prove the truth of all the 
forgoing statements, prays that it may be 
considered, adjudged and decreed " that the 
seid Maister Richard Narborough pay and 
content to your seid oratour all such summez 
of money as is by your seid oratour for rea- 
sonable causes asked, and in the seid Cedule 
playnly declared." The Schedule .rrferred 
to, the items in which are very quaintly ex- 
pressed, is as follows : — 

fmprimia; FoT bedde and boorde for 
Lacy and hir mayde by the space of 
z. yere by his agrement and special 
denie, paying by y* week iijj. myd. for 
themtwmyne czxx marks 

Item : For hir arayment yerely delivered 
to hir, to bay gownys, kutells, smokkis, 

&C »L /« . 

Item: For arayment of hir servande 
yerely delivered xiijj. iiij^. . . . . x. marks 

Item: FormcGsaryexpencumadeuppon 
, kbr im tymu of hir sore and gra sekaus 
cmmtid Ukr^gA his onk^mdnes and 
ckaumgtahUna^ fid hard to escape •ufith 
Ijifit as tti the cumtrey kmawUh wd ; * 
amd as yet afperith en hir^ for tvir sitk 
sh€ hath bm sdxU thrugh sorvwe amd 
pmsyfemes whiche she toke for his new- 
faa^ua xiij. li. xiijj. ilij</. 

Item: For diverse expends made ovir see 
to aeke bym» ai Laven, ai Bruges^ at 
Gamml, ouid ai Faddua, somtyme by y* 
Aithedecan of Northiblke, and by 
\ liayitir Edmnirir Wiyght, Doctor of 
Lawe, and diverse other marchanndes 
mt many tymes, to my gret troble and 
cbaige as it apperith more at large by 
bOlyt thereof made xij/k xvjj. 

Item : For my costis at many diverse 
tymet i& oomyng from Cambrige to 
\jaaAa\ and ther abiding and sdcyng 
hym to ipeke with hym for the same 
caui% somtyme a mcmjrthe and som- 
tyme more & somtyme ke»e^ during ye 



time and space of x. yere^ to my gret 
hurt, losse, and trowble xl. li. 

Item : For necessary costis & chargis 
doon and made at this last tyme in 
the Mayor of London his Coort, and 
the Shireflfs', &c. ; and in condytyng 
ye seyd liicy from Cambrige to 
London at his special desir to speke 
with hym; ther abidyng and tarying 
for remedy of hir gret wrong the space 
of iij wekys xlviijx. xd, ] 

Item : For myn interest and grevous 
trowble in al the tyme and space of y* 
said X yere, whiche God knowyih yef ^ 
mygki a chosen y wolde net a suffrid 
for the toynnittg of ccc li, and more^ y 
remit to yoar noble wisdome, &c. ■ 



In the foregoing proceedings, it is worthy 
of remark that the plaintiff, having affianced 
his daughter-in-law to an eligible suitor, con- 
siders himself thereby relieved from the duty 
of maintaining her to the same extent as if 
she were already the wife of the defaulting law- 
student, which in effect she was. It is to be 
regretted that the decision of the Lord 
Chancellor in this interesting case is not, as 
was at that period frequently the case, en- 
dorsed onjthe bill of complaint The facts, 
however, so far as they are put before us, 
appear to have been clearly against the ab- 
sconding lover. 

Unjustifiable, however, as the defendant's 
conduct seems to have been, the claim for 
damages to the unfortunate Lucy represents 
only &e sum actually expended on her in 
consequence of "hir sore and gret sekenes" 
caused by his " onkyndnes and chaungeable- 
nes," and makes no pretence to compensa- 
tion for her shattered hopes and wounded 
feelings, which in a modem suit of this kind 
would have been assessed at no inconsider- 
able figure. 

In &e fourth of these curious actions, the 
date of which appears to have been between 
the years 1504 and 151 5, the gentleman is 
again the plaintiff, and seems, according to 
his own statement, like the defaulting swain 
first referred to, to have been considerably 
sought after ; both the lady's father and her 
uncle having used "gret instaunce and 
labor" to induce him to take her tp his 
affections, although they seem, for some un- 
explained reason, to have aftemv-ards changed 
their minds ; not, however, before the plain- 
tiff had bestowed on the chosen lady many 
tokens of affection which, matter-of-fsbct man 

02 



i88 



SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASES. 



that he is, he now seeks to recover, together 
with his eo^pmses in going to visit Jur, 

The plamtiflf in this case, one John James, 
who appears, curiously enough, to have also 
been a "law-student," alleges that one 
Thomas Morgan, of Northampton, scribe 
there to the commissary of the Bishop of 
Lincoln, and Robert Morgan, his brother, 
" instantly labored your said besecher to take 
to wyfe one Elizabeth Morgan, daughter to 
the said Robert Morgan, with whom your 
said besecher suld have in hand by ther 
trotnes loo marks in redy money ^^ upon 
which ^^promesy gret instaunce and labor ^* 
made to him by the defendants, the plaintiflf 
" resorted to the said Elizabeth to his gret 
costs and charges." And ** thorow the de- 
saveabull comforde as well of the said Thomas 
and Robert Morgan, as of the said Elizabeth " 
delivered to her many tokens — namely, " a 
ryng of gold with a^ dyamont ,-" " a lyng of 
gold set with certen stones lyke to a dragone's 
hede :" " a ryng of gold called a serjeaunt's 
ryng ,•" '* a crosse of gold with a cruqrfyx ;" 
" a ryaU in gold ;" " a nobuU in gold ;" " thre 
pomaunders ;" ** a rebon of sylke ;" " a 
pyncase of cloth of gold ;" with other many 
small tokens to the value of ten marks and 
more; "and also was at gret costs and 
charges thorow his many/old Journeys taken 
in that behalf y' which he estimates at other 
ten marks. But now the said Thomas and 
Robert have, "by ther crafty and falce 
meane," caused the said Elizabeth to take 
to husband one John Maurice, since which 
time the plaintiflf hath many times demanded 
his said tokens, with his costs and charges j as 
well of the said Robert and Thomas, as of 
the said Elizabeth, which " they and every of 
them at all times hath denayed and yit doth 
denay, contrary to right and good con- 
science," and therefore he prays a writ, &c. 

So far the plaintiflTs story. We now, how- 
ever, hear quite a diflferent version, for the 
defendant, Thomas Morgan, after pleading 
that the matter in dispute is determinable at 
common law, "by action of detynewe," 
and not in the court of Chancery at all, goes 
on to state that the plaintiff, on a certain 
" Low Sunday in the third yere of the reigne 
of our soveraigne Lord the Kyng that nowe 
is," in a private conversation between them, 
9Ubmitted for his consideration a certain 



" coimnunication of matrimony" that had 
taken place between himself and one 
" Mastres Gray of Bedfordshire ;" whereupon 
he gave it as his opinion that the communi- 
cation between them " wold not wey to any 
contract of matrimony^*^ and said that, " if he 
might be credebly enformed that the seyd 
John James cold clerely discharge hymself of 
the seyd Mastres Grey, and also were lykely 
to be lemedyn the lawe^ and of good and sub- 
stancyall demeanour^'* then he would be 
willing to speak to his brother Robert on his 
behalf for his daughter Elizabeth. But the 
plaintiflf afterwards stating to the said Thomas 
that he heard say that the lady in question 
was contracted to another man, Uie defendant 
declined to act any further in the matter, and 
denies utterly that he ever " labored the seyd 
John James to take to wyf the seyd Eliza- 
beth," or promised him a hundred marks 
with her, or endeavoured in any way to bring 
them together. 

Moreover, Elizabeth herself, and her hus- 
band, "John Mares," make answer to the 
plaintiflTs bill, pleading that the suit is de- 
terminable at common law, and denying 
his allegations in toto. Recording to their 
version of the aflfair, the plaintiflf, John James, 
was in the habit of resorting to the house of 
one " John Bele of Radwell, in the county of 
Hertford, gentylman," where the said Eliza- 
beth was then staying, and divers times 
" required her of marriage," whereunto she 
very properly answered, "that he shuld 
fyrst move her fadur in that matter, and then 
he shuld knowe further of her mynd." The 
said John afterwards informing her that he 
had spoken to her father, "desyryng his 
goodwyll in the seyd matter, wych he could 
yn no wyse opteyne," and asking her to 
devise a remedy, was told by her " to take 
no more trouble in the matter, for he would 
only lose his labour." She further states 
that " during the tyme he resorted to her," 
he sent her by John Bele the younger "a 
ryng lyke a dragon's hede," and by one 
Anne Farre, " a gold nobull," both of which 
she refused, but, at their earnest entreaty, 
agreed to keep them till the plaintiflf came 
again to " Mr. Bele's." He also, during the 
same period, left with her, " ayenst her wyll," 
two other rings, a " crosse," a " riall weyng 
ix f.," a " rebjm," a " pyncase," and " oon 



SOME EARLY BREACH OF PROMISE CASES. 



189 



pomaundeTy a lytell ball of wax covered 
wyth pomaimders f which, he said, he freely 
gave her, "wether ever he might have her 
or not; but she did not so accept them." 
she also states that, both before and after 
her marriage with the said John Mares, she 
ofiered to deliver to the plaintiff the afore- 
said rialli noble, and one of the said rings, 
and •* cast theym ynto hys sieve," but he 
cast them out upon the ground. Since which 
time the said John Mares has been at all 
times ready to deliver the said riall, noble, 
ring, and pomaunder, and has them now in 
court for that purpose ; and the other tokens, 
with the exception of '* the ryng set with a 
dyamond," and two of the three *' pomaun- 
ders " which the said Elizabeth states that 
she never received, have been already 
delivered to the plaintiff by the aforesaid 
John Bele and his wife. And finally, the 
said Elisabeth denies that she gave the 
plaintiff any encouragement whatever to 
resort to her. This action, in fact, seems 
to have been prompted by the resentment 
cA the rejected lover, and is chiefly remark- 
able for die business-like manner in which 
he calculates the costs and charges to which 
he asserts himself to have been put in the 
prosecution of his ill-starred suit 

Fnmi the documents above quoted, which 
axe fair specimens of a tolerably nun^erous 
class, the action for breach of promise of 
maniage, as we understand it at the present 
day — ^that is to say, an action seeking sub- 
stantial damages as the result of a favourable 
verdict, ^>pears to have been almost unknown 
to our ancestors. The specific fulfilment of 
the contract formally entered into at the 
betrothal might, however, as has been stated, 
be compelled in certain cases by an appeal 
to the Ecclesiastical Courts. 

Since writing the above, my attention has 
been very kindly directed by the Rev. J. T. 
Fowler, F.S.A., to the report of a case con- 
cerning a pre-contract of marriage, which is 
printed in the Acts of the Chapter ^ csfc. of 
Ripan Cathedral^ edited by himself for the 
Surtees Society (voL Ixiv. p. 159), and in 
whidi very interesting details are given by the 
witnesses as to the words and manner of the 
contract* 



•r* i ^ 



'C-1^ 



Si0bop 1)aIL 



lASCOIGNFS Steel Glass may be 
called the first foimal English 
satire. But, with all its merits as 
a first effort, it is but a crude per- 
formance. The first notable satires pub- 
lished, which may deserve to be ranked in 
the series to which the masterpieces of 
Dryden and of Pope belong, are those of 
Hall, afterwards Bishop of Exeter, and then 
of Norwich. 

The satirical spirit may be, and has been, 
variously embodied. In the Middle Ages it 
frequently used the form of a tale or a fable ; 
its most trenchant expression in the Elizabe- 
than period was the dramatic; as, for instance, 
in the plays of Ben Jonson, who is nothing 
if not satirical ; it has frequently taken a 
lyrical shape. No wonder if, in the age of 
the Renascence, under the example and 
influence of Juvenal and Persius, it assumed 
a form of its own, and there began to be a 
literature, not only satirical in spirit, but 
satirical in form, according to the great 
Roman models. 

Satire is the expression of scorn and dis- 
gust and hate, rather than of admiration and 
praise and love. Therefore, it is an evil 
thing for an age when its literature is mainly 
satirical. Only in ages debased and fallen, 
as in that of the Restoration, can it be sa 
Happily, in the Elizabethan, nobler senti- 
ments could prevail, and prevailed; the 
time was not out of joint ; at all events, if 
there was then, as at all times, some cause 
for discontent and indignation, there was yet 
more for satisfaction and pride ; and the 
greatest geniuses did not surrender them- 
selves to merely satirical impulses ; they 
were minded to bless rather than to curse. 
In several of Shakespere*s plays a satirical 
element is perceptible — is obvious ; but it 
never becomes supreme. When Jacques, in 
As You Like It, longs for the liberty of the 
satirist — longs for leave 

To speak my mind, and I will through and through 
Cleanse the foul body of Ih' infected world, 
If they will patiently receive my medicine, 

the Duke administers to that witty pessimist 
a rebuke most worthy of the consideration of 



t96 



BISHOP HALL. 



all persons who conceive they have a right to 
scourge their neighbours. 

Duke, Fie on thee 1 I can tell what thou wouldst do. 

Jacques, What, for a counter, would I do, hut good ? 

Duk€, Most mischievous foul sin, in chiding sin ; 
For thou thyself hast heen a libertine^ 
As sensual as the brutish sting itself: 
And all th' embossed sores, and headed evils, 
That thou with licence of free foot hast caught, 
Wouldst thou disgorge into the general world. 

It is surely interesting to note that the 
Duke's words were first uttered just about 
the time when satirical literature, in the 
technical sense, was beginning. Of about 
the same date as As You Like //—not to 
mention that Ben Jonson's plays were just 
then coming out — appeared the satires of 
Hall and of Marston. 

Hall's first three books of satire, " poeti- 
cal, academical, moral," — "toothless satyrs," 
as he called tiiem — {satire and satyr were 
identified by Elizabethan scholarship), were 
published in 1597; and in the prologue he 
claims to be the first practiser of the art : — 

I first adventure, with fool-hardy might. 
To tread the steps of perilous despite. 
I first adventure, follow me who list. 
And be the second Englbh satirist. 

In the following year appeared three more 
books ; those called " biting satires." The 
general title of the whole series was Virgi- 
demice, firom Plautus' Virgidetnia (a canage)^ 
a comical analogue of Vindemta (a vintage). 
In the same year (1598), appeared Marston's 
Scourge of Vt/lany^ and also his Metamorphosis 
of Pigmalions^s Image and certaine Satyres, 
But when Hall, whom Marston so closely 
followed, satirizing the satirist, boasted of 
leading the way, some at least of Donne's 
satires had been written, though not pub- 
lished, for at least four years. Thus, both 
Donne and Hall conceived independently 
the satirical idea, Donne before Hall ; but 
to Hall belongs the honour of prior publi- 
cation. 

Hall writes with skill and with spirit. It 
can scarcely be said of him : Facit indignatio 
versum. He finds a pleasure in imitating, 
and in some sort reproducing, his Latin 
models; and this is rather his inspiration 
than any moral fervoiu*. And the chief value 
of his work is its vigorous picture of Elizabe- 
than ways and manners. Whatever the old 



comedy did for Athens in the way of illus- 
trating the old Athenian life, that satire 
did for Rome, and with inferior, but yet 
no mean force, Hall did for Elizabethan 
London. It is no contemptible service to 
have helped to keep alive for us an age so 
fisiscinating, so glorious, so momentous. 
Whoever would picture to himself the very 
town in the midst of which Shakespeare 
moved, its lights and shadows, its whims 
and phantasies and follies — " a mad world, 
my masters" — see " the very age and body of 
the time, his form and presence," and learn 
what were its daily thoughts, interests, cares, 
credulities, passions — ^will find truly valuable 
aid in Hall's satires. 

John W. Hales. 




ZTbe Baaflfca of Dola* 

By Lady Margaret Domvile. 

|NE of the earliest Christian churches, 
of the plan and decoration of 
which we have any precise account, 
is that built at Nola, about the 
year 400, by Paulinus, a wealthy Roman 
patrician. Nola, said to have been founded 
by a colony of Greeks, was a town of some 
repute in Roman a^naLs. Under its strongly 
fortified walls the victorious career of Hanni- 
bal was checked by the Consul Marcellus. 
The birth-place of Augustus; it was there 
that the curtain fell on the long drama in 
which the dying emperor claimed, not un- 
duly, the merit of having played his part 
well. But at the latter end of the fourth 
century Nola's title of honour was as the 
place of death and burial, not of Augustus, 
but of Felix, a Christian martyr and bishop, 
over whose tomb a small church had been 
erected in very early times. This church, 
however, no longer sufficed for the rapidly 
increasing Christian commimity,and Paulinus, 
who, having renounced all personal use of 
his great possessions, had ample means at 
his disposal, undertook to build another. 

If, as we believe, it may truly be said, 
that Christianity has transformed art, the 
change has been wrought not by any sudden 
or violent change in its external conditions, 
but by permeating it with new ideas, by 



THE BASILICA OP NOLA. 



191 



breathing into it a life more spiritual. When 
the Christian church first emerged from the 
catacombs, architecture, painting, sculpture, 
poetiyy eloquence were flourishing — some of 
them in a d^;ree of perfection which has never 
since been surpassed. Nor did Christianity 
strive to destroy them. If a portion had to 
be cast out as uiUioly, much more was gradually 
and in pocess of time pressed into the service 
of leH^on ; that which is the essence of art, its 
materials, its methods^ its immutable laws, 
was left untouched. Thus it was that the 
first thought of the builders of Christian 
churched was, not to found a new style of 
architecture, but to select, from the materials 
around them^ what best fitted their purpose. 
The pagan temples, however exquisitely and 
temptingly beautifiil, were even in outward 
structure, ill-adapted for Christian worship. 
The gods of the heathen, made in the image 
of man, dwelt in houses just large enough for 
the priest to enter alone for sacrificial pur- 
poses; while in the Christian mysteries the 
whole people took part. Besides, though 
we, viewing them fi-om a quickly vanishing 
distance, see in the fair forms of ancient 
religious art the utterances of natural piety \ 
in the ceremonies of the heathen, and die 
care and taste they lavished on them, an 
expression, however perverted, of the striving 
of the human soul to do homage to the 
Sapreme Being, it was not so with those who 
had but "just saved their sovds alive" from 
the awfiil captivity of paganism. In their 
eyes there could be nothing in common 
between Christ and Jupiter. On the other 
band, the noblest features of Roman civiliza- 
tion were love of justice and respect for 
law; these were the foundations on which 
the greatness of Rome had been built, and 
even in her decadence something of them 
survived. The awfulness which had long 
deserted the senate and the forum, hovered 
over those judgment-seats where the majesty 
of Roman law was yet vindicated. So that 
the very names of temple and fane were 
rejected as heathenish and profane, and the 
basilica at once seized upon as the usual 
(though not universal) type of the great 
religious edifices now required by Christian 
congregations. 

Therefore, when St. Paulinus of Nola (for, 
though by birth a Gaul, it is by this name he 



is most generally known) set about building a 
church, he had no need to originate a plan. 
His recollections of what he had seen in 
Rome and in Milan sufiliced. The building 
of the church of Nola occupied three years, at 
least ; and in the letters written by Paulinus 
during that period to his friend Septimus 
Severus, the general design and decoration 
are minutely described. Other details have 
been gleaned from his poems and miscel- 
laneous writings. 

The plan was that 01 a basilica with an 
apse, or, as it was then more frequendy 
termed, a bema; two rows of columns 
divided the main portion into a centre and 
two side aisles. Into the outer walls of the 
aislc^ were built little chapels or ceUae, 
destined for special purposes ; some probably 
for private prayer, others as places of burial 
for the dead, who, according to the custom 
of the tune, lay in the House of God, await- 
ing the resurrection. The altar was at the 
junction of apse and nave. The outer fa9ade 
had three doors, and the building was turned, 
not as was usually the case, eastwards, but to 
the tomb of St. Felix. A ruined church, 
which filled up the space between the basilicas, 
was pulled down, and openings made in the 
wall of the older one, corresponding to the 
three doors of the newer, so that a fiill view 
could be had firom the one church into the 
other. They were connected by a vestibule, 
in the centre of which a fountain threw up its 
ciystal waters, while the walls were covered 
with inscriptions in mosaic A distich over 
the entrance gave the salutation of peace to 
all who entered the sanctuary with pure 
hearts. On each of the side doors of the 
basilica of Paulinus was painted a cross, 
wreathed with flowers, on which doves 
nestled ; over one an inscription, which was 
as follows : — 

See, in the atrium of Christ, this crowned cross ; 
it is the symbol of the rewards which await our 
labours: take up the cross, all ye who would bear 
away the crown. 

Underneath was written ; — 

By the virtue of thy cross make us die to the worid, 
and the world be dead to us. May death to sin give 
our souls life ; of us too, O Christ, thou wilt make thy 
beloved doves, if peace dwell in our purified souls. 

The inscription over the centre door ran 
thus : — 



igi 



THE BASILICA OF NOLA. 



As Girist our peace has filled up the gulf which 
divided the two nations, and breaking down with his 
cross the wall which separated them, of the two has 
made one ; so see we here, after the destruction of the 
older building (it will be remembered Uiat a former 
church had been removed) : the two basilicas are 
joined and united. Here, too, a fountain lends its 
waters to those who would wash their hands before 
they enter. In the double sanctuary of Felix the 
people adore Christ. Paul, the bishop, rules them 
by his word. 

The great door of the new basilica was 
also surmonnted by an inscription telling 
that it was consecrated by Paul the Bishop 
to the blessed celebrations; it is characteristic 
of Paulinus that each time the foundation of 
the basilica was alluded to, the name written 
on the marble was not his own. 

Over the arches which formed the outer 
court of the basilica, Paulinus had built 
rooms for the use of pilgrims. Beyond, to 
the right, was a larger atrium, which he 
called the area interior ; it was surrounded 
on the four sides by pillars, and open to the 
sky. In the centre rose a beautiful fountain, 
and at the comers four smaller ones richly 
sculptured; to supply them, piscinae had 
been constructed outside. This outer court 
is frequently aUuded to by Paulinus in his 
poems ; he delights in telling how the pil- 
grims, resting between their devotions, used 
to pace the cloisters, sheltered alike from the 
summer heats or the winter storms, then 
leaning against the ballustrades which linked 
the columns, watched the sparkling waters 
break forth with joyful and pleasant sound. 

The internal decorations of the basilica 
were no less carefully executed. The choir 
was formed by a triple apse (tric/iora\ of 
which the central portion was considerably the 
largest Of the two side recesses, called by 
Paulinus secretariat one served as a recep- 
tacle for the sacred vessels and sacerdotal 
vestments ; in the other were deposited the 
liturgical books and Sacred Scriptures. It 
was likewise used as a place for private pragrer 
and meditation. The sanctuary was paved 
and its walls incrusted with precious marbles. 
Above glowed a lustrous mosaic, which, by 
symbols familiar to the Early Church, re- 
adied to the worshippers the principal mys- 
teries of the faith — the Trinity, the Incarna- 
tion, the Atonement ; a hand issuing from a 
cloud symbolized the Eternal Father say- 
ing, '* This is my beloved Son, in whom I 



am well pleased." Beneath were the mystic 
Dove, and the Lamb of God bearing the 
cross on which h(» was inmiolated. The 
cross was red, surmounted by a crown of 
light, signifying the royalty of Christ, who by 
the shedding of his blood had conquered the 
world. On each side of the cross were 
grouped doves, representing the twelve 
Apostles. The feet of the I^imb rested on 
a rock, from which issued four streams ot 
living water — the four Evangelists. A long 
inscription (for in those days, when men's 
eyes were not wearied by printing, the 
architect was sure of readers) made the 
meaning of it all familiar to the people. 
Standing somewhat forward at the entrance 
of the nave was the altar, covered with rich 
veils. Over it was suspended a cross, en- 
riched with precious stonei; and goldsmith's 
work, and bearing the monogram of Christ ; 
while from the roof hung lamps of silver and 
of crystal. The walls of the basilica were 
covered with pictures of sacred subjecle, 
principally taken from the Old Testament ; 
some, illustrating the deliverance of the 
Israelites from l^ypt, had, to those but re- 
cently themselves liberated from a yet more 
terrible bondage, a special interest. What 
value these mosaics may have had as works 
of art we have no means of judging ; only 
from the circumstance of their being aUuded 
to by Paulinus as done in raro moro^ it is 
likely they were of the best work procurable 
at the time, and that, had they been pre- 
served, they might now serve as connecting 
links between the rough, unskilful symbolism 
of the Catacombs and of San Clemente, and 
the majestic, awe-inspiring forms that look 
down on us from the darkening gold of the 
domes of Ravenna. But no trace of fifth 
century work remains at Nola. Its cathedral 
has been rebuilt again and again ; and even 
the keen eye of the Cavaliere Rossi has 
only succeeded in discovering, built here 
and there into the modem masonry, some frag- 
mentary inscriptions, which, alike from their 
evident antiquity, and from the spirit of love 
and charity which they breathe, may be 
accepted as coming to us straight from the 
hands of Paulinus of Nola. Those in whom 
the foregoing very imperfect sketch has 
aroused any wish to learn more of St. 
Paulinus, or of the works executed under his 



TH& BASILICA OP NO LA. 



193 



direction at Nola, and also in other cities 
of Southern Italy, will find the subject ex- 
haustively treated by M. L'Abb^ L£^;range, 
in his admirable work, entitled, Histoire de 
51 Pauiin de Nck^ published by Poussielgue 
Frfercs, 1877. 




SbaReepeare z& an Hitdlej:. 

By the Rev. H. N. Ellacombe. 
Part II. 

[ONG fireshwater fishes the carp 
was held in high esteem in Shake- 
speare's time, as a fish easy to 
rear and keep in preserved fish- 
ponds, and 80 readily available for the table. 
He mentions it twice. 

I. Clown, Here is a pur of fortune's, sir, or of 
fbrtan^'s cat (but not a musk-cat), that has 
iallen into the unclean fishpond of her dis- 
pleasure, and, as he sa3rs, is muddied withal. 
Pray yon, sir, use the carp as you may. 

AW 5 Wdlthat Ends Well, act v. s. 2 (20). 
a. Polomus, See you, now ; 

Your bait of falsehood takes this carp of truth. 

Hamlet^ act ii. s. i (62) 

There is a peculiar fitness in Polonius's 
comparison of his own worldly-wise deceit to 
the craft required for catching a carp — for the 
carp was proverbially the most cunning of 
fishes. '* The carp is a deyntous fysshe ; but 
there bee but few in Englande. And there- 
fore I wryte the lasse of hym. He is an 
cuyll fysshe to take." " The carp is the 
queen of rivers," says Walton : " a stately, a 
good, and a very subtle fish." And it is the 
fact that the brain of the carp is six times as 
]a2]ge as the average brain of other fishes. 

The tench, " the physician of fishes," is 
noticed by the carriers at Rochester, who, at 
the same time, speak of the loach : — 

2nd Carrier, I think this be the most villainous house 

in all London road for fleas ; I am stung like 

a tench. 
I// Carrier, Like a tench? Bv the mass, there is 

ne'er a Vxag christen could be better bit than 

I have been since the first cock. 
%nd Carrier, .... Your chamber-lie breeds fleas 

like a loach. 

I Henry IV,^ act ii. s. i (15). 

This "stung like a tench" has much 
pu2zled the commentators. It probably 
refers to the then popular notion that tench. 



in sucking firom each other the slimy sub- 
stance secreted on their scales, were biting 
and nibbling at each other. The other pro- 
verb refers simply to the fact that this " most 
dainty fish," as Walton calls the loach, though 
so small, " is usually full of eggs or spawn." 

The gudgeon was the proverbial hkeness 
for anything easily caught, and when caught, 
of little value, and the natural easy prey of 
everything bigger than itself. So Gratiano 
speaks of it to Antonio : 

I'll tell thee more of this another time : 
But fish not with this melancholy bait, 
For this fool's gudgeon, this opinion — 

Merchant of Venice^ act i. s. I (lo). 

Eels are more frequendy named: — 

1. Moth, Speak you this in my praise, master ? 
Amiado, In thy condign praise. 

Moth, I will praise an eel with the same praise. 
Artnado, What ? That an eel is ingenious ? 
Moth, That an eel is quick. 

Ijrv^s Labour's Lost^ act i. s. 2 (26). 

2. Petruchio. Or is the adder better than the eel, 

Because his painted skin contents the eye ? 
Taming of the Shrew^ act iv. s. 3 (179). 

3. Fool. Cry to it, nuncle, as the cockney did to the 

eels, when she put 'em i' the paste alive ; she 
knapp>ed 'em o the coxcombs with a stick, 
and cried, Down, wantons, down ; 'twas her 
brother, that, in pure kindness to his horse, 
buttered his hay. 

King Lear^ act ii s. 4 (124). 

4. Boult, I warrant you, mistress, thunder shall not 

so awake the beds of eels, as my giving 
out her beauty stir up the lewdly inclined. 

Pericles, act iv. s. 2 (154). 

5. Fal staff. You might have thrust him and all his 

apparel into an eel-skin. 

2 Henry IV., act. iii. s. 2. (35 1). 

6. Bastard. Andifmy legs were two such riding-rods. 

My arms such eel-skins stuffed. 

King John, act i. s. I (140). 

Even the little minnows are not passed 
over in silence. 

1. Coriolanus. Hear you this Triton of the minnows ? 

Coriolanus, act iii. s. i (88). 

2. Kiitg (reading). There did I see that low-spirited 

swain, that base minnow of thy mirth. 

Lovi^s Labour's Lost, act i. s. I (250). 

3. Queen. He that will fish 

For my least minnow, let him lead his line 
To catch one at my heart. 

Two Noble Kiftsnien^ act i. s. I (124). 

These are all the freshwaterfishes mentioned 
by Shakespeare, unless the *' fresh-brook 
mussels" of the Tempest (act i. s. 2) are to 



194 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



be accounted fish. Before leaving them, it 
is worth while to notice two or tl^ee points 
which strengthen the opinion here maintained 
that Shakespeare was a practical angler. 
First, the fishes named include the greater 
part of the river fishes of England. The 
chief exceptions are the bream, the chub, the 
grayling (found only in a few rivers, and 
probably in still fewer in Shakespeare's time), 
the roach, and the perch. There are a few 
others, but not objects of sport. Then the 
manner in which he speaks of fishes is to be 
noted. If he does not speak of them in 
notes of admiration, at least he speaks of 
them in a different way than the morality and 
emblem writers of his day were wont to 
speak. Their common epithet was " silly" 
fishes. That is not Shakespeare's epithet, 
nor is it the epithet that any good angler ap- 
plies to fish, for he knows by experience 
that their silliness is often more than a match 
for his own craft and patience. But especially 
it should be noted that in his day angling 
was not the fashionable amusement that it is 
in ours ; and it was entirely an unfashionable 
subject with all the poets that either wrote 
before him, or were his contemporaries. 
Considering what a country of rivers and 
brooks England is, and that it is only in our 
own day that many of these rivers and brooks 
have become unfit for fish through manufac- 
tories, it is wonderful that the older writers 
speak so little of fishes and fishing. But so it 
is. Gower once speaks of *^ a fisher in the 
way," and says, "The fisher on his bait 
sleeth," and diat is all. Chaucer's Miller 
lived 



At Trompyngton, nat fer fro Cantebrigge, 
Ther goeth a brooke and over that a bngge, 
Upon the whiche brook there stant a miUe ; 

and so among his other accomplishments, 

Pipen he coude, and fisshe, and nettys beete. 

His Franklin has ^' many a brem and many 
a luce in stewe ;" but patient search has 
been unable to find more than one distinct 
reference to rod and line fishing. This one 
example is in The Cotnplaynt of Mars : — 

Hit seemeth he hath to lovers enemyte, 
And Ivke a fissher, as men all day may se, 
Baiteth his angle-hoke with some plesannce, 
Til many a fis&h is wode to that he be 
Sesed therwith ; and then at ent hath he 



Al his desire, and therwith all myschannce, 
And thogh the Ivne breke, he haUi penaunce ; 
For with the hoke he wounded is so sore, 
That he his wages hatte for evermore 

(Stanza 32.) 



Spenser is as barren ; and the only author 
who can be said to have written on fishes 
and fishing before or in the time of Shake- 
speare, was J. Dennis, the author of the 
Secrets ofAngHng^ who wrote his book during 
the life of Shakespeare, but either from dis- 
trust of his own powers, or from the un- 
popularity of the subject, did not publish 
it j and it was not published till ten years 
after his death. So that Shakespeare may be 
claimed as the first English poet that wrote 
of angling with any fireedom ; and there can 
be little doubt that he would not have done 
so if the subject had not been very familiar 
to him — so familiar, that he could scarcely 
write without dropping the little hints and 
unconscious expressions which prove that the 
subject was not only familiar, but full of 
pleasant memories to him. 

But perhaps the strongest evidence of 
Shakespeare's love of angling may be found 
in the minute descriptions of rivers and river- 
side scenery, and the almost affectionate way 
in which he speaks of brooks, streams, and 
their pleasant banks. Doubtless he was not 
the first who had found the soothing refresh- 
ment of a river-side walk ; or who had 
imbibed good, and even holy thoughts, from 
the quiet current of a clear rippling stream, 
or who had felt his spirits rise at the cheer- 
ful though noisy brawl of a hillside brook ; but 
it almost required a follower of " the contem- 
plative man's recreation," to find ^* books in 
the running brooks," as it required a Shake- 
speare to crystallize the happy thought in 
words that have thus become a proverb. 
Isaac Walton tells us how pleased he was as 
he sat under a beech tree, " viewing the silver 
streams glide silently towards their centre — 
the tempestuous sea ; yet sometimes opposed 
by rugged roots and pebble-stones, which 
broke their waves, and turned them into foam." 
But Shakespeare has described the same scene 
in a few lines, which form almost the prettiest 
word-painting to be found in the whole range 
of his writings : — 

fulia. The current that with gentle murmur glides. 
Thou know'st, being stopped, impatiently doth 
rage; 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



195 



But, when his £ur course is not hindered, 

He makessweetmusicwith the enamelled stoneSf 

Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge 

He overt^eth in his pilgrimage ; 

And so by many winding nooks he strays 

With willing ^)ort to the wild ocean. 

Tmo GtmiUmm of Verona^ act iL St 7 (35). 

This is a complete photograph of the stretch 
of still water breaking into the '' stickle," so 
beloved of fishermen, and then settling into 
the still course again. As we read it we seem 
to hear the " sweet music" and the " gentle 
murmur/' and we feel that he, too, in fancy 
heard it as he wrote ; and again, in fancy, stood 
by one of ^ the many winding nooks," near 
which he may have (Mften stood, rod in hand, 
litde thinking that the scene was being so 
impressed upon his memory that he could 
exactly reproduce it, to his own ^eat pleasure, 
when it came back to his mind m his London 
home, as fresh and clear as if he was still 
standmg watching '' its fair course,^ and to 
the great pleasure, too, of the thousands of 
readers yet unborn. 

Here, again, is a short description which 
might serve as a motto for the many paintings 
of river nooks which English artists have 
given lis as '' a likely place for a trout :"— 

/nErs/ Lord, .... as he lay along 

Under an oak, whose antiaae root peeps oat 
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood. 
As You Like It^ act ii. s. i (30). 

Here is another, which shows how closely 
he had watched the different phases of a 
nmning stream : — 

Iris, You nymphs, calPd Naiads, of the wind'ring 
brooks, 
With your sedg'd crowns, and ever-harmless 

looks, 
Leave your crisp channels, and on this green 

land 
Answer your summons. 

Tempest^ act iv. s. i (128). 

It would be tedious to multiply quotations 
of this kind. It is enough to say that the 
epithets used by him show that he had well 
noted the characteristics of brooks and 
streams. He speaks of " the rushy brook," 
** the running brook," " the gentle stream," 
and "plenteous river." He gives us the 
proverb, " Smooth runs the water where the 
brook is deep." He has marked the beauties 
both of the sun and moon shining on the 
water: — 



As plays the sun upon the glassy stream 
Twmkfing another counterfeited beam, 
So seems this gorgeous beauty to mine eyes. 

I Henry VI, ^ act v. s. 3 (62). 

... for never gazed the moon 
Upon the water, as he'U stand, and read 
As 'twere my daughter's eyes. 

Winter^ s Tale^ act iv. s. 4 (172). 

— and he makes Hamlet compare Osric to a 
" water-fly." 

All these passages are no proof of his 
skill as an angler, but they do prove that he 
was familiar with brooks and rivers, and had 
carefully watched the many changings of 
their beauty. 

Sea fishing is not generally classed as 
angling, and so need not enter into this 
question of Shakespeare's angling. We know, 
from the Tempest and King Lear, that he 
must have seen the sea, but probably he 
knew very little of it ITiere is, indeed, a 
scene in Pericles (act ii. s. i) which is 
entirely a conversation with fishermen, and is 
amusing, as showing how little changed the 
fishermen of the nineteenth century are from 
those of the sixteenth ; for the conversation 
(ending, as it does, with a hint about " certain 
condolements, certain vails") would do as 
well for the one as the other; but all the 
critics are unanimous in not ascribing it to 
Shakespeare. He does, however, mention 
cod, mackerel, herring, poor John or hake, 
conger, pilchard, gurnet, anchovy, shark, 
porpoise, dolphin, dogfish, whale, crab, oyster, 
prawn, shrimp, mussel, cockle, and barnacle. 

Assuming, then, that Shakespeare was an 
angler, what was his method of angling? 
He was acquainted with trolling for pike, as is 
evident from FalstafTs speech (quoted above) 
— but he could not have been acquainted 
with fly-fishing. And no wonder, for fly- 
fishing, as we know it now, was then 
almost unknown. 77ie Book of St, Albans^ 
indeed, says that "the syxte manere of 
anglying is wyth a dubbed hoke for the 
troughte and grayling," and gives directions 
for making the twelve flies; and Dennis 
describes how the fisher for trout : — 

Behind a withy, and with a watchful eye 
Attends the bit within the water cleare. 
And on the top thereof doth move his flye, 
With skilful hand as if he living were. 

But it is evident that this way of fishing was 
very little used, and was more like *' dibbing" 



196 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLES. 



than genuine fly-fishing. It was not till 
Cotton practised it on the Derbyshire streams 
(fifly or sixty years after Shakespeare's death) 
that fly-fishingy as we now know it, can be 
said to have been really introduced. Shake- 
speare was a " bottom-fisher/' with bait of all 
sorts ; some which he calls " sweet baits/' but 
some so nas^ and unsavoury that even 
Shylock's homble idea of using his victim's 
heart " to bait fish withal" was not a mere 
matter of fancy. The early fishing books 
are full of most disgusting recipes for making 
different pastes for bait, those ingredients 
apparently being the most approved which 
were the most unsavoury ; and among these 
ingredients even "man's fat" has a place, 
and instructions are given for procuring it 
It is to be hoped that such pastes existed 
only on paper. 

It is a more interesting question, in what 
rivers or brooks did Shakespeare fish? 
That is a red-letter day for any true lover of 
fishing, who has the slightest acquaintance 
with angling literature, when he first finds 
himself at Broxboume on the Lea, walking 
in the very meadows so dear to old Isaac 
Walton, and it may be taking a chub from 
the very hole, or a trout from the roots of 
the very tree from which the good old man and 
Piscator drew their chub and trout with such 
wonderful ease. It is a day to be marked 
with the whitest stone, when a fly-fisher, who 
is also a lover of beautiful English scenery, 
(as all good fly-fishers are) has the privilege 
of fishing in the upper parts of the beautiful 
Dove, in Derbyshire, where Cotton, the 
father of fly-fishing, fished before him, and so 
pleasantly unfolded all the secrets of the 
art to Viator ; and he will be hard to please 
if he does not finish his day with the same 
happy speech that Viator did : " Well, go thy 
way, little Dove ! thou art the finest river that 
ever I saw, and the fullest of fish." But the 
pleasure that we might feel at walking and 
fishing in the steps of Walton and Cotton, 
would be almost as nothing to the pleasure, 
or more than pleasure, which anyone must 
feel if he could only know that the stream in 
which he was fishing was the very stream by 
whose ''sedgy banks" Shakespeare had walked 
and fished, and of which the beauty had never 
faded from his mind. But we can only 
guess at some few streams in which he may 



have fished, though there may be some which 
may lay claim to the honour with more pro- 
bability than others. The Warwickshire 
Avon at once suggests itself as the most 
likely. It is a river of much quiet beauty 
upon which Stratford stands, but it does not 
rank high as a fishing river, except for the 
coarser fish, such as pike, bream, and perch, 
which are fairly abundant. The small streams, 
however, which fall into the Avon, hold some 
trout And in any or all these within reach 
of Stratford, we may fancy Shakespeare to 
have fished. But it is probable that some 
portion of his country life was passed out of 
Warwickshire, and perhaps in the neighbour- 
ing county of Gloucester. There is a tradition, 
which is supported by several allusions in the 
plays, that at one time of his life Shakespeare 
lived at Dursley, a small town on the west 
side of the Cotswolds. From the Annalia 
DubrmsiOy 1636, we know that the Cotswold 
Hills, stretching through Gloucestershire into 
Warwickshire, were favourite hunting grounds, 
where the gentlemen of both coimties met for 
purposes of sport. A few miles below 
Dursley lived J. Dennis, the author of the 
Secrets of Angling^ at that time one of the chief 
of the Gloucestershire squires,* with a grand 
property stretching from Oldbury-on-the- 
Hill near Tetbury, to the Severn on the west, 
and the Avon on the south, with the Cots- 
wold Hills, then open and unenclosed, run- 
ning the whole length from north to south, 
skirted by the Forest of Kingswood on the 
north, and the other Royal Chase of Kings- 
wood on the south, and watered by several 
small streams, at that time unpolluted by 
manufactories, the chief of which he addressed 
as: — 

Thou sweet Boyd, that with thy watery sway 
Dost wash the clifTes of Deignton and of Week, 

And through their rocks with crooked, winding way, 
Thy moQier Avon runnest soft to seek. 

Any one residing at Dursley must have 
known of this great Squire, and, if fond of 
sport, would almost certainly have/^'^met and 
known one whose large domain was such a 

* The family is now extinct ; but their importance 
in Shakespeare's day is shown by the fact that no less 
than fourteen memliers of the family served the office 
of High Sheriff for the County. A servant of the 
name of Dennis bears an unimportant part in As Y<m 
Like It. 



SHAKESPEARE AS AN ANGLER. 



197 



paradise for sportsmen. And when we find that 
they were both fond of angling, and both poets 
(for though little known, J. Dennis was a poet 
of no mean order, and his poetry is quoted and 
copied by Isaac Walton) it is no great stretch 
of fancy to suppose that Shakespeare and 
Dennis may have fished together in the Cots- 
wold streams. On the western side of the 
Cotswold these streams run a short course to 
the Severn, and in Shakespeare's day they 
must have been excellent trout streams, 
before they were fouled, as most of them now 
are, by mills and manufactories. Those on 
the eastern' side run a longer course, chiefly as 
feeders of the Thames ; and many of them, 
such as the Colne and the Windrush, are 
ranked among the best of English trout 
streams. Those who now fish in any of these 
Cotswold streams may indulge themselves in 
the pleasant fancy that it is not only possible, 
but even probable, that Shakespeare may 
have fished there before them. 

All this, it is true, is the merest conjecture, 
as is almost everylliing connected with the 
actual life of ShiJcespeare ; and until some 
fresh records of his life are discovered (of 
which there now seems litde chance) it is 
only by conjecture, and by painfully piecing 
together the scattered hints of his life that his 
writings give, that we can manage to picture 
to ourselves what manner of man he was. 
Amidst all these conjectures, however, one 
thing is very certain, that wherever his country 
life was passed it was a very happy one. It has 
been said that the plays should always be read 
in the countiy. Yet most of them were written 
in London ; and when we think of this we 
realize bow throogfaly he must have enjoyed 
his coontiy life, or all the scenes of that life 
could never have been so stro&^y imprinted 
upon him that he can reprodnce them at his 
leisore to the minatcst detaiL \iA not only 
the student of Shakespaat, bet the ftudeot 
of English life, can never be sc&iently thank - 
ibl diat the coontry life vhkfa he ^k^crif^od so 
wdl was something very diSerectt u> the 
country life as described by .^ptt^oer and 
other poets of his day. Hii M^ nA wrxfd% 
are not inhabited hj Pan, and Finxx, and 
Vertnmnusy or any oobcr coid, cilajska: godi 
and goddcBcs, ncr are :3bey errrs pec^i^ed 
by the inhabisassts of :ht feffd^ axzitrja 
in which he laTs has sosocs : l/st h if the 



genuine country life of England in his day 
that he paints for us, in which there are 
English labourers and their lasses, English 
mowers and reapers, "Sun-burned sickle- 
men of August weary come from the furrow," 
with their " rye straw hats put on" ; hearty 
English yeomen, and English country gentle- 
men, following the same amusements and 
pursuits as their descendants of the present 
day. 

It is the same with his rivers and brooks. 
He does not delight in rivers because thev 
are the abode of heathen river-gods, and sucn 
like ; his delight is in '* plenteous rivers and 
wide-skirted meads," just such as his own 
Warwickshire Avon, near Stratford ; or in 
"brawling brooks," such as he may luve 
seen running their merry course from the 
Cotswolds to the sea ; and to those English 
rivers and brooks he looked back with 
pleasure, not only for the varied beauty of 
their streams and banks, but from the 
pleasure he got from them as an angler. 

That he was an angler is but a conjecture ; 
and it is true that it cannot be proved But 
it has been the object of this paf>er to show 
the strong probability that he was an angler. 
And if it be objected that it requires nitecizl 
pleading even to establish that prol>ability, 
and that little is in this way gained towards 
a true knowledge of Shakespeare's life ami 
character, the answer or the excuse for the 
pleading may be given in Johnson's worrls; 
— " He that will understand Sltakespeare 
must not t>e content to study him in the 
doset, he must look for his meaning some- 
times among the i^j^/rts of the field." 



Oteeh an& 6otbic art at Vome. 

I* iru SMar>jaitr! <:jSkX *^ vf/t4 Ufiu^^ vmx %¥t4 

.'.trjLiiun -re sent »-.r*, >, Mxr^ art Ti^Mf^x tC 
viis ue 's4&<» ? ^2» ac4> 



198 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



This is another instance in which Mr. 
Tyrrwhitt is at a disadvantage, owmg to his 
never having seen the places himself. The 
church which D'Agincourt calls S. Martin ad 
Montes cannot properly be called three 
churches one over the other ; there are two 
churches close together — S. Martin and S. 
Silvester — and at present the only entrance is 
through S. Martin's, which is a fine large 
mediaeval church, consisting of a broad nave 
with aisles, and an apse at the end with a 
raised choir, having steps up to it and a fine 
crypt under it, with other steps down into it ; 
and from this crypt, on the left hand side, is 
a passage, with a rapid descent to the 
church of S. Silvester, which stands at a 
right angle with that of S. Martin. This 
church of S. Silvester is made out of sub- 
terranean chambers of the Thermae of Trajan, 
which join on to those of Titus. The sub- 
terranean chambers of the Thermae were a 
common place for congregational worship 
of the Christians in the tlurd century, es- 
pecially in times of persecution. The only 
light was from clerestory windows, which 
opened into a narrow area like that of a 
London kitchen, consequently were not 
open to observation even when the church 
was lighted up at night The original en- 
trance to the church of S. Silvester was quite 
independent of that of S. Martin, and was by 
a flight of stone steps from a chamber of the 
Thermae above, afterwards turned into a 
monastery. These steps exist, and are per- 
fect, only filled up with rubbish which could 
be easily cleared out ; and at the foot of 
them is a doorway into the church, roughly 
walled up, probably in the Middle Ages, per- 
haps when that of S. Martin was buUt The 
original arrangement was much the same as 
that of S. Pudentiana, made in the Thermae 
of Novatus, and that of S. Priscilla, now 
called S. Prisca, made in the Thermae of 
Sura on the Aventine; Trajan belonged to 
the family of Sura. 

First, for converted temples adapted to Christian 
service. It is probable that S. Agnes, without the 
walls of Rome, was built by Constantine at the in- 
stance, and under the guidance of S. Sylvester, the 
then Bishop of Rome. But the round churdi of S. 
Constantine, at no ^at distance, is suppo^ to be, 
or rather to contam, large remains of an ancient 
temple of Bacchus (p. 212). 

This is another misunderstanding; the 



church of S. Agnes is not of the fourth cen- 
tury—the time of Constantine — ^but of the 
sixth, with the fine mosaic picture of S. 
Agnes on the apse, which is of the same 
period ; it is, however, the best example of 
the basilica type that we have in or near 
Rome. At the time that the '* peace of the 
Church" was proclaimed by Constantine, it 
is well-known that this was a matter of state 
policy. Constantine himself was not then a 
Christian ; he was only baptized on his death- 
bed ; but half the population of Rome were 
then Christians, and the Christian legion was 
a formidable power, from its great valour, 
excellent discipline, and marvellous success 
on all occasions. It was therefo^ necessary 
for the government to conciliate the Chris- 
tians ; and so soon as the issuing of this pro- 
clamation enabled them to meet for congrega- 
tional worship they proceeded to do so, 
without waiting to build churches for them- 
selves. We have not a single church of the 
fourth century in Rome, and if any had been 
bmlt there must have been remains of it They 
simply took possession of any of the basilicas 
that answered their purpose ; and although 
' these were built originally for market-halls and 
law-courts, or rather magistrates' courts, they 
were marvellously convenient for congr^a- 
tional worship — ^if built on purpose they could 
not have been more so — and the word basilica 
soon came to signify a church just as much 
as a hall. In that manner the basilica in- 
cluded both nave and choir ; but the apse, 
with the choir in it, was called sometimes 
cancdluSy or chancel, from the screen that 
separated it from the hall, or ecdesia^ be* 
cause the altar stood in it, and this was the 
only part that was consecrated. The nave 
was still used for secular purposes, and this 
custom continued down to quite late in the 
Middle Ages; the ecclesia^ apse, or choir, 
was always the first thing to be built; the 
nave was called the vestibule^ and was not 
consecrated, and generally was not built 
tiU long afterwards. Scores of instances of 
this might be cited, but one will suffice. 
The magnificent choir of Cologne Cathedral 
was built and consecrated in the thirteenth 
century, and remained a choir only until 
the nineteenth, when the nave was added, 
but has not beea consecrated \ it may still 
be used for secular purposes. 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



199 



This is rather a long digression from Mr. 
Tyrrwhitt's account of S. /^es and S. Con- 
stantine, bat he has been misled about both by 
the antiquaries of the old school The mauso- 
leum of Constantia, the daughter of Constan- 
tine, built in the garden, afterwards that of 
the monks of S. Agnes, was not properly a 
church at all, it was only made into a church 
by a pope of the eighteenth century. Some 
say that it was used as a baptistry, of which 
there is some appearance ; but the tomb of 
Constantia stood in it, and was the principal 
object in it, until it was removed to the 
Vatican Museum by the same pope, who 
consecrated the building as a church or 
chapeL The tomb of her grandmother, S. 
Helena, was removed from her mausoleiun 
to the same museum, and at the same time. 
The vine ornament, both on the vault of the 
aisle and on the tomb, had nothing whatever 
to do with the temple of Bacchus ; the vine 
is used as an ornament on the vaults of the 
catacombs in the second and third centuries, 
and was intended to illustrate the text, '' I 
am the vine, ye are the branches," which 
was well understood by the Christians, bat 
not by the Pagan workmen, who were neces- 
sarily employed by them. 

An visilGn to Rome* aad vnsj one, in fact, who 
has seen a good laige i^xitognph of the Foniin, 
most hftTe nociccd how ntteiij the Church of S. 
Lorema, m Minnda, is dwarfed by the half-buried 
columns of the Temple of Antoninus and Faostina, 
and how the lowering pillars* in the centre, seem as 
if they went on in awl i nim os exhoctation on one 
manotonoos text, *'There were giants in those days" 
(p. 114). 

This is another mistake, from the same 
cause. The miserable church was made out 
of the ceUa of the temple, at a very bad 
period. The magnificent portico of mono- 
lithic cohinms b one of the finest in existence, 
and has recently been excavated down to its 
oi%inal level, so that the whole height of 
these magnificent columns can now be seen. 
So soon as the side is also excavated, which 
is being done, it is said to be the intention 
of the Gorenmient to destroy the church 
altogether.. It is not in the least wanted ; 
there are half a dozen others within three 
Tmnntrs* walk of it, and it is only used on 
the festival day, chiefly in order to collect a 
little money for the priests, whose services 



may well be transferred to some other place 
where they are wanted. 

MATERIALS AND MOSAIC ORNAMENT. 

The word basilica is probablv the best which ooold 
have been used to head a sketch of the transitions of 
Christian architecture, properly so called. It ex- 
presses the form of the earliest Christian churchea. 
Nothing has yet been said about their materials ; and 
as the Chnrcn Catholic has been, and is, destined to 
raise her temples all over the world, and all national 
and local methods of building depend on what is to be 
had to build with, she will vary their form and arrange- 
ment accordingly. Their decoration, again, will 
depend on their architecture ; and it may perhaps be 
as wdl, therefore, that before we go 00 to tne mosaici, 
and the sculpture which adorned Greek, Roman, 
Lombard, and northern buildings, we may form some 
idea of principles of natural 6tness, and understand 
how decoration, and decorative taste also, must vary 
according to the means with which builders and artists 
are supplied. 

For example, mosaics are more properly used in a 
brick building than a stone one ; in a cavern, or cata- 
comb, or a church of cognate architecture, Uun in a 
Gothic cathedral of fine stone ; in a hot bright Eastern 
dimate than in France, England, or Germany. 
Matmalf affect ornament naturally, because they in- 
fluence oonstivction. In Egypt, the rectilinear and 
horizontal character of the architecture, say Messrs. 
Sexier and Pullan, and the employment of innumer- 
able columns, suited a country winch furnished shafts 
and blocks of unlimited size, as did the quarries of 
porphjrry and grey or red granite The builden had 
only to cut blocks from Uie mountain's side of the 
dimensions required for the erection and cofcrii^ oC 
their templ». .... Hence the colosal character oC 
their buildings, and their eternal endurance (pp. 144, 

245)- 
Well, as we have said, the Parthenon, thoii||h not 

so vast, is built 00 the same principle of unlwiifed 

liability, defying time and crimen the great enemiei ; 

and so are many Sicilian temples, and the ookxmadet 

of Paestnm. .... Greece, then, so iu resemUed 

Egypt in her great early buildings^ But the coutnio- 

tion of Rome was all brick, and therdbfe modi nearer 

akin to the early works of Assyria and Babykmia. 

These earlier architects had neither wood nor building 

stone, and they adopted a stjle of constmctioo <^nte 

unlike their contemporaries m the valley of the Nile. 

They had to use brides sometimes only sunburnt. 

Conseqnentlv they had to boild immeniiely thick aad 

massive walls, in the fint place, and to use arcades^ 

instead of architraves, in the second (p. 246!. 

Let us repeat that what we call a crick would not 

have passed for one in Roman times, or before. The 

rlatrinl brick was mach more like a large square tile, 

one and a half inch thick ; and it will be seen how 

easily soch materials U>ar<d xLXfj rr/asA archca. .... 

The excellence of the m/>rtar uMd hxxn tLe Aagsstan 

age (axjd inrieed long htlr/rt, down to the li:eT snc- 

ccwjTi of Comitantxoe, made both Greeks and R/aokaas 

rather preier brick walls in the naizer of strength ; 

they were hdd to resist the battering-ram better m 

kfni&uuJoD (Scsuer and PuUaDy p. 5), bcng soie of 



300 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



a single mass, like a rock, and capable of beine beaten 
to powder at a given point without much shock to the 
oonstmction elsewhere. They were used, like adilar- 
work, for the outer shell of a great wall, its core being 
formed of concrete. 

The opus reticnlatum, like the meshes of a net, 
was the native, or truly Roman form of stonework. 
It consists of small, square, lon£-shaped blocks of 
peoerino, or of the Uthoid or buiMing-tu£Ei of Italy, 
ana is hardly to be found out of the peninsula (p. 947). 
And when Augustus said he had found Rome of 
brick (hiieritium), but left her marble {marmareum), 
he meant, not that he had .reconstructed the city, but 
introduced the practice of incrustation and covering 
the brickwork with marble. The relieving-ardi in 
large walls, where bricks are arranged in solid arch 
forin, so as to hanjg toother, and save downward dead- 
weight pressure, is said to be an invention of his time. 
The Byzantine builders, of course, used mudi the same 
material as the Romans. The Puzzuolana sand, in- 
deed, was sent in large quantities to Constantinople, 
in the first instance, for building purposes, with other 
materials and decorations (used one-third, with one- 
third lime, and one-third brickdnst). But tiie principle 
of incrustation Tand mosaic is only one form of m- 
crustation out of many) seems to be derived altogether 
from the brick architecture of Greece and Rome, and 
from the great change which took place in the latter 
in Augustus's time. 

Roman bricks are often historical documents, on 
which dates and questions on other issues may depend. 
Every tetradoron, or pentadoron, had its date and the 
mark of its maker, down to the time of Justinian, at 
earliest The monogram of our Lord is often found 
on bricks used in church building (?) ; for secular 
architecture, the names of the consuls or emperors 
were used. We have seen how this settles a really 
interesting question of date in the Catacombs.* 

A German scholar, Mr. P. £. Weiner, has traced 
the 22nd legion in its movements thr ough a great part 
of Germany by the bricks which bearTO name ; and 
Roman bricks have been found among the Silures, our 
friends of Shropshire, and the Welsh marches, with 
the inscription, leg. ii. avg., stamped upon them. 
(pp.248, 249.) 

For more than 200 jrears, as has been said, and as 
Dean Milman abundantly proves (History of Latin 
Christutnity, vol. ii., p. 32), me Church of, or at, Rome 
was, in fact, a Greek religious colony. Its language 
was Greek, its organization Greek, its writers Greek, 
its Scriptures Greek, and many vestiges and traditions 
show tnat their ritual and their liturgy was Greek 

(p. 230)- 

Mr. Tyrrwhitt might have added that several 
of the Bishops of Rome in the first three 
centuries were Greeks ; they were buried at 
that period in a separate cubicuium^ or burial 
vault, in the catacomb of the family of Calixtus, 
on the Via Appia, which was made a.d. 219, 

* S. Flavius Clemens, the husband, or possibly the 
brother, of S. Domitella, was accused with her of 
Christianity, as a Jewish superstition, in the reign of 
Domitian, a.d., 95. 



or about that time — that is the date of Pope 
Calixtus. Their names are engraved on the 
slabs that enclose the loculus^ot place in which 
a body was interred, some of them in Greek 
characters. Pope Calixtus was not buried in 
this vault ; he is sometimes called a saint, and 
this catacomb is supposed to be named after 
him, Saint Calixtus ; but this is a delusion. 
There cannot be more clear evidence that 
each burial vault was really the property of a 
family, and the original entrance to it was 
through the £unily tomb, to which these vaults 
were subsequent, as the number of the &mily 
increased. The custom of burning the bodies 
went out during the first century, probably 
under Christian influence, for it was abhorred 
by the Church as contrary to the idea of the 
resurrection of the body. 

Mr. Tyrrwhitt's estimate of his own book is 
an extremely modest one, and hardly does 
justice to the labour that has evidently been 
bestowed upon it, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing extracts with which we conclude our notice 
of it :— 

In finishing this book, I fed that it can be little 
more than a confixsed fragment, and that the attempt 
to set forth a history of the parallel decay or revival of 
the three arts during the Decline and Fall is beyond 
my powers. At least, it is decidedly so without a 
lar]^e number of well-chosen illustrations, many of 
whidi should be photographs or drawings of great 

accuracy from ooject or photograph For 

omissions, I have referred to as few typical examples 
as possible, because it is m^ use describing without pic- 
tures ; and, as far as possible, from the same works 
all round, for architecture, sculpture, and paintii^, 
so that draughtsmen who have not time for much his- 
tory, maybe able to enter an art- library and find out a 
chronological series of monuments to look at. 

In the Appendix, Mr. Tyrrwhitt again ex- 
presses his appreciation of Mr. Parker's 
photographs, and describes them as follows: — 

He has divided his vast collection of original photo- 
graphs into periods, or selected them for chronological 
Ulustration. It is now possible to see the architecture, 
sculpture, and painting of a period pandlel with each 
other, and in meir original relations. To tolerably 
well-read persons, the monuments of a period in situ 
are as good as a complete restoration of^ that period ; 
and the absolute reality and indisputable truth of the 
photograph must always have jMjamount importance 
in histoncal research. .... The separate volumes 
on the " Catacombs and Mosaics" will give a very large 
proportion of the information contained in this book 
to all who will really look at their illustn^tions. But 
the series illustrative of early Christian ah is almost 
complete in itself. 
The •'Catalogue" with its " Index" (Oxford, 1843, 



GREEK AND GOTHIC ART AT ROME. 



201 



8to), and agam in 1879, republished by Stanford, 
Charing Cross, is quite suffiaent to find any separate 
photograph ; but very much may be learned by the 
perhaps somewhat easy course of quietly turning orer 
the ancient Greek and ancient Roman sculpture with 
due comparison ; by taking Christian sculpture in the 
aame way, realizing its resemblances, its differences to 
eariierwork, and by comparing heathen and Christian 
pictures m mosaic as he has recorded Ihcm. 



(Vc»;V) 



flotee on amcrt can 
arcbaeolofl^ 




IMERICAN archaeology is essen- 
■ tially distinctive. There is no 
mediaeval history to wade through 
before arriving at the earliest 
stages, where we meet the relics of a con- 
quered race. American mediaeval history 
is not found in America, but in Europe ; and 
we at once know that by American archaeo- 
logy we mean primarily the archaeology of 
the Indian tribes. 

Nothing can be more interesting to the 
student of primitive man than accounts of 
the antiquities of the Indian tribes of 
America.* They are of quite a distinct class, 
and yet they fit in with the general science of 
COTipaiative archaeology. The materials for 
this study are accessible in a more or less 
d^ree. The magnificent publications of the 
Smithsonian Institution aflford ample studies, 
and the Government of the United States, 
more careful of the antiquities of its country 
than England is of hers, has also published 
some very valuable contributions to the 
subject In order to give English readers 
some illustrations of two or three years' pro- 
gress in American archaeology, we propose 
examining the contents of our contemporary, 
Tfu American Antiquarian and Oriental 
ytnimai^\ which has now reached its fourth 
volume, and of the Contributions toAtnerican 
Ethnology, published by the United States 
Government 

Commencing with the subject of house- 
building, we find some very instructive par- 
ticulais of native American architecture. 

* •.i^f^B*»«"oft'» Preface to his Native Races of the 
/br$€r Siaies of North America. 

iJlI^^fJ^ ^5^^~ ^' ^^^'' Published by 
Jameson ft Morse, Chicago. 

YOU IV. 



The progress of architecture, from a low and 
primitive state of cave dwellings up to the 
higher stages of stone structures, is one of 
the most interesting subjects brought to light 
by the study of American archaeology. 
Among the different varieties of structure 
dbcovered on the American continent are 
the rude cave, or the common rock shelter ; 
different kinds of wigwams, tepees and huts, 
earthworks and stone fortifications, palafittes 
and lake dwellings, adobe houses and 
Pueblo dwelling-places, stone palaces, pyra- 
mids, and teocaJli. 

Of these various descriptions of household 
buildings we can touch only upon one or two 
specimens. Of that most interesting relic of 
early mankind, the lake dwelling, America 
gives some specimens curiously like those of 
Europe. Dr. Ferdinand Keller has noticed 
the resemblance between the lake dwellings 
of Switzerland and those of the Guajiros 
Indians of the Gulf of Maracaibo, in South 
America. Of the latter, he says : — 

Each house consisted of two parts; the front 
apartment served the purpose of entrance hall and 
kitchen, the rear apartment as a reception and 
dwelling chamber. The floor was formed of split 
stems of trees, set close together, and covered with 
mats. Villages composed of these pile dwellings are 
numerous along the shores of the Lake or Gulf of 
M9xzcaXho,^Lake Dwellin^Sf i. p. 678. 

America has a much more special interest 
in the mound-builders, about whom every 
year we obtain some firesh information which 
leads us to look back upon this pre-historic 
race of Indians with a great deal of interest. 
Archaeology places their works at the 
initial stage of definite progress in Indian 
architecture; and, to grasp what Mr. 
Morgan so well sets forth in his Ancient 
Society y that the earlier moves in the develop- 
ment of culture are always the most difficult 
and important, we can well understand that 
the mound-buUders stepped forth from their 
barbaric surroimdings with a giant stride. In 
the truncated earthworks of these people we 
discover the architectural form whidi was 
developed to such a degree of perfection by 
the ancient Mexicans in their elaborate 
teocallis of stone ; and by tracing out the 
various structural designs, we discover a dis- 
tinct series of developments in North 
American architecture. First, the mounds 
of the Mississippi Valley ; then the stone 



so* 



NOTES ON AUEkTCAN AkCS^OOyGV. 



stWcttires tjf tile ttio Crkttd del Norte, tte 
Rio San Juan, and the Rio Colotado; 
finally, the l^eUos of New Mejdco ^d 
Arizona. 

The third form of architecture found among 
the pre- historic races of America, to which we 
must draw attention, is that which was con- 
structed fix>m stone. In the valley drained 
by the Rio San Juan, a very interesting class 
of ruins has been brought to light by the 
Government expeditions. These stone struc- 
tures may be classed as " Valley Remains" 
and " Cliff Houses." The former are gene- 
rally large rectangular buildings, which 
assume an approximately accurate orienta- 
tion. The cliff houses were built at every 
altitude in the strata, and were undoubtedly 
intended as resorts of refuge for a persecuted 
people. . 

We cannot, of course, attempt to follow in 
detail all the fine examples of primitive 
architecture which are to be found scattered 
through the pages of our contemporary ; but 
the above arrangement of the various styles 
represents very fairly the archaeological divi- 
sions into which this section of the subject 
appears to fall. 

Turning to some specimens of the archi- 
tecture of the modem races of the American 
Indians, we shall find that, in all essentials, 
the houses of these primitive people fall far in 
arrear (according to archaeological sequence) 
of those of the unknown races of pre-historic 
times. The houses built by the tribes of Ore- 
gon are composed of planks split from the tree 
with a tool made of elk-horn, or with wooden 
wedges, driven by a stone mallet These are 
the tools of primitive man — the forerunners 
of the races now occupying modem Europe. 
There is some vdriety in the form of house. 
The houses of the IsinOk usually slope each 
way from a ridge-pole in the centre, while 
those of the Sound Indians have one pitch. 
An excavation of a foot or more, is made 
through the centre of the house, in which 
fires are built, and where the cooking is done, 
the raised portion on either side being covered 
with boards or mats to serve as a seat At 
one end of the house there is fi-equently & 
platform for dances. These are very fair 
specimens of what is met with pretty gene- 
tallv among the American Indians. Some 
slight diferetlce b detail^ either in outside 



^pi&tancb or illtemil aningtmeht, dis- 
tinguishes the houses of different tribe& 
but as an arch^ological group tiiey istand 
togetiier. 

Now, these houses must not be considered 
in the same light as we look upon the house 
in civilization. They were inhabited by the 
primitive family, not the modem family — 
that is, they were inhabited by the chief and 
his wives and children, and children's 
children and slaves. So 1^ back in the his- 
tory of man are we able to penetrate by a 
careful consideration of these primitive dwel- 
lings, that we come to the early stage of 
sooal existence, when the family and thtt 
community were one and the same — ^wheb 
the community had not grown large ehoUgh 
to split up into several families, each occupy- 
ing a homestead, and the cluster of home- 
steads forming the village. This evidence is 
afforded us by the fact that firequently the 
whole village occupied one house, as among 
the tribes of the Oregon territory.* The 
advance upon this is when the house in- 
cludes all who are blood relations, and a 
cluster of these houses is grouped in vil- 
lages, as among the tribes upon the Russian 
River. And here arises a very interesting 
question to the comparative archaeologist 
Is this stage of life far removed from that 
illustrated by the compound beehive houses 
of Scotland ? These singular dwellings are 
placed back to back, and make one vast 
mound, where the whole community or 
the whole group of blood relations livedt 
We do not know of these old beehive men 
of Scotland beyond the remains of their 
dwellings, but these tell us as plainly as 
archaeology can speak, that they were once 
inhabited by a social group similar to the 
village homestead of Eastem India, where 
houses, back-to-back, belong to the commu- 
nal family.! And a village of the Oregon 
Indians of North America presents the 
same architectural features. The village 
consists of two blocks of four or five houses, 
each built close together. Each house was 

♦ This is the same as the Da5raks of Borneo. Sec 
Journal of Geographical Society^ xvi. 298. 

t See an illustration in Dr. Mitchell's Past in the 
Present, p. 65. 

X See Phear*s Aryan ViUagi, p. 8 ; and IwHtm 
Antiquary f v. p. t6i. 



M>itS ONT AitkklCAN ARC&MOLOGY. 



«di 



jied \fj several iainflies, their respective 
bcMioiis being sebarated by a |)drtition of 
t#b or ditee feet Mgfa. 

We should like to have gone into some of 
Uu»e old-world houses, and to have traced 
out, bjr means of the fine ardueological 
remnants which these American publications 
giyeuSy some of the customs and me doings of 
primitive man. We should Iflce to have 
sfMken^ of their language, their art, their 
saperstitionsy their religious customs — all of 
which are represented in the volumes before 
lis. &ut the pen must not run riot over pages 
wfaidi are devoted to other branches of 
axcbasologf as well as that relatmg to 
primitive man. But as a conclusion to this 
HoiDOunt of what American archaeology is 
fikdjr to do for those who study it as one of 
die coih|)arative sciences, we will mention 
aOttie cdhons customs of tiie Alaska Indians 
rdlUiVI^ to t^ttcedence and genealogies. 

Upon tn pablic occasions the Alaskm are seated 
aoDordiM to their rank. The rank is distiiigaidied 
bj the hejgjit of the pole erected in front of their 
hdittts. Tk greater the diief the higher his pole. 

Some of these poles are over lOO feet high 

Ib bout of their leadmg houses, and at their borial 
pfaioesi, are sometimes immense timbeis covered with 
carvings. These are the genealogical memoirs of the 
fiunily. The child osoaUv takes the totem of the 
modier. For instance at the bottom of the post maj 
be the carving of a whale, over that a fox, a porpoise 
and an eagle — signifying that the great grandfather of 
the present occupant of the house, on his mother's 
sid^betoi^ed to the whale family, the grandfather to 
the fOK bmily, the fiuher to the porpoise, and he him- 
tdf to the o^^le fiunilj. These standards are fimn 
two to five feet in diameter. Formerly, the entrance 
to the boose was a hde throng this standard. 

There can scarcely be any more significant 
memorial of primitive man than these indica- 
tions of ancestral rank. They proclaim in no 
imcertain voice that the notions which attach 
tfietaiselves to the civilized Burke or Lodge 
beloi^ equally to man uncivilized, and tlut 
these notions are interpreted best in the 
language of anthropology by the term 
" ancestor worship." 

One word more we must add. The 
mound builders were unquestionably far ad- 
vanced in the early stages of culture. Their 
remains speak to us of almost every side of 
Aeir pre4ustoric life, and afiford an important 
example of how anrhaeology steps in to supply 
a vacsom in die Iristory of the hntnan race 



which history has left altogether tmrecorded. 
Perhaps, therefore, the most triumphant find 
of all — a find that will tell us of events of 
which almost every other clue is lost — is that 
of a fragment of a cloth robe that once 
adorned the person of some aboriginal lady 
or princess. This was found in a mound- 
builder's tomb, neatly folded, just as we fold a 
piece of muslm. It had been pressed in the 
north-west comer of the tomb, and partially 
concealed by a coat of yellow clay. The 
garment appears to have been square, with a 
corded border and a tassel ornament— closely 
resembling a ladjr's "switch,'* — thirteen inches 
long, and formed of a number of threads 
neatly bound together at one end. The 
work was evidenUy done by hand, and the 
mode of working the threads of the cloth is 
plainly discoverable. Surely such evidence 
as this btings to the study of archaeology a 
power that cannot be undervalued, because it 
IS unequalled The contents of these mounds 
proclaim to the civilization of the nineteenth 
centurv that it has gained its development 
through the accumulated experiences of ages ; 
and they demand that civilization should step 
on one side to view these treasures of its own 
antecedent ages, to view them with reverence, 
and to determine that they shall be enshrined 
in safety as lessons to those who are to come 
after us. We cannot help contrasting the 
encouragement given by theAmerican Govern- 
ment with the constant " stand-aside " of our 
own Government in questions of preserving 
the archxological memorials of the past, and 
who can doubt but that the monuments of 
England are not more dear to her children 
than the monuments of America are to her 
alien conquerors. 



Bccount0 of tbe Vdgn of 
Vicbarb II. 

By Sir J. H. Ramsay, Bart. 

|HE Revenue and Expenditure Ac- 
counts of the reign of Richard II. 
exhibit some considerable fluc- 
tuations; but not any equal to those 
of the reign of Edward III. It is satisfiurtory 
to find that the fluctuatidhs in the revenue 
were due, not to the arlritraiy practices of the 

Pa 




204 



ACCOUNTS OF THE REIGN Of RICHARD II. 



■ ■ M ■ ! !■ 



Government, but to the will of Parliament. 
When the Estates open their hands the re- 
ceipts rise ; and when they close their hands 
the receipts fall. As the revenue varies, 
so varies the expenditure ; a substantial, 
though not an exact, balance being kept 
between the two. The idea of strilung an 
exact balance between the two sides of an 
accoimt does not appear to have made its 
way into the treasury of Richard's time ; for 
that refinement in the art of bookkeeping we 
must wait for the reign of Henry IV. 

The largest receipts of any single " term," 
it will be seen, were those for the half-year 
ending September 13, 1380, when the total 
was nearly ;^i 73,000; the next largest sum 
was that raised in the first year between 
October i, 1377, and April 9, 1378, when the 
total was over ;^i6s,ooo. Altogether, the re- 
ceipts and expenditure of the first three years 
of Uie reign are largely in excess of those of any 
subsequent three years. Hie nation was still 
under the influence of the war fever kindled 
by Edward III. What with that, and what 
with the loyal enthusiasm always attendant 
on the beginning of a new reign, unprece- 
dented grants were made. In die first year, 
double " subsidies" were granted both by 
Parliament and Convocation. In the second 
year a graduated poll-tax, the second poll- 
tax in English history, was given;* with a 
surtax on wool of 13X. 4^/. firom natives and 
jQi 6s, Sd. from aliens jf that being in addi- 
tion to the existing imposts, which amounted 
to £2 I ox. the sack from natives, and 
£2 135. 4//. the sack from aliens, the 
charge on the "last" of leather being, as 
usual, double. Lastly, in 1380, a subsidy 
and a half was granted by Parliament, with 
"16 pence on the mark" from Convocation ; 
a grant doubtless estimated equivalent to a 
subsidy and a half, although I have not 
attempted to verify the fact In December, 
1380, the third and last poll-tax was voted ; 
the Great Peasant Rising followed, and with 
that ended all substantial attempts at the 
prosecution of the war with France. 

The war grants made in these first 

* A duke or an archbishop paid 10 marks 
l£6 13X. 4^.); the poorest adult paid a ** groat" (4^/.). 

t This sortait was rq>ealed in the spring ot 1379. 
—A 



three years were made under pretty strin- 
gent conditions; one being that the pro- 
ceeds of the special war taxation should 
be paid to and expended by Parliamentary 
Commissioners. From the special war 
accounts appended to the usual Pell Rolls, 
we find that these conditions were very 
fairly complied with; the Government — a 
regency wiUiout a regent — ^not being strong 
enough or popular enough to play tricks. 
Thus, on the sth of April, 1378, we have 
a war account " per W. Walworth and J 
Philippot," ;^SS>484 13s. 3a, Of this sum, 
^26,680 was paid for the wages of 1,350 
men-at-arms, and as many archers employed 
for '' a quarter and a half' in trivial opera- 
tions on the coast of France : Brest, Calais, 
Gascony, and Ireland stand for ^10,000 — 
£1 1,000 more; and the wages of sailors make 
up the bulk of the rest The sailors* pay 
was always a heavy and most unsatisfactory 
item; the amount being always swelled by 
their detention for weeks and weeks while 
the military force was being raised and 
equipped. Where the Parliamentary con- 
ditions had been so fairly complied with, it 
would, perhaps, be unkind to oall attention 
to the fact that a trifling balance of ^^1,333 
6s. Zd, was paid over to the account of the 
King's household ; or that in the next term 
another such transference was made on 
June 12.* In this term, again, we have an 
account of;^83,327 13s. 2//. expended by 
the same commissioners ;t in the term fol- 
lowing we have accounts of ^^28,000, &c, 
so administered;! and in the year 1379, ac- 
counts of upwards of ;^i 06,000 so paid in. 
In 1380, the war taxation, received "per J. 
Bacon," rises to ;^iS7,ooo in one term ; but 
this amount appears to be swelled by at least 
^37,000, repaid into the exchequer for 
surplus of wages, estimated for and drawn 
in previous terms^ but not expended : the 
amount, therefore, on both sides of the ac- 
count for this term, ought probably to be 
reduced by this amount Similar deductions 
of less amount might be made in most terms. 
It will be seen that the lowest terminal 
totals were those for E^ter in the fifth, 

« Issue Roll, Mich. I Ric II. ; do. Easter, i Ric. II. 
No. 3. 
t Issue Roll, Easter, i Ric. II. No. 2. 
X Issue and Receipt Rolls, Mi^ 2 Ric II. 



ACCOUNTS OF THE REIGN OF RICHARD II. 



20S 



thirteenthy fourteenth, and eighteenth 
years, when the amounts vari^ from 
^96,000 to ^28,000. Of course no direct 
grants were available in any of these 



terras. In Easter term, 1382, the country 
had not yet recovered from the disoiganiza- 
tion caused by the peasant rising, and Par- 
liament would only grant tonnage and 



Table I.— Richard IL 
Fr9m the Pdl and Auditoi^s Rolls. 



s 
4 
s 

6 



No. 

No. 



1. 



t 
f 

11 



«4 
>5 
1* 

«7 
It 

SI 



Mich. 



Emmt. 
Mkh. 



Mich. 

Eajier. 

Midi. 



MidL 

Mich.' 
Easter. 
Mich. 
Easter. 
Mich. 

Mich.' 



MiCn. 



Midi. 

Easter. 
Mich. 



Mich. 



Receipts. 



Dvntion of XernL 



aojuoe— fl6 Soit 1377 
X OcL 1 3 77 9 ApL X378 

s6 ApL— 37 Sept. Z376 

X Oct- 137S--7APL 1379 

x8 ApL— as Sept. X379 

3OCL X379— S33iar.t38o 
s ApL— X3 Sepc X3B0 

No RoQ either on PeD 

S3 ApL— 94 Sot. X38Z 
X Oct. x«8z — aj Mar.xsBs 

14 ApL— 95 Sept. X3fti 
z 00.1380— 18 Mar. 1383 



31 Mar. — 96 Sept. 1383 

1 Oct. 1383— x ApL 1384 

19 ApL— 6 Sepc 1384 

3 Oct. X384— 18 Mar. 1385 

XX ApL— 90 Sept. 1385 
9 Oct. X385— 10 Mar. iiSiS 

1 May — 27 Juhr, X38i5 
a Oct. X38^x ApL 1387 

x6 ApL — 2a Auk. ijf^ 
X Oct. X3B7— x6 Mar. 1388 

7 ApL— 15 Sept. 1388 



z Oct. 13SS— I ApL 1389 

37 ApL — 38 Ans. X389 

z Oa 1 189— a8 Mar. 1390 

" Aii- 3 Sept. 1390 

I 6 Oct. 1 390— ao >Iar. 1 39 1 

4 ApL — 38 SepL 1391 

3 Oct. 1391 — a ApL 1393 

93 ^>L'— 90 Sept. 1393 

z Oct. 1393— z ApL 1393 



Z5 ApL— 13 Sept. 1393 
z Oct. Z393-^ ApL Z394 

a« ApL— 5 Sept. 1394 | 
xOcLZ394— 3Apl.Z395 

X3 .ApL— zo Sept 1395 
z Oct. Z395— I Mar. 1396 

zt Apl. — 13 Sot. 1396 
a Oct. Z396— 19 3Mar. Z397 * 

z May — I Sot. X397 
3 Oct. Z397— z8 Mar.Z398 . 



Aaount. 



£ t. d, 
15.367 X9 " 
165,33s o 3 



46,498 o 
66,i5Z zo 
70^63 s 



:t 



83,087 3 9 

«7a.937 " «o|* 
or Auditor's side 

61,876 zo 3 
63,836 8 3| 
98,tX4 za 10 
•7.085 9 zii 

4z,8l3 za 9 

•7.9>7 9 >o* 
64*5ax za 3! 

«7»45« 8 8 
94,933 15 o 

«»7,5t5 5 o* 
63,385 zt 8i 

71,454 6 zx 
40,331 6 9 

57,535 5 5* 
84.485 «4 si 



67,860 Z9 3| 
53,318 a xoi 
5V«66 3 \xi 
38,z68 4 3 

7»,330 9 5 , 
37,1 IX 10 7\ \ 

54,530 9 9I 
5-^393 6 2 
58,801 15 &i 



Issues. 



Dnnuioa of Term. 



Same 

z OcL Z378— 6 Apl. Z379 

z8 ApL— 33 SepL X379 

Sazne 
9 ApL— z3 Sept Z380 

z Oct Z380— 6 ApL 138Z 

S3 ^iL-^ Sept X38Z 
ime 

S S«)t Z383 
-z8Mar.Z38 



31 ApL- 
60ctz38 



383 



a ApL— as Sept Z383 
a Oct X383— X Af^ Z3^4 



Aznount. 



Same 
9 Oct. Z385— i8Apl. Z386 

Same 
sOct 1386—3 ApL 1387 
34 ^>L— 33 Aug. X387 

Same 
8 ApL— 15 Sept X388 



19 Oct Z3S8— 1 Apl. Z389 1 
3 May— 38 Aug. 1389 

Same 
xsApL— 30 Sept X390 

z 3 Oct 1 390— ax Mar. X391 
6 ApL — 39 Sept 1 391 



' 3 Oct 139X — a ApL X39S 

39 ApL— ao Sep. i *>3 
Same 



63,908 13 

7U^ 6 
39,a9» »S 

X30,930 13 

36,184 7 

64,664 16 

57,3»« 5 

71,968 XI 

74.794 6 
6%5a9 « 



8 

X 

o 

3 

\ 

4 • 



16 ApL— 13 Sept X393 
6 Oct X393-4 ApL X394 

39 ApL-5 Sept 13^ 
38 Oct 1394—3 ApL 1395 • 

30 ApL— 10 Sept X39S 
Same 

NoRoOoo. 



IX 



£ 

13.954 
1C366 



r. d. 
o o 
o S 



103,968 X4 xxj 
59,085 18 9) 
7a.5«S 7 



«M3S 13 
x6o,9f8 zt 



3i 
41' 



Direct Taxes voted. 



Doable suhsidy— hyaad 
ckricaL 



Gradoaied Poll Tax : ^. 
—JC^ I3r. 6i£, per head. 



lib] 



dy : z6dL oa 



Graduated PoU Tax : xx. 
per head. 



93.745 w o 



63,647 o xi 
63,565 9 X 

38,374 >6 9i 
81,684 M 3 Lay subsidy : i dcrkal 
subsidy. 

44.647 « 6i 
^7,343 17 7 I i lay azsd derfical subsidy. 
64,567 3 o j i bir subsidy : qy. i sut»> 
j sidy from Caaterbury 7 
4i ii lay aad clerical subsidy. 
i| j i lay azid clerical subsidy. 
I Lay aad clerical subsidy. 
I \ Uy and clerical subody. 
i lay azid clerical subsidy. 



8 

3 



W.33O 

93,a6z 

I00.575 6 zo 
91,730 8 7 
70,414 13 3| 
41,466 19 o 
S7,6i3 4 IX 
•4,443 9 6t 



85.7»x 4 
42,75« 7 
47.93' »3 
39,590 19 

78,943 «9 

»9.47a 3 

54.924 »9 

39.918 3 

«5,9>7 »5 



5 
8 

3 



i lay azsd clerical subsidy. 

i lay subsidy : i sobudy 

frtMo Cantobury Coo- 



i lay and clerical subsidy 
i lay subsidy. 



49>547 15 
49.5«6 14 

67.09a 14 
iai/»9 Z5 

48,577 18 
54.5«8 6 
other 



8 
8i 

oi 
6 

8i 
ni 



^aae 



No RoU oa either side 
RoO fracaentary 

7a/*4 13 



I 



z6 Apl.— 3t Aug. 1398 
t Oct t39&— 37 Mar.1399 
8 ApL— 13 July, X399 I «,473 



75.749 



o 8 



22 A?l.— 31 .Auj. 



I 



55,090 2 



5 
9 



i lay azid clerical sub- 
sidy perhaps partly 
raised in prenous term;. 

i lav nbsidy ; x clerical 
subsidy. 

i laT and vhok dcrical 
suhndy. 

i by subsidy. 

i clerical sobsady. 



I 



7i '^Oct.jy^-2';Mu.iy/) 
•4 ApL— Z3 JuIt 1399 ' 



xi 



i s u bs i d y 60a CoBvoca* 

tioooTYoHL 
i subsidy firoa Qxrroca' 
t ion of CaoterbuTT. 
^'7»^-i II »i i by suhwdy ; i Caoter- 

bcny subsidy. 
70,352 i5 3 " 



TteKanthetoiabdbtappearfrosthc]UOs»bttiiBiybethatth<aflwantooeachsidcoaehttoUrei4u^ Sftmkmft. 



2o6 



ACCO{/NTS OF THE ^EJGN OF JtlCM^Jfli II. 



poundage, the general pustoz^s' dqties, a^ a 
w^r Ux for the defence of tbp squth cpast. 
Ejuring Easter tenp, ^390, the wqoI duties 
were at reduced rates — ^viz., £2 ffpm natives, 
and £2 3^. 4//. from aliens. In Easter 
term 139 1, the wool duties were again up 
at the old rates ; but the true explanation of 
the low revenue seems to be that from 1388 
to 1399 the Government was conducted on 
fairly constitutional principles, William of 
Wykeham and Thomas of Arundel being 
Chancellors \ and tfiat little or ^o arbitrary 
taxation was attempted. 

The high figure^ for the term Michael- 
mas, 1$, are due to the ^^ng's expedition to 
Ireland, for which a whole subsidy was 
voted both by Parliament and Convopation. 
The terminal totals are given, either directly 
from the Rolls, when terminal tou^s are 
given, or otherwise by adding either the 
weekly or daily totals, when any such are 
given ; or, failing these, by transcribing an^ 
adding up all the individual entries of the 
term. l(\i\& last is a very ktborious process, 
in the course of which mistakes may easily 
be made. Great pains have been taken to 
avoid ipistakQS, but I can only vouch for 
substantial accuracy. It is perhaps unfortu- 
nate that I did not always distinguish the 
totals taken directly by the Rolls from those 
obtained by my own summing, as I did in 
the case of the accounts of Edward III.; but 
I did not distinguish them at the time and 
cannot do so now. A Roll, when properly 
kept, exhibits a daily total for each day's re- 
ceipt or expenditure, a weekly total for each 
week, and a grand total for each term ; but 
when the treasurer was careless these duties 
were often neglected. In some cases where 
the total on the Rolls has been checked by 
independent summing up, as in the case of 
the terms analysed in detail, startling dis- 
crepancies are exhibited, for which I can 
offer no explanation. Prima facie^ the total 
on the Roll ought to be authoritative, but the 
Rolls constantly exhibit marks of subsequent 
tampering, items are frequently erased, and 
other items interlineated in a different hand- 
writing. 

I hav^ appended in a separate column a 
note of the direct grants voted, and 
apparently raised during the reign ; the lay 
grants are taken from the Parliament Rolls, 



the cleric^ gra|^^ mostly fron^ Wake's -fiff?- 

tory^ of ttfi Church. \ have not, I^owcyct, 

verified the payments from the !^ecppt S-olls, 

which would show to a pepny how much ^^ 

actually raised under each grant, and at what 

rime or times. 

Table II. 

Analysis of Receipt RoU, Mich. 12 Ric II. 
October i, 1388— April i, 1389. 

;£ J. d, 

1. Old Crown Revenues : indudin| 

county, borough, and hundrea 
fann rents ; reudfs, wardships, 
forfeitures, and fines (fines, 
, £27941. 2d.) 17,884 I 9i 

2. Custoi^is S^iOpP ^Sl Si 

3. Vacant Sees and "Priories Alien'' 

impounded by the Crown 

(vacant se^ /30s) ... . i,S3S 5 ©4 

4. Clerical tent^ (arrears ^m 

eleventh year) 508 17 7i 

5. l^Y Hileenths an4 t^ths (on 

account of half subsidy) . . 2,431 o 114 

6. Loans (all rq>aid ultimately, ex- 

cept £^ ?3^- 4^*) . . • . 10,817 II 64 

7. Receipts of l^axlapei: (enrolment 

of aeedsin Chancery, sale of 

writs, &c.)| ...... 974 16 8 

Si. Mint and Exchange .... 86 13 6 

9. Sundries 35 16 8 

10. Advances repaid 2,491 o 104 

;£67,766 4 li 
Totol at foot of Roll, ;t67,869 19/. ai^/. 

Table III. 

Analysis Receipt Roll, Easter, 12 Ric. II. 
April 27 — August 28, 1389. 

£ J- d. 

1. Old Crown Revenues, as above . 7)2i4 15 2 

2. Customs: — 

Wool and leather ;f 7,887 3 7 
General . . . 3)8o4 2 4 

11,691 5 II 

3. Vacant Sees and"Priories Alien" 1,264 '3 4 

4. Clerical tenths 6,569 17 9 

5. Lay fifteenth and tenth (half 

subsidy) i5>048 2 o 

6. Loan$ (all repaid but ;£2) . . 2>350 i 24 

7. Hanaper 753 8 il 

8. Advances repaid 8,432 18 7 

;f53,3i8 2 104 
Table IV. 

Analysis Issue Roll, Mich. 12 Ric. II. 
October 19, 1388— April i, 1389. 

£ s. d. 
I. Household (including Privy Purse 

;f 1,936 13J. 4^.). 10,198 3 3 

* Pne sum of £SA7^ ^ borrowed from the Calais 
treasury^ ijr'as rep^i.A within the term.— /jtj*? £0^ 
Micii. 12. 



ACCO^J^TS OF THE REfGN OF RICHARD II. 



20;[ 



2. Naval and Military : — 



Calais 
Bem^k . 
Carlisle . 
Hrcst • • 
Cherboaig 
Roxbuigh 
ftc . . 



. 3»467 
. 2,333 
. 409 
. 396 
. 150 



£ J. ^. 



o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 



o 
o 
o 
o 
o 
o 



3. Cifil Sernce ^dading Diplo- 

macy) 

4. Pablic works 

5. Pensions, gifts, and diarities (cha- 

rities about jf 115) . . . . 

6. Loans repaid {Mutaum) • . . 

7. Advances {PrestUum) to be repaid 

8. Miscellaneotis 



35.433 " «i 



5.175 
400 

4,151 
8,S37 
1,1x2 

H5 



14 3* 

13 7* 
19 ai 

17 m 
4 o 



;f6s,4S5 19 5 
Total at foot of Roll, ;f 65,721 41. 5^ 

Tablb V. 

Analysis Issue Roll, Easter, 12 Ric. II. 
May 3— August, 28, 1389. 

£ s^ d. 
I. Household (Privy Purse) 



2. Naval and Military : — 

Calab . . ;£i,939 12 o 

Berwick . . • 7,054 o o 

Carlisle . . . 3,541 o o 

Roxbuigh . . 150 o o 



1,906 13 4 
8,041 8 oi 



Brest. 
&c. &c. 



2,890 13 4 



27,661 2 5 
1,999 12 6 

\ 2 



3. Civil Service, «s above ... 

4. Public works 151 

5. Pensions, ^s,* and charities. . 3,140 6 4( 

6. Loans repaid 786 4 7 

7. Advances 1,022 10 8 

8. Miscellaneous 49 a o 



;£42,85i 7 9 



Table VI. 



Analysis Receipt Roll, Mich. 21 Ric. II. 
October 2, 1397— March 18, 1398. 

£ s. d. 

1. Old Crown Revenues (Fines, 

;f 2,634 les. 8^t) .... 17.485 5 "4 

2. Customs 38,941 4 o 

3. Vacant Sees and*' Priories Alien" 1,661 19 o 

4. Clerical tenths (arrears from half- 
subsidy granted in previous 

JCM) 2,033 4 7i 

* ;f 1,000 given to Sir Heniy Percy (Hotspur), taken 
prisoner bjy the Scots at the battle of Otterbume, 
towards hu pmsom. 

t Of this amount £66S i6j. 8</. appears to repre- 
sent the fines lavrfully exacted in due course ; the 
balance rqnesents arbitrary fines extorted either coram 



5. Loans : — 

Repaid ultimately £491 16 8 
Not repaid . . 4,148 6 8 

6. Mint and Exchange .... 



£ J. d. 



7. Hanaper 

8. Advances repaid 

9. Sundries . . . 



4.640 3 4 
100 Q o 

248 



1,157 17 10 
589 2 



31 
o 



;f66,836 18 oi 
Sum of sub-totals given on Roll, ;f 52,699 U. id. 

Table VII. 

Analysis Receipt Roll, Easter, 21 Ric. II. 
April 16 — August 31, 1398. 

£ J. d. 

1. Old Crown Revenues (Fines 

about ;C3, 150)* 14,46617 6i 

2. Customs 981847 2 114 

3. Vacant Seesand "Priories Alien" 796 4 8 

4. Clerical tenths (arrears of 20th 

and other years) 3}28o 18 7^ 

5. Lay fifteenth (arrears i8th year) 35 3 54 

6. Leans : — 

Repaid . . ;£'2,387 16 2^ 
Not repaid . . 686 13 4 

3,074 9 

7. Mint and Exchange .... 63 



8. Hanaper 3,487 19 

9. Advances repaid 258 I 

la Sundries 750 o 



64 

2 

54 

3 
o 



Table VIIL 



;f5Si003 o 8 



Analysis Issue Roll, Mich. 91 Ri& II. 
October 2, 1397— March 1$, 1398. 

£ J. d. 

1. Household (with Privy Purset). 27,424 19 o 

2. Civil Service 497X2 17 8 

3. Naval and Military : — 

Calais .... ;ti7,857 
Berwick . .* . 1,559 
Roxburgh .... 400 
Ireland .... 907 

22,000 17 cl 

4. PubKc Works (Westminster Hall 

and Tower) 8,292 10 104 

5. Pensions, as above 18^326 2 7] 

6. Advances 2,309 18 04 

7. Loans repaid 2,214 i 10 

Miscelbmeous (Tower lions and 

leopards, 10 in number, ;^6o 12s.) 21Z 15 6 

;f85,493 3 O 
Total at foot of RoU,;g72,684 ly. ^. 

* Of this amount only £312 6s. ^d^ so far as I 
can make out, were fines in tne ordinary course ; all 
the rest were arbitrary exactions. The men of Essex 
figure for a *' voluntary grant" of 2,000 inarks 
(^'gratanter concessae"), j6if333 6^* 8^* 

T The items were not taken o\|t in this case, but it 
ap]^ears fi:om the Roll that j£'4,QOo a year had beca 
assigned for the purpose by a writ of Easter in toe 
13th year, nearly as much was taken in the next tem 
alone* 



26$ 



ACCOUNTS OF THE REIGN OF RICHARD II 



Table IX. 

AnaljTsis Issue Roll, Easter, 21 Ric. 11. 
April 22— Aug. 31, 1398. 

1. Household. (Privy Purse in the £ s. d. 

tcnn ;f 3,321 14J. 6^.) . . . 17,701 9 3i 

2. Gvil Service* 9,407 4 7 

3. Naval and Military : — 

Calais .... ;£^I2,396 
Berwick. • . . ii90O 

Ireland .... I}9i6 

Carlisle .... 664 

18,101 o o 

4. Works as before 2,023 13 9} 

5. Pensions &c. (charities about 

£210) 5,193 3 3t 

6. Advances 411 o 2 

7. Loans repaid If554 i^ 2 

8. Miscellaneous (Tower lions) . 25 o 6 

;f 54,41 7 7 94 

Table X. 

Customs Receipts. 

From Receipt Roll, Mich. 2 Ric. II. 
October i, 1378— April 7, 1379. 

£ s, tL 
Wool, wool fells, and leather . . . 37,774 15 9 
General duties, "tonnage and 

poundage" ''^S^ ^ ^ 

Subsidies on cloth (let on lease) . . 187 11 8 

;f39,ii6 16 5 

From Receipt Roll, Easter, 2 Ric. II. 
April ifiJ— September 25, 1379. 

£ J. ^• 
Wool, as above ....... 10,395 o 64 

General duties 2,625 o 3 

Subsidy on cloth 63 8 o 

;fi3,o83 8 94 

The analyses of the individual Rolls of course 
yield the most instructive results. The 
amount of the chief sources of the revenue 
may be stated with a fair degree of accuracy. 
The lay subsidy, a fifteenth from counties, 
and a tenth from boroughs, remains at the 
amount established since the seventh year of 
Edward III.; ^30,000 more or less; the evi- 
dence on this point is clear; the clerical tenth 
also remains at ;£20,ooo, in round numbers. 
The poll-tax of 1379 was stated in Parliament 
to have yielded only ^^22,000 {Rot. Pari. 

* This head includes a gratuity given to John ot 
Gaunt for his ''services" in Aquitain: the itefn ought 
perhaps to be ranked as a "mft" This head Sso 
includes an item of ^1,193 7^* ^' P^cl to the Earl of 
March as King's lieutenant of Ireland : this, again, 
ought perhaps to be added to the militaiy charge for 
Ireland. 



iii. 73); this amoimt probably represented 
only the lay contribution, being nearly the 
sum yielded by the lay portion of the first 
poll-tax under Edward III. 

The increasing importance of the customs 
is the great feature of the revenue under 
Richard II. It will be seen that in the 
second financial year the total exceeds 
;^52,ooo; in the twelfth year it exceeds 
;^42,ooo; and in the twenty-first year 
;^6 7,000. The reduced amount in the 
twelfth year may be ascribed to the naval 
war waged with France during that 
period; but the second year was not 
by any means a time of peace either. 
During these three periods the wool duties 
were practically at the same rates — viz., 
jQi I ox. the sack of wool and 240 wool-fells, 
and £$ the " last " of leather from natives ; 
from aJiens the rates were £2 135. 4^. 
the sack, and 240 wool-fells, and jQ^ 6s. Zd. 
the "last" During a part, but onty a 
part, of the second year a surtax of 131. ^d. 
the sack and £1 6s. Zd. the last was current. 
Up to the twelfth year tonnage and poundage 
were levied at the rates of 2s. the tun of 
wine and 6d. the pound avoirdupois of 
general groceries ; in the twelfth year the 
rates were raised to 35. and i2d. respectively. 
The subsidy on cloth was a tdx in the nature 
of an excise on each piece of cloth sold. The 
tax was farmed out, and the proceeds were 
inconsiderable. 

The proceeds of the wool and leather duties 
give us the limits within which the amount of 
wool exported must be fixed. In the second 
year these proceeds amounted in rotmd 
numbers to ;^48,ooo. If every penny of 
that came from wool, and that at the lower 
rate paid by native exporters, the total would 
not account for 20,000 sacks of wool, but we 
must allow something for the leather, and for 
the higher scale paid by foreign exporters. 
15,000 or 16,000 sacks might therefore be a 
fair estimate of the amount of duty-paying 
wool exported in that year ; in the twenty- 
first year the amount might have risen to 
20,000 sacks. How much more might have 
been smuggled it would be impossible to 
conjecture. Where the duty amounted to 
nearly, if not quite, ;^5o per cent advahrem 
the temptation to smuggle was very great 

With respect to the old feudal retenues of 



ACCOUNTS OF THE REIGN OF RICHARD //. 



20^ 



the Crown, it is perhaps unfortunate that the 
twelfth and twenty-first years were selected 
for analysis, as in both those years the receipts 
were swelled by the vast forfeitures incurred 
in the first case by the persons condemned by 
well-known Appellants of 1388 ; and in the 
second case by the Appellants themselves, 
when they suffered in turn. Instead of 
^^25,000, we might take ;^7,ooo or ;^8,ooo 
as a normal amount 

The reader will notice the large amount of 
arbitrary fines exacted in the twenty-first year ; 
these were all imposed for supposed compli- 
city in events exactly ten years old — namely, 
the rising of 1387-1388. 

The I^ue Rolls perhaps might furnish the 
most amusing details if we had space to 
devote to them. 

It will be seen that even in a year of absolute 
peace and friendly foreign relations like the 
year 1397-1398, fiie military expenditure was 
not inconsiderable — ^^40,000 ; the whole of 
this was apparently spent on defensive strong- 
holds, Calais alone absorbing ;^3o,ooo. 
Viewed through the light of the earlier 
accotmts, this last item excites surprise : in 
1378, we have ;£^io,soo spent on Calais ; in 
I379> ;£20>3oo> with ;^S,ooo more in 
February, 1380 : (Issue Rolls, Mich, i ; 
Easter i (No. 2) ; Mich. 2 ; Easter 2, and 
Mich. 3.) this was a time of active war, and 
the forufications were being extended: in 
1378— 1379, when war was still in the 
ascendant, Calais demanded over ;^2 5,600. 
Why ;£3o,ooo should be spent in a time of 
profound peace does not appear. But the 
Items in connection with Calais show 
numerous erasures and interlineations. His- 
torically, however, the most interesting items 
are those of " Household " and " Pensions " 
in the twenty-first year. All through the reign 
Parliament had complained of the extrava- 
gance of the king's household ; but up to the 
twelfth year,Richaidhadkept within the liberal 
limits of Edward III. : ;ti7>ooo-;^ 18,000; 
and in idsX considerably within them, as 
Richard's " Household *' includes his ** Privy 
Purse." In Richard's twenty-first year, the year 
following Haxe/s celebrated remonstrance 
in Parliament, the household expenditure rises 
tOjj^4S,coo, and "Pensions" to ^^23,000; 
while, under the latter head, ;£^7)Ooo had 
sufikedfor the largesses of Edward III. in his 



forty-fourth year. These " Pensions" reveal a 
bit of the secret history of the reign which 
has not yet foimd a historian. Richard had 
conceived the idea of ruling England by a 
vast personal faction, paid out of the public 
purse, distinguished from their fellow subjects 
by his cognisance, the ** White Hart," in- 
dulged in every license, and assured before- 
hand of judicial &vour in every suit and 
action ; all this on condition of alwa}^ taking 
the king's side in every constitutionsd 
question. To Richard and his advisers the 
"White Hart" represented exactly what 
" Thorough " represented to Charles I. and 
Strafford : an external view of the " Fellow- 
ship of the White Hart," is given in Lang- 
land's Poem on "Richard the Redeless," 
(Wright PoL Poems, i. 363, and Skeats C.Text 
of Piers Plowman); its internal composition 
is revealed by our " Pensions." Every class is 
represented : barons, knights, archers, car- 
penters, plumbers, cooks, tailors, priests : the 
pensions vary fi*om the jQi ,000 a year of the 
royal duke to the 6d, a day of the archer and 
the 4i/. a day of the priest 

The Ifousehold expenditure of the year is 
doubtless swelled by the expenses of the royal 
body guard, which gave such deep offence to 
the nation ; deeper offence in fact than the 
"Fellowship of the White Hart." The 
king's liveried following was an extension of 
a system, illegal indeed and twice forbidden 
by statute during the reign, but still familiar 
on a smaller scale in the case of great noble- 
men ; but the king's " Archer Guard " had 
probably no precedent since the days of 
Cnut and his " Housecarles." 

The public works of the twenty-first year 
included extensions at the Tower and the 
raising of the walls of Westminster Hall. It 
has been suggested that, as Chaucer had an 
appointment as Clerk of Works at this time, 
he may have been employed on Westminster 
HalL The Rolls give no support to this 
view. Chaucer's name never appears in con- 
nection with the weekly disbursements for 
" Works ;" but he appears as drawing his 
pension, and occasionally applying for small 
smns' in advance — 55. and 31. 4^., and the 
like. 

Richard was a man of artistic tastes. 
In his twenty-first year we find Thomas 
Prince, otherwise " Littielyngton," estab- 



iio 



ACCOUlfTS OF THE REIGN OF RICBARt> It. 



lished at Court as "Pictor Regis." It maybe 
that we are indebted to his pencil for the in- 
teresting portrait of Richard which has been 
recently replaced in Westminster Abbey ; but 
the portrait was probably taken in 1386 or 
1387, when the King was eighteen or nine- 
teen years old. I may state that the likeness 
entirely agrees with the descriptions given of 
Richard by the chroniclers as good-looking, 
florid, and efifen^inate. 

Iq coi^clusion, I would ask, When is a 
further instalment of our impublished records 
to be printed? Very fair justice has been 
done to our chroniclers in the Rolls series. 
The publication of documents of the same 
period seems to be at a standstill. We write 
about history and we talk about history, we 
conjecture and we infer, while the solid ^ts 
are all there, down beneath our feet, if only 
the mine were opened up and made available. 




1?CVfCW0* 



The Hiitory of thi Rise and Progress of the Church 
and Parish of St. Gtorge-the- Martyr^ Holbom. 
By J. Lewis Miller. (London : Bowden, Hud- 
son & Co. 1881.) 8vo, pp. VU.-50. 

|T is a healthy sign of the increased interest in 
topographical studies when we find books 
publ^ed on special districts such as this. 
As Mr. MiUer justly says of the subject of 
his brief history, " the great streams of traffic 
eddy around it, and, inspiteof many changes, it is still 
in its quietude, and in the more salient features of its 
outward appearance pretty much what it was when first 
formed." The church, built in 1706, was originally a 
chapel of ease to St. Andrew's, but in 17 13 the 
district was erected into a parish. The church was 
dedicated to St. George-the-Martyr, in compliment 
to Sir Streynsham Master, an eminent inhabitant of 
the district, who had been Governor of Fort St. 
George, in India. The most celebrated rector was 
the eminent antiquary, Dr. William Stukeley. The 
burial-ground was a part of Lamb's Conduit Fields, 
and is situated at the oack of the Foundling Hospital. 
There are buried two persons widely separated in ufe — 
viz., Robert Nelson, the author of the Festivals and 
Fasts of the Church of England ^ and Nancy Dawson, 
the hornpipe dancer of Covent Garden Theatre. 

Queen Sauare has had some famous inhabitants, of 
who]ai Charles Churchill, the satirist Jonathan Ridiard- 
son, the portrait painter ; and Robert Nelson were the 
most noted. Dr. Hickes, the Saxon scholar; Dr. 
Askew, the book coUector; Dr. Mead ; Lord Thurlow ; 
and ZacharyMacaulay all lived in Great Ormond Street. 
Red Lion Square must have looked very different from 
what it does now, when Hatton (i7oS]| qpol^e of it 1^ 



* ' a pleasant square ofgood buildings.'' John Wilkes, 
Jonas Hanway, and Miaron Turner aU lived in the 
square. The one hundred and seventy-three persons 
^o once kept coaches in this parish have been re- 
placed by a most remarkable congregation of educa- 
tional and charitable institutions. Those who wish to 
know more of a distinctive district of old London 
should obtain this little book which will well repay 
perusaL 

ColemaiCs Reprint of William Rentes Originctl Pnh- 
posal and Plan for the Founding and Building of 
Philculelphia in Pennsylvania, America, in 1683. 
(London : James Coleman, Tottenham. 1 881.) 
Royal 8vo, pp. 24 and Plan. 

Mr. Coleman has here reproduced Penn's Letter, 
dated iiom Philadelphia to the Committee of the Free 
Society of Traders of Pennsylvania, residing in 
London, which was printed and sold by Andrew 
Towle, at the Crookea Billet, in HoUoway Lane, in 
Shoreditch. It contains a curious account of the 
special features, the natural productions and the 
natives of the province There is a plan of the city 
of Philadelphia, showing the lots of the various pur- 
chasers; fii^t there are the purchasers from 1,000 
acres and upwards who are placed in the front and 
high streets ; and then the lots of the purchasers under 
1,000 acres, which are placed in the back streets. 
The opening of the letter, in which Penn alludes to 
himse£r, is of biographical idterest. 

" In the first place I take notice of the news you 
sent me, whereby I find some persons have had so 
little wit and so much malice as to report my death, 
and, to mend the matter, dead, a Jesuit too. One 
might have reasonably hoped that this distance, like 
death, would have been a protection against spite and 
envy ; and indeed absence being a kind of death, 
ought alike to seciu^e the name of the absent as the 
dead ; because they are equally unable as such to 
defend themselves. But they that intend mischief, do 
not use to follow good rules to effect it. However, to 
the great sorrow and shame of the inventors I am 
still alive and no Jesuit, and I thank God very much : 
and without injustice to the authors of this, I may 
venture to infer that they that wilfully and falsely 
report would have been glad it had been sa But I 
perceive many frivolous and idle stories have been 
mvented since m^ departure from England, which 
perhaps at this tmie are no more alive than I am 
dead." 

Added to the letter is an address contaii^ng objec- 
tions to a Tax Bill before the Assembly, 1692 ; parti- 
culars of surveys, 1720-30; and list of Philadelpnians 
who signed the Declaration of Independence. This 
is a work of interest to all, but of very special interest 
to the present inhabitants of Pennsylvania. 



Archaolo^ical and Historical Collections relating tp the 
Counties of Ayr and Wigton. Vol. II, (Edin- 
burgh : Printed for the Ayr and Wigton Arclueo- 
logical Association. 1880.) 4to, pp. xix.-2Q2. 

This is one of those books about which it is 
difficult to writ9 without appearing to be dealing la 



r 

F i 



^. It is a perfect model for woiki oi the 
The paper, the lypc, the woodcuu aud 
litht^iaphs are all alike etcelfent. The objects of 
the &« ^ WielBQ ArchKologicU 4»soqKigti ore 
stnctwIiB^lM to ll>e placing on pei^iuieDt reconi 
■ctoal facts, irWlher these be archa^logical rcnmns 
and itlict w historical records. The Society has no 

qnarian intereit pnaected to or deposited in the 
Nalioml Kluseum of Scotiish Antiquitict in Edin- 
buish. It also aims at giving illustnlions nhich, 



: stiictly occuistc, aie ako of i 



when Ur- Jo» 
the Society . 
" Notice o! Die Isle of the Loch of Banchory, Ihe 
lUe of Loch Canmor, and other Scottuh examples 
of [he ani&cial or slociadcd isUndt, called Cmumget 
in Ireluid and A'dliiiii PJaAliautin in SwiUc'lattd," 
that Ihe iubjecl attracted much attention in Scotland. 
The periods of these two Ibnns of Uhe dwellings are 
widely separalod, foi the PfitiUaateii are snopoapd 
liy Or. Ferdinand Kellet to have allaiDca llieic 
greatest ■ieve)opmenl about (u.c.) Ijoo, and lo hare 
linally ceSM-<l lu lie occupied .iboul ihc o 



Fis 



^ f 



WO(tfli|Ii TROtliH. 



Tlidc ol)jo.:ti lA ca^lul icci 



^"ui , _,„ ;..„,. .. 

stone aad t"flR^ inwlcnfitt* of WigtonihiL-, 
James iQacdof^lil desciibes a ^(ouc aif-hAffii 



/ iicythpirdia 
.. L,i t i.r a ilroi^old 

,— ->,".. . ^. i-vifttle is Imown 

w llaaimd, aitiitmah uvt; J- Imndied (rtfe been ci- 
aiuin^ and Jescri^ in Irehnd, and p^ftapi about 
balf uat number in bcotLuid." The ^^ poition 




published particul:irs oAhe l i . . 
conniy oC Mealh. Much aid i 
giten lo Ihe mbject, and .. 
1S53-54, the remains of ihc h.- 
land were discovereil, tttc sl. 
walo-bound viUafcs aitd the 
ijiented upon, ft was not. 



hoxever, until 1857, 



uf Mr. Uuu»'s hlpcl consists of .1 iiU( ^lesciiption ill 

Ihc excavalKin o{ a crannng at Loch Let, Tarbolton, 

.ind of the olijec)* found in it. some of wliich are of veiy 

Cine of these was a bcautilul Itough, 

lylcWotk of wood (Fig, 1). When 

- '..uli; v\fl^ and showed distinctly the 

■ fit,, ^uiige-lDte inslrumenl by which it 

I[ was made of soft nood, which 

. , ..tl.ly crumbled away, but a pholo- 

^._,... .._ L..-.ti[ Ltfore this occurred. One hundred 

C.rd:> iiunh lA the crannog was found a canoe, hol- 
md out of a NDgle oak tniok (Fig. s). Thtf 



k 



feet long, x feel 5 inches broart 
(inside), and I foot 9 iDches)deep. The botlom is, flat 
aod 4 inches thick, but its sides are thin and rise up 
abruptly. There are nine holes in ilsbDllOni airaneed 
in two rows and about 15 inches apart, with the odd oite 
nt the apex. These hole; are perfectly round and 
euacOy 1 inch in diameter ; and when the canoe was 
disinterred they were quite invisible, being all tightly 
plowed. A donble-bloded oak paddle (t'ig. 3), 
4 feet 8 inches long, nnd 5J inches broad, was fonnd 



1 both sides. The side 



shoivn in Fig. 4, which is of theactoal a 
tnosi elaboratly carved. 

Besides these wooden objects, there w 




on the craonog. One ol the most inleresting of the weapons, saws, hatchets, chisels, knives, libtilj:', 
relics is a small piece of ash ivood, ahoat 5 inches stones of varions kinds, objects of bone and dKis* 




frtnge tv BBpl/ piuliB)r to 



wVA woe <1<^7 buriaL Tie am object, rcfK' 
icMed in Fit ^ IS a &>^bibl It coobSs cC two 
poRiaBi of duck leather kept locetkct by «t float 
t^aire-CBt copper nub. unaged « two Ton^ and 
meaiares i{ "T * inckes. TW nub «c braada ic 
one end tbu Oe other, aBd pan ooapletdj thiengh 
Ibe bns of IcMbcr. aAer whack thcnr >ppcw Is fae 
s^htfy livened. Maikx of addilHMl salt ue ibv 

Hr. ABdci9aB oooliQiBta a aole (B t«o vtsadt of 
bna, fjaad ia Kilbinue I>odi, and Hi. Codiaa- 
Fairi^ H.P.. the tmagetk: boo. tecRtair lac 

' •- - - • oinaRoek-jittar 



on tbc A<rnbiR eoMI, and c 



: of ibe 



Papff on (be Flhih Chaich ofK 

arwagof the "LcRd'ikA*'aadadieid«taib. 

The Hangoii of Bats'* aiB* ; ConodMBiiclati^ lo 
the Punh of TaibohoD ; SMboli^CanESiM^eace, 
)74S-sa; and Sdeetioai &aa faMtlr papen atLaaibe, 
cfaae a Totane Ml of Mdaeotopfid and hwlnriril 
■BtanEit. TkcKuejp mcBbeaof Ac aasdatia^ 



juoei IboratoB. iSSi.) 8i«, pp. x 
When «c iq ibat dux fittle book U bued n 
wDrkofProfesuc StabtB, «c kaow at onoe U 
iHidaits triw look it up for " -"— — "f" p 
wHlnotbckd into 107 raj wn»E oaiLiarknoir- 
led^ even if the* arc not led *«:y accpt]r into tbe 
rab)ect. Tbe auihor has giwpcd bil oal^ect well, 
bui vt cannot but think that the best possiUe eaaai- 
ostion help is one tixu woald stake cnuiaui go to ibe 
authorities (or iofomtMicn, not tc«« offal the meagie 
ODilinB lo be gained bom examinatioa books. Some 
day perhaps we may obtain suii booki lor o> 
and colle^e^ and in the tneoDtimewe can re 
the accntaqr and care of Mr. Skottowv'i wotk. 



A B C tf Gtlkk Ankittctmre. By Jomi HexiV 
Pa«K£«, CB. (London: Pailer i Co. iSSt.) 
I2IIIO, pp. vi-254. 

iit. PaAet ^Tcs us in a bandj fima, almost 
sniiilile foe the pocket, some of the most essential 
[■linli abont the luiloiy sad cbaractciHtia of Gothn: 
irthiteclore. lie iitu£trale« his oiamples bydntrings 
of lame of the best specimens of the art ; aod to ai to 
nuke the book a itcppt^jtone tu his larger wtKks, 
the /HtraJmami li tit SmJy •>/ Cxiie AnUlafirr 
and ihc CiMiar^fff AKiilMim, be fmnieatljr nies ibe 
ame wordi as he does in ihoK mcoc adTB^ced In^ha, 
only aL>ii«Iod by inlerlineMioot of explanatoiy ms> 
tences. We Ihos get a veiy good he^ foraaid in the 
dtKlvof atdiitectiuc. To tbojc who are gmng to take 
up the EOtijectJ as a itady for the fint time, and ca 



»u 



AkPiBif's. 



tKte Who -iiiAt to Kilow tamt of the chief points 
MtBbiitVbetroiiMeorboineinto the detail, Mr. Par- 
ker's book wiU he iouiitt to be a. necessity. So 
iHoronghif is he fn eamest abont hii subject — and in- 
deed it is a vcty grand one — that Mr. Parker tells his 
readers that to understand architecture well, they must 
tiuit to the eye more ihan to any number oF pages of 
letterpress ; and he carries oat this prindple by the 
many etceUent woodcuts which adom almost every 
page of his liitle manual. But he goes a step further 
than this. He says: "Go and see the buildings 
themselves," and we would re-echo his words, and add, 
take Mr. Parker's book on the journey. It would lie 
invidious to take eiceptian, perhaps, when we have so 
much that is good, but there arc passages in the text 
iriiich indicate thai a little revision is necessary—*,^., 
on page 30 we ore told that a description of early 
Norman architecture is necessary, and on page 31 we 
read "the early Norman style has already been 
described." So it has, but not between these passages. 
Why did hot Mr. Parker afford us an inden ? 

Tit Waniiering yew. By Moncure Daniel Con- 
way. (London: Chatto and Windus. 1S81.) Sm. 
Svo, pp. x-sga. 

TTie earliest known written reference to the Wan- 
dering Jew can be traced to the thirteenth century ; 
but the legend is of the greatest antiquity, and can be 
found in man^ literatures. Mr. Conway appears to 
hold to the opinion suggested by M. Lacruix. that 
ihc myth look its rise in an ailegoir in whiii the 
Hebrew race were personified under the figure o( the 
Everlasting Wanderer, and accordingly he deals 
largely with the movements at various periods of 
the Wandering Race. Mr. Conway treats of the 
myth and its constant recurrence in folk-lore, passing 
aa to consider its resuscitation by the poets of Ger- 
many, of prance, and of England. Cartaphilui, or 
Ahasuerus (both names being used), had a double 
curse passed upon him — one was that he should never 
die, the other that he should never rest long in the 
same place. The first part oF the curse seems to have 
attracted the imagination of the earlier writers most, 
and we find the man styled, as Professor Childs re- 
marks, yvdaus turn MortaH!, Ewigtr yudt ; but the 
second part of the curse is prominently brought 
before us m the names — Wanderini; yew, yuif Errant. 
Mr. Conway, in speaking of the typical Jew, devotes 
a chapter to the pound of Hesh, and its appearance 
in lileralnrc before the Merchattt of Vtnict. Here we 
cannot help thinking he is mist^en when he states 
that Shylock, as acted by Skakespeare's friend, Bur- 
l>age, was a comic figure. " His make-up consisted of 
exceedingly red hair and beard, a false nose preter- 
naturally long and hooked, and a tawny petticoat. 
Such a ngure must have been largely meant for the 
pit and gallery, of which Shakespeare was rarely 
olslivious, and Burbage never." Certainly Burbage 
was referred to as "The red-haired Jew ;" but we 
believe there is no authority for supposing that the 
greatest aotor of his time ever demeaned himself to 
represent a farcical character. It was Dogget, in Lord 
Lansdowne's " improved" version ol Shakespeare 
who performed the Jew as a ferociously comic charac- 
ter ; and to Macklin is due the honour of rctnming to 



Shakespeare and taking Shylock dul of low conie^r 
and acting it as a serions character. The very gradual 

^-lawlK ofa heller fecline am^n^ airist;an.s for the 
Dtico pcTiTCUluii Jew is a subjccl of considerable in- 
icre^t, akhougb perhap5 it is hardly one which we 
iiiii;ht exppcl lo find treated itl a voWtne on (he 
luyihical watideriog lew, Mr. Canmiy Ms [itodHced 
n very interesting book, full of curions leiHlitlfc which 

-..ill \ ,-. ^^J ...III. ^r..^.-...^ V... -'» n.*i;---*-r- .. 



'i Mr. totiwiiy'.s views are wctlkhoipi. that he 
myths itt macli which inost redderr; ivill believe to 



iX^\m Ot fintt^tttcian 
SdctettlM. 

Bradford HisroktcAL anIj Antiquakiak 

Sot: lETY.— Sept. 19L — About thiriy Bf the membeni 
of this Society visited the residcHce of Mr. Jolm 
Holmes, at Holinstead, Roimdhay, near Leeds, for 
the purpose of inspecting his extensive and valuable 
coUection of pre-historic and artistic treasures. The 
collection includes a valuable library (especially rich 
in antiquarian works), antique (itrniture, tapestry, 
implements of warfare, pre-historic relics, rare ex- 
amples of ancient pottery, particularly a unique col- 
lection of ware from Cyprus, and other objects, in 
amassing which Mr. Holmes has devoted the leisure 
of aixial forty years in travel and research, having 
throughout definite auns and objects, one of which 
was to secure examples illustrating the development 
of progress in man, commencing with the most 
lirimilive forms. Thus, Mr. Holmes's collection of 
IliEit JEi-lmmenls, and to examples of the Stone, Iron, 
ami Ilronse Periods fdilQwing, afford material for 
ilUistrsling the hisWrJffl lite pre-historic ages; and 
his collet-lion of relics iiimthillve of the refinement of 
ilic Kgyptipns thfc Greel^ aild olhet- ancient nations, 
is scarcely less rich. lTjet3el thdl so valuable a coUec- 
tion, and otic espetially ricli ittjocal antiquities, vrill 
shortlv lie dispi^tsed, owing (d lilc Otldier's proposed 
rt'skkiicc abroad, t^as thb SilUECl ta ftequcnt allu- 
sion, nnd llie sugEWtion frasheatliij endorsed that 
=ome effort slioiilJ he liiHiie to telditi iiltilcl the con- 
TiccleJ series of aniiquilies. 

DoR5ct NJLl-uai- HistdS* AN1-) Field C-lvv.. 

— Auliloin MeHiDff, BlatidfotJ, September 29. 

TrcsiJcnt : J. f, MaMiel-I'lej'dell.—THij programme 

commented with an inspection of d Jijie private 

museum MoiiEing lo ^^^. DurJcii, ol High SIreet, 

Ru—if^wl ....,.ii;^nn -r. nlrnfx;! unrivallcd collcction 

Lliqiiltle*, keltic im- 

/ 5i2e and forination, 

ivi^abolls of (ifTcnce niii defence. 

eM highly iriletesllHo oMecls tfete Mljr explained 

1 commented upoiibf rtofe^sol Btickman, who 

iresjjeci a hope thai Ole SddelJ ivould be enabled 

publish an Illustrated taluogiic of the contents of 



MEETINGS OF ANTfQUARTAN SOCtkifkS. 



*»S 



sj^fedihenl wis exhibited, comprising hirt!c and fish 
temains from the t^ortland ana Pnrbeck beds bean- 
ttificd specimens of pahn leaves from Parbeck and the 
Isle ot Wight; fine elephant remains from the gravel 
beds in the nniseij gardens at Blandford, and the 
igmanodtm fofials from Brook, tsle of Wight ; the 
cast of a gigantic ammonite, which was lowered into 
a boat from the quarries at Tilly Whim, in Pnrbeck. 
The mnsenm also contains a very interesting collection 
of shells from the London clay of Barton, and the 
freshwater seams of Hordwell and Alum Bay ; the 
fiir-fiuned marsupites from a chalk-pit at Thomcombe; 
with a series <^ chalk fossils from pits near Blandford, 
and cretaceous specimens of chalk and flint It was 
staged that the whole collection was shortly to be dis- 
poMd of, and hopes were expressed that it might be 
secured for the Dorchester Musuem. The company 
next proceeded to the residence of Mr. LuS^ where 
ah interesting series of objects <^ art were to be seen. 
A move was then made for Down Wood barrow, 
which,b7 the kind permission of Mr. JJ. Farquharson, 
bad been opened tor the occasion. The contents dis> 
cotered proved the extreme antiquity of the tumulus. 
About three feet below the sur&ce of the ground were 
discovered the bones <^ three human beings, the 
teeth being in perfect preservation. No metal 
weapons or ornaments, or pottery of any description, 
Were found in the barrow, though two fine specimens 
ot* dint implements were bron^t to light. On the 
side of the mound several human remains in a sitting 
posture were unearthed. The day's proceedings were 
Drought to a close by a visit to tne neighbouring 
earthworks of Buzbury Rings. This encampment 
occupies a commanding eminence. Originally of British 
cottstniction, it bears traces of later Roman adapta- 
tion and occupatioru It is nearly circular, 130 feet 
fixMn north to south, 137 from east to west, surrounded 
by a vallum ; outside this again at some distance runs 
an elliptical vallmn. Iimer entrance is on south- 
east, outer on the west side. The central area is 
strongly marked by disturbances of soil, indicating 
bmnan habitations. The chief use of these Rings was 
pirobabhr as a fortified pastoral camp, where cattle 
were satdy penned for use in the larger camps which 
abound in tne neighbourhood 

Newcastle Society of Antiquariks— Sept 
27. Mr. R. Carr-EUison in the chair. Mr. Thomas 
Hodgidn called attention to the danger there was of the 
Blade Gate being pulled down, and moved a resolution 
tbereoiL — ^The Chairman read a Paper " On the mean- 
ing of the term ALA petriana. " Former discoveries 
have been made at Old Carlisle, Old Penrith, at 
Carlisle, and near to Lanercost The authentic record 
concerning the Petrian Wing, or Regiment of Horse, 
is snpplied by the well-known entry in the Notitia^ 
where, after the mention of other tribunes and pre- 
fects, and the desigiiations and nationalities of the 
cohorts, or o/br, which the^ severally commanded at 
the period of its compilation, have been given, and 
the name of the station occupied by each respectively 
we find the words PRiEFEcrvs klx. PETRiANi* 
VETEIAXIS. Now, from this we may learn that the 
Petrianan cavalry was quartered at the Petrianan 
canjps or cantonments ; not, as has been supposed, 
atFelriima, for then the genitive Petrianae would 
hare been used. The caralry was quartered in petri- 



ants, a^ris^ fctcis, cditris. But if so, there must also 
have been a population of Petriani, a set of people so 
denominated from their occupation or some like 
reason. But who then were the Petriani? They 
were the workmen of the petfl«, the crags or 
ouarries, so extensively wrought by the Romans. 
And these workmen were assuredly such as would 
require a strong force of armed and mounted police, 
placed in detachments at the different quarries where 
work was going on, to hold them m subjectioiL 
They would consist of military criminals of all the 
nationalities assembled under the Roman standards in 
Britain — Caledonian prisoners of war, and any num- 
ber of British labourers retained under compulsion. 
These petriani would have to be hutted and sup- 
plied with food and clothing in special cantonments, or 
castris ^rianis, the PETRlANls of the Notiiia^ unless 
we accept the expression as equivalent to fodinis 
pHiianis^ the quarries themselves. Tacitus calls the 
same force ala petrina, whidi would bear the same 
signification ; but whether we dignify the phrase 
with capital initials or not, it is clear, to my appre- 
hension at least, that petrina or petrian a is not 
derived fix>m any pro per name, but is a simple Gneco- 
Latin adjective. We may expect to find records of 
deuchments of the force in yet other localities near to 
ancient quarries. The name of the deceased standard- 
bearer interred at Hexham is Greek, and signifies 
swift-charger, elauxus. If we thus construe the 
PETRIAN IS of the NotUia Imperii strictly, it is vain 
to imagine that any one station was denominated 
substantively Petriana, and that it was next in posi- 
tion to Amboglaima. — Mr. C. C. Hodges reported 
the discovery of an important Roman stone In the 
porch of Hexham Church last week, and showed a 
drawing of the stone. — The Rev. Dr. Bruce read a 
Paper on the subject. The idea has prevailed, he said, 
that the Roman stones which have been found at Hex- 
ham have been brought from Corbridge or some other 
part of the Wall. This certainly is an error. In 
making an excavation last week in what is now the 
porch of the Priory Church, with the view of ascer- 
taining whether the Saxon crypt had extended so far, 
a large slab was encountered only 1 feet under the 
floor. The slab is about 9 feet long and 3) feet 
wide. It averages one foot in thickness. On lifting 
the stone, an operation which was not effected with- 
out difficulty, it was found to be elaborately carved on 
the upper side. The carving represents a cavalry 
officer riding rough-shod over a fallen foe. The 
officer has his side face towards the spectator. On 
his head is a helmet, which is adorned with two 
flowing plumes ; there has, doubtless, been a third, 
which is hid from view by the larger of the two that 
are represented. In his right hand he carries a 
standard, at the head of which is a radiated figure, 
exhibiting, on close inspection, something like the 
appearance of a human head. The horseman has on 
a coat of mail, and by his right side hangs his sword. 
The horse, as usual, is small in comparison with the 
size of the man ; the bridle and trappings are shown, 
but no stirrups are seen. The prostrate foe is croudi- 
ing on the ground ; his face fronts the spectator, and 
is well seen ; he wears a beard, which the rider does 
not ; his sword is in his right hand, and is uplifted, 
but that part of the carving which should r ep re ie nt 



2l6 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



the end of it is broken off. On each side of the slab 
has been an ornamental column, terminating in an 
elaborate capital, considerable portions of which 
remain. The upper part has been carefully decorated, 
but the efforts of the Roman artist have been to a 
great extent obliterated by the pick-axes of more 
recent workmen. The stone bears an inscription 
which shows us that it has been a tombstone erected 
to the memory of a deceased soldier. The lower part 
of the stone is untouched with the chisel, inducing the 
belief that this part has been let into the ground ; the 
back and sides of it, too, are rough, rendering it pro- 
bable that it has been inserted in a wall. It may have 
formed the front of a cippus in which were deposited 
the ashes of the young man. The following is the 
inscription : — 

DIS MANIBVS ELAVNVS 

EQ ALAE PETR SIGNIFER 

TVR CANDIDI AN XXV 

STIP VII H S 

which may be thus expanded : — Di» Manibus Elau^ 
nus eques aUt Fetrtana^ signifer turma Candidi 
annorum viginti quinque sHpendiorum septem hie 
situs [est"]. And may be thus translated : — " To the 
gods the shades, Elaunus, a horse-soldier of the 
cavalry raiment of Petriana, standard-bearer of the 
troop of Candidus, of years twenty-five, of cam- 
paigns seven, is here laid." 

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian 
Society. — Annual Excursion, September 30. — The 
first place visited was Pengersic Castle, and Mr. 
Thomas Cornish briefly described its architectural 
features. He said there were two separate traditions 
attachin|; to the building, the first of which referred 
to the reign of Henry VIII. It was said to have been 
built by one Job Milliton, who was alleged to have 
committed a murder, and who fled from justice, and 
built the castle, intending to be buried in it. The 
other, and more probable date of its origin, was in the 
reign of Elizabeth, when it was said to have been 
buut by Sir William Milliton, a governor of the 
Channel Islands. A feature which favoured the be- 
lief that the tower was Elizabethan was that until a 
very recent period indeed — within the last thirty 
years — there ran out from one side of the tower a 
large Elizabethan mansion of ''L" form, which ex- 
tended for a considerable distance, and then went, in 
another direction to where the present farmhouse 
stood. Judging from its position, and the shape of 
its windows, it ilever could have been intended to be 
defended from artillery, and therefore it must have 
been a tower of defence, for a short time, against a 
sudden trouble, which trouble would not imply the use 
of guns. — The Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma then read a 
Paper on the legendary history of the castle. He 
said it was connected with a legendary tale, which . 
was probably familiar to many, and it had a far 
greater interest than that of a mere fairy tale by 
whidi to divert an hour's leisure. The Lord of 
Pengersic might be called, in some sense, the Cornish 
<* Faust ;" and in many points, the characteristics of 
that wondrous tale, which had excited some of the 
noblest efforts of human genius in poetry, in fic- 
tion, and in music, might be traced in the Comi^ 
legend. The tale bek>nged, in fact, to the Faust 
iitmUy o( Renaissance myths. It was curious that 



Englishmen should have devoted so much to the 
German variants of this myth, and so little to those 
of England. A remarkable variant existed in Eastern 
Europe in the legend of the magician Twiuxlowdd, 
and tnepoints of all these stories were very remark- 
able. They gathered around real personages, though, 
possibly, sections of the legend were of considerable 
antiquity. The lord of Pengersic seemed to have 
been a real personage. In Devonshire, these myths 
gathered round an historic personage of the first 
magnitude — the great naval hero and circumnavi^tor, 
Drake. But as they were not altogether fUttenng to 
him, he would suggest whether they might not 
really have been in part Spanish in origin, and im- 
ported into Devon oy sailors. In Germany, they 
gathered around Dr. Faustus — perhaps anoUier his- 
toric personage of the highest celebrity, the illus- 
trious discoverer of printing— though it was more 
generally held that they referred to the eminent Dr. 
John Faust, a contemporary of Luther, who studied at 
Wittenberg, and Mras one of the greatest naturalists 
of his age. In France and Belgium, he believed, 
some of them attached themselves to that bold 
and ingenious, though visionary thinker, Cornelius 
Agrippa. Further to the East they attached them- 
selves to Twardowski, who was a real man — a pro- 
fessor and philosopher of the same epoch. The 
characteristics of the stories were similar. In aJl 
there was a lady in the case. In Cornwall, the fairy 
wife of. the lord of Pengersic ; in Faust they had 
Marguerite ; in Twardowski they had his terrible 
wife, of whom the Evil One himself was afraid. They 
all arose about the same period, and they were aU 
peasant stories of gentlemen who became illustrious 
m their day for their ability. The story of Pengersic 
related, in the first part of'^it, to a tale of crime such 
as might sound improbable, if not impossible, to 
modem ears, but he feared might be paraQekd in the 
mediaeval history of some parts of Europe. It had 
veiy little that was particularly interesting about it, 
except the reference to three classes of Cornish super- 
stitions — namely, the power of witchcraft, a belief 
which was not yet quite dead in the county ; a story of 
a magic sword, a common Celtic belief which was so 
beautifully referred to by Mr. Tennyson in his story 
oi Arthur and Excalibur ; and, in the next place, the 
spirit of the slain woman embodied in a white doe, 
or (a white hare. — Mr. T. Cornish, referring to the 
latter part of Mr. Lach-Szyrma's Paper, mentioned 
that witchcraft was still extensively believed in in 
Cornwall ; and Mr. Bolitho added that, within seven 
miles of where they were now standing, the seventh 
son of a seventh son practised largely in witchcraft, 
and people came to him from long dlistances to get 
curea of^diseases. There was also a well-known witch 
at Camborne. — Mr. Borlase, M.P., said it seemed 
to him that towers of this sort were a very common 
adjunct to mansion-houses in the West of England, 
There were two which occurred to him at once — one 
at Cotehele, and the other, a smaller one, at 
Tresungers ; but he could not imagine that they were 
intendra for any great defence ; he should Jhink they 
were rather an aroiitectural adjunct to the houses. — 
The party then drove direct to Breage, the rain 
utting an end to an intended visit to Tregoning 
'ill, where Mr. Borlase^ M.P,, would have de- 



B 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



217 



the pre-historic remains on the summit, from which 
an extensive view of the suiromiding country can 
be obtained. — At Breage, the chief objects of in- 
terest in the parish chunrh were pointed out by the 
▼icar, the Re\'. E. M. Pridmore. They included the 
grave of Margaret Godolphin, and the parish regis- 
ters, which date back to tne year 1559. — A start was 
their made for Godolphin House. Mr. Rosewame 
coodncted the comj>any throi^ the fine old building, 
and pointed out its many objects of interest. — Mr. 
Borlase^ Bf.P., added to the imormation of those pre- 
sent by giving an account of the early history of the 
Godol^im fimiily. — The next object of interest was 
St Hillary Church, visited on the homeward journey. 
The inscnbed stones in the churchyard attracted con- 
sidetable attention. 

Royal Institution of Cornwalu— Annual 
Ezcursicm, September 22^ — In beautiful weather the 
members of the Royal Institution of Cornwall made 
an excursion over the country from Liskeard to Looe. 
The viUa^ of Duloe was mst reached. Duloe has 
sevenl pomts of archaeological interest A few yards 
before the church a halt was made at the farmyard of 
Mr. Hatham, where there is a Druidical circle, toler- 
ably complete. Thb circle is formed of upr^t 
rough blocks of quartz. From the circle the party 
went to the church, which is a Perpendicular building, 
restored several years ago under the direction of 
Mr. St Aub3m. In the interior the church has a 
singalar appearance owing to there being a north aisle 
and transept, but no soum able. An old screen, of 
mde worionanship, remains between the south aisle 
and the south chancel aisle, but there is no chancel 
screen. The most remaricable object in the church is 
aa effigy and tomb of a former Lord of Tremedoc, 
one Sir John Cokhill, who died in 1415. He was a 
acddier, and is clad in his armour. Mr. Bush called 
attention to the mouldings of the arches and capitals 
of the arcade, which contained the Tudor roae and 
sevenl shields bearing arms. From Duloe the next 
stage was made across three or four miles of the 
most charmii^ country, until Trelawne, the residence 
of the most famous of all the ComLsh families, was 
reached. Trelawne, whither the family migrated 
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, i-; in the parish of 
Pdjnt. The house is a grand one, containing many 
trettmes, and was most kindly thrown open to the 
emnsioBists by Sir John Trelawny. In the great 
faaU Mr. laffo read a Faper upon " The Trelawnys of 
Tkelawne ', and afterguards the company movcn on 
towards TaUand Church, a buildmg of very quaint 
auppeaxance, owmg to the tower being detached from 
tbe main building. The old stocks remain in the 
poscfa which connects the tower with the main build- 
mg The roof of the south aisle is particularly fine, 
the whole of the woodwork being beautifully carved. 
The old carved bench-ends, too, remain in a good 
state of preservation, the churdi from its isohted 
sitaation probably never having been disfigured by 
boot pews. The old bench-ends of the north transept, 
or aisle^ contain the arms of the BeviOs and the 
Gforfilles, with the name in a scroll over each. 
Thcsre is a curious slate slab in the chancel floor in 
nemofy of a lady who died in childbed. It re- 
presents her in an old four-post bedstead; date 
1635. 

VOL. IV. 



Somersetshire ARCHiCOLOGiCAL and Natural 
History Society.— August 23-25.— Thirty-third 
Annual Meeting. — Mr. Elton, the newly-elected 
President, delivered an address. There is not 
much in Clevedon itself of archaeological interest, 
with the exception of the old church, the Court, 
Cadbury Camp, and the Roman road leading from 
thence to the Pill. Those who live at Clevedon 
are familiar with the two islands which strike the 
eye on looking down the Channel — the Holmes. 
C5f these, the Steep Holmes is the most important 
It is the point of division between the counties 
of Gloucester and Somerset. Woodspring Priory 
flourished till the year 1534. There is a curious 
circumstance in connection with this priory, which 
occurred at Kew Stoke. A stone of unusual 
appearance was noticed in Kew Stoke Church. 
On its removal a recess was discovered, containing 
a vessel partly filled with a substance apparently 
blood. This b supposed to have been a relic of 
St Thomas of Canterbury, removed from Wood- 
spring, and secreted in the hiding-place in which 
it was found at the dissolution of the priory. Still 
further to the left, across the moor, lies the village of 
Congresbury. This place takes its name from a cer- 
tain Saint Congar. Cleeve Toote, a curious crag, 
stands in this parish. The name, as some say, is of 
Celtic origin, and was given it in consequence of its 
dedication in heathen days to the god Trosh, a Celtic 
equivalent to the classic Mercury ; but, on the other 
hand, it has been pointed out that there is an Anglo- 
Saxon word, Totian, meaning to lift up ; and remem- 
bering the Toot hills form«l in dinerent parts of 
the country, many are inclined to hold that Cleeve 
Toote is merely a steep hill ; but we must. not, therefore, 
reject the tradition that the Toot was one of the hi^ 
places on which human sacrifices were offered. In 
the year 1828 a very curious discovery was made in 
the parish. About a mile from the church, in an 
enclosure called Wemberham, a stone coffin, very 
thick, and cut out of a single block, was unearthed at 
about a foot from the surface. It contained the 
skeleton of a man and portions of a lead shell. The 
coffin lay north and south, thus denoting its antiquity 
and the pre-Christian date of the bunal. But the 
most m3rsterious circumstance connected with this 
grave is that it was made on such a lonely spot, then 
far removed from the habitations of man, and where 
the sea covered the land in every direction at high 
tide. The remains were in all probability covered once 
by a tumulus, which is supposed to have been removed 
when the lead was taken from the inner shelL— The 
Secretary then read the Aimual Report, which 
was adopted. — In the afternoon, excursions were 
made to various places of interest in the district 
Oevedon Court, the beautiful residence of Sir 
Arthur Elton, was the first place visited by the 
ardueologisti. Sir Arthur Elton then read a Paper 
descriptive o€ his residence. — The party proceedea to 
Yatton, where they examined the church and rectory 
house. The cfaureh is a large cruciform structure, 
with central tower and unfiniuied spire. There was 
existing here, some years ago, a portion of a Norman 
font, now buried underground ; but there are no other 
traces left of the early ecclesiastical structure here, 
though the existence of two springs called re^pec- 



2ld 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQtTARIAN SOCtkTt&S. 



tively ^ibhop's Well and Holy Well, point to the 
early evangelization of the locality of the present 
buildings. l^our different periods may be distin- 
guished—the earliest, the arch between the south 
aisle and the north transept^ Early English : the tower 
arches and north transept windows, of Decorative 
period; the chancel, Early Perpendicular ; and the 
nave and porch, which are very fine specimens of the 
Later Perpendicular of the Somerset t)T>e. llie south 
transept contains a window of flowing — a •'curvi- 
linear^ — tracery of a type which, curious to say, is 
very common in the South and West of Ireland. The 
two transepts, and the chapel at the north side of the 
chancel, were respectively dedicated to St Katherine 
and St. J^ohn the Evangelist. 'tSxt two latter chapels 
were built by the Newton family, who held the manor 
of Court de Wyck. There are in the church stdne 
staircases. The hagioscope should be observed — 
there was such a magnificent rood screen, which 
stretched across the east end of the nave and across 
one of the aisles. The rood screen was adorned vrith 
seventy carved figures, which were erected in the 
year 1455. In 1448, the wood cross was set upi 
with a canopy. In the north transept are two 
recessed tombs. — On returning to Clevedoti, the party 
visited Clevedon old church, which was described by 
Mr. E. B. Ferrey as having a peculiar— almost unique, 
he believed — cruciform window and nave. The 
transepts were between Elarty English and the t>e- 
corative period. The arcade and south side of the 
nave were peculiar. There were no columns, but 
discontinuous arches — the gateway in which they stop 
on the pier being very picturesque. He pointed out 
the cunous corbelling. He considered the arcade a 
very remarkable one altogether, and it was of the 
Early Decorative period. At Lostwithiel, Cornwall, 
was something of the same kind, and Tickenham 
Court was a much plainer example of the same kind. 
—Mr. C. E. Davis, F.S.A., gave an interesting 
address on the remains of the Roman baths at Bath, 
and the recent discoveries which had been made in 
that city. Recent discoveries showed that the hot- 
water springs of Bath were utilised by the Romans for 
bathing to a considerable extent. In 187 1, he found 
a Roman drain of great depth, which had been made 
to carry out hot water from the Roman baths. By 
clearing out this drain they were enabled to carry 
' their excavations to a greater depth, and the result 
was that they discovered recently a laige bath) 80 feet 
long and 40 feet wide, within a large hall exceeding 
110 feet in length. The excavations had revealed the 
fact that the baths must have occupied about one- 
fourth of the ancient city of Bath ; so that really Bath 
must have been built for the purpose of bathing alone. 
In carrying out the excavations they had dis^vered 
some very beautiful things. In describing these 
remains, the speaker referred at some length to some 
tablets which had been found, on which Roman letters 
were inscribed. — Mr. John Morland, of Northover, 
Glastonbury, read a Paper •* On the Roman road 
from Glastonbury to Street. " A few years ago, when 
the meadows to the east of the causeway were being 
drained, an old road buried under the soil was cut 
across in many places. The stone used in the road 
was chiefly blue lias, and timber was used for the 
purpose of piles at the sides ef the road» He had 



carefully £one througb and examined the various 
features of the road, which was from 18 inches to 
2 feet below the surface of the turf^ and he firmly 
belieted that it was a Roman road. The oak piles 
used in the road were of great strength, and the man- 
ner in which they were put together evidently showed 
that skilled labour had been employed for the special 
purpose of making a road: and this was evidence in 
favour of the theory that the road had been made by 
the Romans. He further considered that the nature 
of the embankments of the road also supported the 
same theory. The direction of the road was nearly 
due north and south, and if it were continued south- 
ward it would strike, firstly. Street Cross, then the 
fields known as Portway, and then the gap over the 
Polden Hills at Marshall's Ehn. He mifffat add that 
a Roman villa was discovered at this poim some years 
ago. If the road were contuiued northward it would 
reach the foot of Wearyall Hill, but it was not clear 
whether it afterwards followicd th^ line of tne old 
coach-road to Glastonbury. — Mr. George read a bio- 
graphical notice of Justice Choke, of Long Ashtoa. — 
On Wednesday, the first place visited was Ticken- 
ham Court, which was erected by one of the Berkeley 
familv, and was inhabited in the seventeenth century 
by Rice Davies, who married a Rodney. The manoxi- 
house, a fifteenth-century structure, or probably abcnit 
the time of Henrv IV., although without the appear- 
ance of having been fortified seems to have oeen 
enclosed by an outer wall. — Several different stvles of 
architecture were represented in the church, banning 
Mrith the Norman. This must have been originally a 
Norman church, and the Norman chancel arch, of a 
very rude description, was still in existence. The 
church must have been, to a great extent, rebuilt in 
the fifteenth century, and the nave and aisles were ot 
that period. The windows were of the Perpendicular 
character, and the tower was a very fine specimen of the 
Perpendicular Somersetshire towers. — ^The party then 
went to Wraxall Towerhouse, a building of the 
Mediaeval period, the date of which is supposed to be 
about 1480. Mr. Green read a Paper descriptive 
of the building. — Wraxall Church was next visited. 
Mr. Ferrey, in his description of it, said the tower 
was one of the finest in that part of Somerset. It 
was originally Norman, but there was not much of 
that date left. The south doorway of the porch was 
the only Norman work remaining. Then there are 
traces of the Earlv English church which was after- 
wards built, and the beautiful porch with parvise over 
it is of that period. In the porch, a staircase was 
pointed out ; it leads to a gallery, and the question 
was for what purpose it was used. — ^The parish church 
of Long Ashton was then visited. Mr. £. B. Ferrey 
said the church had nothing of Norman remains, die 
earliest bbing the effigies of the fourteentii century. 
The tower seemed to be rather earlier than the rest of 
the building, and was Early Perpendicular. The 
nave arcade was certainly very late Perpendicular, 
and one might almost call it debased. One of the 
most striking and remarkable features on entering was 
the verv splendid rood screen, which was always 
coloured, and was restored about eight years ago, tne 
original colour being faithfully reproduced from the 
existing original. — Flax Bourton Church was nest 
visited. Mri Ferrey explained that at one time ibcrt 



MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



119 



was a Norman church at this place, and there was no 
doubt that the south doorway was removed from the 
old Norman church, and refixed in the LAte Per- 
pendicular nave.— ^The party next proceeded to Back- 
welL Mr. Ferrey said the church, nearly up to the 
west end, was the remains of an Early English building. 
The next point of interest was the weli-preserv^ 
nxxl screen, and a peculiar arrangement just over the 
rood loft, by which the last bay of the nave, next the 
ch a ncel -arch, was made more decorated than the 
otho^ under the rood loft. There was one feature of 
the old Norman church which was not now in silu ; 
he referred to the Norman font, which had l)een 
placed under the porch. — On Thursday, Cadbury 
Camp was the first described by the Rev. Prebendary 
Scaith. There were three Cadburys in Somerset: 
fint, the large camp near Wincanton, which had 
three consecutive ramparts, and the area of which was 
more than twenty teres ; second, Cadbury Camp, 
over Tickenham, on the limestone ridge running cast 
towards the Avon and Clifton, which had a double 
Valium; third, Cadbury beyond Yatton, east of the 
village^ which had a single vallum. In idl these 
three the irregularity of the works and tortuous form 
of the ramparts bespoke them of ancient British or 
Bdgic coostructioa rather than Roman. Roman 
ooins and other remains had been found either within 
or near the camps. It was now with the camp of 
Cadbury over Tickenham that they had to deal 
Cadbnrf was in the country of the ancient Belga;. 
On the down above Clevedon, as well as on the Yatton 
down, in tlie direction of Portishead were the remains 
of Imt-dides, and marks of ancient occupation. The 
extent of ground within the camp was seven acres, 
one rood, and twenty-five poles, and the area of the 
camp was 594 feet by 561 feet. The inner rampart 
varied fiom 16 to 6 feet in height, and the outer one 
fron 10 feet to 6 feet There were three main 
cnlnmoei; and tlunigh six might be counted, but three 
of them were apparently of modem date. The two 
to the nofth ana west luid each a return of the inner 
rampart, to give additional strength ; and on the eaj>t 
the entrance was slanting, so as to render the defence 
more easy. The ramparts were compoa^ed of earth 
and stones, irorked out of the trenches, and put to- 
getlier without order or arrai^enient They were 
very irregular in construction, not being in lines, 
as in Roman woric, but in an irrqg;ular circular form. 
Roman coins had been found within the camp, and a 
Roman villa on the level ground below on the way to 
Clevedon. Lately, some were found in Griffin field, 
in the Victoria Road. Roman coins had also been 
Ibttid on Leigh Down and Portbury, especially in the 
groond below the earthwork on the hill towards the 
mouth of die Avon.^ — ^The last place visited was 
QapCon-in-Goidano Coot, the ancient family seat of 
the Claptons, who resided herefrom 1440 to the time of 
Charles XL, 1515. Mr. £. Greene said the part of 
the house Aat wai now iahahited was altogether new, 
bat a small portion of it was evidently of the time of 
Edward II. It was baih about the bame time a<i 
Clevedon Coot, in the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
tmry, and there had been additions since. The tower 
wms of the time of Jarne* — pos<ib*y late in Klirabeth's 
An interesting feature wa^ the >crtfr., whicii 
nofv to be icca oatnde the cntriTiffcr ta/oft. It 



formerly divided the hall from the pantry, and it Wis 
the earliest wooden screen known in Enghmd. 



tCbe Hntiauari?'0 flote^Soofi. 



Popular Names op Tumuli, Baarows, and 
Stones fiii. aSo ; iv. 77) :— 

Fairy Xnowe^ihe name applied to two tumuli 
in the side of the hill near the turn in the road from 
Reaywick to Safester. They are natural formations. — 
" Report on the Explorations of Unst, Brassay, and 
Zetland," Memoirs of Anthropological Sacitty (ii. 

305). 
J'airy Knowe — tumulus at Westerskcld— /W. 

Pi^hts or Picti' Houses—tX East Skeld.— /W. 

(p. 3")- 

Giants Crav^— situated on Mr. Johnson's pro 

perty on the top of the hill at Hestenietter.— /W. 

(p. 310). 

Gianfs Grave"-^ cairn at Midbrake, Zetland.— 
Ibui. (p. 345). 

CablHtc (Cheese) Stone (Clavch na Cabbac)— a 
stone about six feet high and three broad, at the Hpot 
where the parish of Ardesier is divided from that of 
Nairn, Inverness.— Sinclair's Statistical Account of 
Scotland{yi, 91). 

Wooden* s, or Edin*s, or EdvdfCs Hall^ttxsaxM of 
a supposed Pictish tumulus, built of stones uncemcntod 
but grooved into one another ; situate on Cockbum 
Law, Dunse, Benrickshire.— -/^i</. (p. 389). 

Tur-na'n^alman (the Cave of Pigeons)— a cave 
in the side of a hill in the farm of Invemavdio, 
parish of Strachar, Argyle.— /W/. (p. 56^). 

\ Discoveries of Roman Coins in Gaul ani> 
Britain. — The imporUnce of cbroniclinff discoveries 
of hoards of Roman coini in so great, that we here 
print some valuable observattonn by Mr. Roach 
Smith on the subject. Tlicy are taken from the 
xWumismatic Chronicle.yoV \. 3fd hcries, pp. I4-31 :-- 
" I believe that nearly all large hoards point to im- 
portant historical epochx, when, from the movement » 
of military forces, the carrying of heavy aecuiriuk- 
tions of coin necessitated the pOMessors to xtutri to 
concealment in the earth, lliis mode of det>osit wat» 
easy, simple, and perfectly Male ; but in hundreds sud 
thousands of cases the fate of war or the casualties of 
military life prevented the owners from ever returtiiii(; 
to disinter their deposits, which remained to exercise* 
the wr^nder ami cupkiity, and also, in our days, th«: 
scientific investigations, iA the far future. But for 
the purposes of science the uumismatie hiitorfati has 
luul to struggle wn/\ figtit. It has been eompant' 
tively seldom that he lias l>een able to esamine, with 
cofiMence in iu integrity, a hoard '/ coins fresh U*An 
beneath the ground, Abstracti'^j:* by th-r \\\Aki 
naturally fithlow ; and then come, as naturally, igrK^ 
ranee in the laiuircn, and, tJie result of lljat lyuo- 
ranee, ultimate dUpersioD without critidsiAg aiiaiysit. 
I ■.■Jjiniz OM the wh'Ae of the depoiHs of t/jim, 
vkhicL inuude a vary large proportM of those of tK« 



320 



THE ANTIQUARY S NOTE-BOOK. 



9 



Tetrici^ and a very small number of Aurelian, indi- 
cate conclusively Uie closing days of the rule of the 
former, and the reunion of the provinces of Gaul and 
Britain to the Empire. To meet the advance of the 
Roman Emperor, Tetricus had assembled a powerful 
army, drawn chieflv from both provinces. Notwith- 
standing the treadierv of Tetncus, the provincials 
fought bravely, and the slaughter was consequently 
large. Many of the survivors were, no douot, in- 
corporated into the imperial armv, or sent to recruit 
distant legions as auxiliaries ; and here, I think, we 
have a satisfactorv explanation of the cause of de- 
posit of the peculiar hoards to which I draw your 
attention and of which I give examples." 

Discoveries of Hoards of Coins deposited 

TOWARDS THE CLOSE OF THE REIGN OF TETRI- 

cus, IN Britain and Gaul. 

Nunburhholme, in Yorkshire, 1855. 

Valerianus 4 

Gallienus 310 

Salonina 24 

Postumus 13 

Victorinus 456 

Marius 4 

Tetricus, sen i>097 

Tetricus, jun 434 

Claudius Gothicus 321 

Quintillus 13 

Aurelianus 4 

Undecipherable ; but probably 

oftheTetrici 415 



3,095 

Midway between Benwell and Rochester, on the line 
of the Roman Wall, 1879. 

Otacilia i 

Hostilianus i 

Trebonianus i 

Volusianus 2 

.£milianus i 

Valerianus 49 

Mariniana 2 

Gallienus 915 

Solonina 136 

Saloninus 21 

Postumus 454 

Laelianus 6 

Victorinus 1,678 

Marius 24 

Macrianus i 

Quietus . . . ^ I 

Claudius II 696 

Quintillus 95 

Tetricus, sen 424 

Tetricus, jun 92 

Aurelianus 8 

Unexamined 416 

5»024 

Found near Eastbourne, in Sussex, in July, 1879. 

Valerianus i 

Gallienus 45 

Saloniiia ........ 



Saloninus i 

Postumus f6 

LAclianus ^ 

Marius I 

Victorinus n 

Claudius II 42 

Quintillus 7 

Tetricus, sen 9 

Tetricus, jun 5 

Aurelianus 3 

148 
The Discovery at Jublains, in August, 1880. 

Large brass of Hadrian, Sabina, 
Faustina, sen., Faustina, jun., 
and LucUla 5 

Middle brass of Tiberius, Claudius, 
Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 
Marcus Aurelius, Faustina, jun., 
and Commodus 7 

Valerianus 

Gallienus 

Salonina 

Saloninus 

Postumus 

Victorinus 
Marius 
Claudius II. 
\ Quintillus 
Tetricus, sen. 
Tetricus, Jun. 
Aurelianus 



fetits brontfs sauch 



cHtvre 



4.493 

In 1867, a deposit was found near N6tley Abbey, in 
Hampshire. A detailed account, drawn up by Dr. 
De Chauroont, was published by the British Archseo- 
logical Association in their yournalol the same year. 
The following is a summary of the coins : — 

Valerismus 3 

Gallienus 162 

Salonina 13 

Postumus 26 

Victorinus 410 

Marius I 

Claudius Gothicus 186 

Quintillus 15 

Tetricus, sen 749 

Tetricus, jun 255 

Aurelianus i 



1,821 



(^,^>.> 



Hntiauarian flew0. 



Recently the church at Tickhill has undergone con- 
siderable restoration. The chancel, nave, and south 
aisle have been freshl^^roofed, and the parapets to 
the nave and chancel, which were in a very dangeroas 
condition, have been taken down and re-set. 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



aai 



An ancient barrow on the race down lias been 
opened at Blandford, 'W'ith the result of discovering 
several skeletons. From the meagre evidence which 
exists respecting the barrow, it would appear to have 
been the burial place of the inhabitants of that part of 
Britain in the Stone Age. 

The Clifton Shakespeare Society b^;an on Oct. i 
the work of its seventh session. Mr. Edward Thel- 
wall, M.A., was elected president for the session, 
during which the Society will consider the following 
works in the order named : — Titus Andronicus^ 
Merry Wives of Windsor^ Much Ado about Nothings 
As You Like It, Poems and Sonnets^ Tufelfth Nighty 
Julius Casar, Alts WeU thai Ends Well. 

As Mr. Wileman, the parish churchwarden of Tam- 
worth Church, was superintending the opening of an 
old dosed-up passage, formerly leading from the crypt 
to the aisle above, he observed a curiously markMl 
stone which formed a part of the stone vaulting of the 
crypt. On closer examination it proved to be an 
ancient gravestone, with interlaced knotwork of 
Saxon date, of a pattern similar to that found on 
the Saxon or Rnmc crosses in various parts of the 
country. 

We learn that St Alkmond*s Church, Shrewsbury, 
is about to be restored. With the exception of Salis- 
bury and Coventry, perhaps two of the most beautiful 
spires in England are in Shrewsbury — St. Mary's and 
St. Alkmond's. Somewhere about thirty years 'ago 
an intelligent churchwarden, finding that the fine 
pinnacles supporting the base of the spire required 
considerable repair, settled the matter by pulling 
them down altogether, so spoiling the general appear- 
ance, and giving the naked effect presented to-day. 

The stone in Towyn Church, known as "Carreg 
Cadfan," is reported to have been seen lying at the 
west end of the north aisle of the churdi among a 
heap of rubbish and broken stones. Besides this 
stone, there are in the church an ancient font and a 
Gurioos old alms-box, both of which are in imminent 
danger of being destroyed. Surely some one with a 
knowledge of the value of these things to archaeology 
ooglit to take the matter up — if the authorities of the 
church will not do so — and see that these interesting 
objects are preserved. 

The identification of the long-sought locality of 
Caer Pensanelivit, the metropolis of a pre-Roman 
nationality in the south-west ot Britain, is re-asserted 
in a disquisition, with a map, just published. It has 
been occasioned by two reports of a committee of the 
Somersetshire Society, and their assessors. Prof. Boyd 
Dawkins, General Pitt Rivers, and the late Prof. Rol- 
leston, and will be sent as a gift to any member of the 
Somerset, Wilts, Dorset, or other Archxological 
Society who may send his address to Mr. Kersbkc, 
14, West Park, BristoL 

Amongst the announcements of new books for the 
next season are : — A Royal Cookery Book, a transcript 
of m cnrions manuscript in the Holkham collection, 
containing a series of menus for varioa^ seasons, and 
recipes and directions for the culinary art as practised 
in tne fifteenth oentnry. The reprint will be accom- 
panied by a copioas introduction and historical notes. — 
A biographical catalogue of the portraits in Lord 



Bath's collection at Longleat, by Miss Boyle. — The 
parish registers and churchwardens* accounts of St. 
Michael's Parish Church, Bishop Stortford, edited by 
Mr. J. L. Glasscock. All these will be published by 
Mr. Elliot Stock. 

According to the Leeds Mercury the building which 
was the residence and counting-house of the great 
family of the De la Poles, the original founders of the 
House of Suffolk, situated on the east side of Hi^ 
Street, Hull, opposite Blackfriargate, so long familiar 
by the ancient, grim-looking figures affixed to its 
exterior, has fallen to the pickaxe and crowbar. 
Under the corroding hand of time this relic became 
past repairing, and me old house, built of plaster and 
timber, is a thing of the past Very few of the houses 
of the old merchants who once lived in the High 
Street now remain ; in fact from one end of High 
Street to the other, large new warehouses have been 
erected on their sites. 

The movement in favour of the National Society 
for Preserving the Memorials of the Dead in the 
Country Parish Churchyards of England and Wales 
is progressing. Among those who have expressed 
approval of such a Society, are : — The Earl Beau- 
champ, the Earl of Carnarvon, the Lord Talbot de 
Malahide, the Earl of Northesk, the Earl of Glasgow, 
A. J. B. Beresford-IIope, M.P. ; Sir George Floyd 
Duckett, Bart. ; Sir Heniy M. Vavasour, Bart.; 
Stanley I^ighton, Esn., Ai.P. ; R. W. Cochran- 
Patrick, Esq., M.P.; William Tipping, Esq., F.S.A.; 
and several bishops and clergymen. Further informa- 
tion on the subject can be obtained from Mr. William 
\'incent, Belle Vue Rise, Lower Hellesdon Road, 
Norwich, who will be glad to receive names of those 
willing to join the society. 

The City Press says it would be a good thing if the 
Corporation would follow the example of the city of 
Pans, which has voted a large sum to the publication 
of a general atlas and other works. The atlas con* 
tains reproductions of all the known old maps of the 
di^ at various periods, and there is to be issued, also 
officially, a work on the topo^TO)hv of ancient Paris, 
and a collection of the pnnapal funeral monuments 
and inscriptions in the ctiurches and cemeteries, and 
other matters. This is just the work undertaken by 
the recently-formed London Topographical Society. 
The Society has now in hand a reproduction of Van* 
den Wjmgaerde's view of London, which is the 
earliest known reproduction of the City, and it b pro- 
posed to follow this with facsimiles of other taj\j 
maos. 

* 

On Thursday, the national Eisteddfod for 1882 was 
proclaimed at Denbigh, with great pomp and ceremoor 
at the Castle Green. Clwyddfardd, the arch dmkC 
and about twenty of the chief bards of Wales, were 
accompanied through the town to the castle, where 
the magic circle had been formed by a band of music, 
friendly societies, fire brigade, mayor and town 
council, the high sheriff (Mr, Burton), with the county 
and borough magistrates. Eisteddfod committee, and 
hundreds of the general public After the sounding 
of the bugle, Owyddfardd uttered the prorlamatiopy 
after which Eos-y- Berth sang the Gorscdd song to the 
muj»ic of the harp. Rev. Gfanfryn Tbooias, \ icar oC 



S22 



ANTIQ, UARIAN NE WS. 



St. Asaph, offisred the Goisedd prayer for protection, 
wisdom, and knowledge to do the rwht The arch 
dniid waved the shewed swoid, which the bards 
touched, cr3ang *<It is peace." Bardic addresses 
relating to Eisteddfodau were delivered by Pedr 
Mostyn, Hwfa Mon, Dr. Rees, Mr. Parry, &c. 

Mr. F. Fullerton, the secretary at the Hull Savings 
Bank, Postemgate, has discovered in one of the rooms 
of the Bank a curious old strong irbn box, about three 
Itct in length, surrounded wiUi iron bands. The 
ittsoX of the chest is elaborately chased round with 
an imitation keyhole, the real lock being affixed to 
the inside of the lid, and secreted by a strong iron 
spring, which hides it, and is of a complex and 
curious construction, and very ingenious workmanship. 
It is the same length and breadth as the lid. In the 
interior of the chest affixed is an iron locker, with a 
very antique and quaint lock, the keys being also ^f 
intricate and cunnmg manufacture. When the chest 
was opened several documents were discovered, but 
they were quite tmintelligible, time having defaced 
them. How it came into the Bank none of the 
officials know. The directprs intend, it is said, pre- 
senting this supposed fifteenth-century unique relic to 
the Museum of the Hull Literary and Philosophical 
Society. 

A short time ago the workmen engaged in making 
excavations at the Parish Church of Market Drayton 
(about which we spoke last month) came upon a 
curious grave on ^he site of the most easterly column 
of the south arcade. The grave in question was 6 
feet below the surface, and was cut out of the solid 
rock. It measured 6 ft. 4 in. in leneth, and was shaped 
to the body, indeed it contained a skeleton, which 
was very carefully packed round with clay, and with- 
out a coffin. As the south arcade is over 600 years 
old, the grave in question is undoubtedly older, for 
it must necessarily have been made before the arcade 
was built. On the top of a very old coffin, which was 
almost mouldered away, in an adjoining grave, they 
found a quantity of bay leaves, which, strange to say, 
were in a remarkably good state of preservation. The 
Urork of demolition of the old edifice has been almost 
completed, only part of the north wall remains to be 
taken down. The tower can now be seen in all its 
grand proportions, and is well worth inspection. 

Sancreed Church, Comwall,has latelybeen re-opened 
alter restoration. Like nearly all the Cornish churches 
it is mainly of fifteenth-century date, the work of this 
period being engrafted upon a much earlier structure. 
iTie church consists of nave, chancel, western tower, 
south aisle, extending the full length of nave and 
chancel, a south porch, and north transept. This transept 
marks the cross plan of the earlier structure, and there 
V^as found here an impost of Early English date, from 
which an arch sprang, together with remains of this 
arch, and also an Early English doorway. Part of 
the chancel walls are likewise of Early English date. 
A " decorated " cred.'Lce, with cusped head, in the 
south wall has been iiind. The windows of the 
church generally were denuded of their tracery. The 
iprork of restoration was begun in February last, and 
Qpmprises entirely new roofing to the church, new 
floonng, paving, and seating throughout, new windows 
throiignout, and the walls almost entirely rebuilt 



The arches have been replaced and repaired, the foot 
of the rood screen restored and lengtnened with the 
original, the tower arch opened, transept entirely 
rebuilt. 

The London meeting of the British Archaeolo^cal 
Association, which is restricted to provincial members, 
opened on October 14, when about sixty ladies 
and gentlemen assembled at St. Paul's Cathedral at 
eleven o'clock, A.M., where they were received by 
the Rev. Dr. W. Sparrow Simpson, who conducted 
them over the building, pointing out the most inter- 
esting features, and directing special attention to the 
remnants of Old St. Paul% including the base of the 
churchyard cross at the north-east angle, and the 
foundations of the chapter-house at the west side of the 
south entrance, both rediscovered during the past four 
years ; the effigy of Dr. John Denne, Dean, the only 
perfect meoiaeval renaains, which has been recently set 
m a niche on the south side of the choir ; a few Ir:^- 
ments of Gothic sculpture in the crypt, and one of the 
pre-Reformation volumes in the library ; a volume of 
'* Regulations for Henry VII. 's Chapel, Westminster 
Abbey," which is richly bound in velvet and silver. 
In the afternoon the ancient priory church of St. 
Bartholomew-the-Great, Smithneld, was seen under 
the guidance of Professor T. Hayter Lewis, F.S.A., 
and abo the museum of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 
where Mr. Cross (the clerk), showed a fine collection 
of charters, with seals attached, and little known, the 
earliest dating from the year 1 136. A few of the 
members then inspected the Roman villa and the 
hypocaust remains under the Coal Exchange in Lower 
lliaines-street. 

The eighth report of the Rojral Commission on 
Historical Manuscripts (Part I. ) has just been issued. 
Allusion is made to the death of the Rev. C. W. 
Russell, President of St. Patrick's Coll^;e, Mavnooth, 
whereby the Commissioners were deprived of an 
esteemed and gifted colleague ; and it is stated that 
the ordinary work of inspection during the past year 
has been carried on by Mr. A. J. Horwood, Mr. J. C. 
Teafireson, Mr. R. B. Knowles, and the Rev. J. A. 
Bexmett, for England; by Mr. Eraser for Scotland ; and 
by Mr. Gilbert tor Ireland. Mr. Sheppard has made 
a further report on the muniments of the Dean and 
Chapter of Canterbury, and the Rev. W. D. Macray 
has completed his report^ on the manuscripts of 
Magdalen College, Oxford. Mr. L. O. Pike, of the 
Public Record Office, has made an exhaustive report 
on the Duke of Manchester's papers, and Mr. 
Knowles' preliminary report on the coUection of the 
Earl of Ashbumham is printed. Considerable pro- 
gress has been made with the calendar of the manu- 
scripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield, by the 
officers of the Public Record Office, occasionally 
engaged thereon. The papers of the early years of 
Queen Elizabeth's reign have been chiefly dealt with, 
but as it will be impossible to bring together all the 
papers relating to the period until the whole of the 
collection has been examined, the Commissioners 
have decided to postpone tiie printing of the calendar 
for the present. The number of collections examined 
since the issuing of the first Commission is now about 
500, and a complete list of those already described is 
attaiched to this report. 



AmfQVAJlIAN m WS. 



221 



/ 

% 



A correspondent in the Standard draws attention 
to what he calU an act of vandalism at Lincoln's 
Inn. It appears that the benchers of the Inn arc 
enlarging their chapel, ^ well-known building, in not 
the purest phase, of Gothic, erected from the designs of 
no less an ardiitect than Inigo Jones. As we may 
imagine, the veiy fact of this master of revived Clas- 
sicism having had a hand in a Gothic building, does 
not say much for Ihe correctness of the style ; and yet 
theie is a strange, if not rich, medley of details in 
this debased type of seventeenth-century Gothic, which 
makes it dear to the student of English architecture^ 
Entering the chapel, the chief objects of interest are 
the miique carving to the oak-pew ends, the arcaded 
screen at the entrance end, the oak pulpit, the stained- 
glass windows, and plaster-groined ceiling. The pews 
are constructed out of solid oak plank, not framed in- 
to panels, and are in a capital state of preservation, 
darx with a^e ^ut the admirer of the grotesque carving 
of this period will be glad to learn that it is not 
moposed to remove the exceedingly rich bench-ends. 
These are designed with much playful fancy, and the 
scrolled tops are particularly interesting. The altera- 
tions proposed mav be briefly described . The present 
east end, with its old staircase, is to be taken down and 
removed one bay further outwards, to lengthen the 
chapeL The plans show a new porch or entrance, with 
staircase to the chapel, which will form a projection 
from the end, and be finished with a ilat under the 
old window. There are two flanking pinnacles shown 
in the elevation for this end, which will rather em- 
phasize the building. At the altar end the present 
tailing is to be tal^n do^^n and extended ; but, we 
understand, the whole of the fittings of the old chapel 
will be re-used. 

The Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition in connection 
with the Church Congress was held at Newcastle-on- 
Tyne from the 3rd to the 8th of October. Most of 
the leading church furnishers were represented, and 
there was in addition a loan collection, embracing up- 
wards of 4Q0 exhibits, to which many local antiquaries 
and others contribute. This department of tne ex- 
hibitiqpi consisted of examples of ancient embroidery, 
inclnding a fiiteenth-cemury altar frontal, the property 
of lieat-Col. Hill, M^uidaff; a cope and portion of 
a chasuble, lent by Mrs. Bayman; and two sets of 
vestments, in the cinque cento style, Italian work, 
cootribnted by Mr. Scarlett Thomson. Church plate 
was represented by a collection of ancient chalices and 
p«itep8» the property of Mr. Hodgson Fowl^; a 
dialice made at York in 1599, and a chalice and 
paten, formerly belonging to Hagley Church, Wor- 
cestershire, which formed part of the DemidofT col- 
lection, recently dispersed. The Rev. A. W. Headlam, 
Viax of St. Oswald's, Durham, contributed three 
ofatoiY basins, or dishes, and a jewelled processional 
cross. Mr. Robinson, F.S.A., of Houghton-Ie-Spring, 
sent a remarkable reliquary found appended to the 
neck of a skeleton in the old churchyaid of St. Dun- 
Stan's, Fleet Street Pictorial art was represented by 
various photographs and chromo-lithographs of ancient 
pictures, illummadons, drawings of churches and eccle- 
siastical fomiture, engravings of chalices, and a large 
coUcction of rubbings of monumental brasses and in- 
slabs, enbnu&g the oldest known specimen. 



representing Sir John D'Abemon (A.D. 1277). Mr. 
Bragge's collect ion of Russo- Greek " Icons/' or reli- 
gious pictures, which are so frequently met with in 
Russia, was of great interest, as was Bishop Mitchen- 
sen's collection of photographs of the ancient eccle- 
siastical buildings of the UnUed Kingdom. 

During the sittings of the Geological Section of the 
British Association at York, Mr. £. B. Poulton read 
a preliminary report on the working (now in progress) 
of^ the Dowkerbottom Cave, in Craven. He ex- 
plained that the cave is situated about a mile south 
ofHawkswich, and a mile and a half north-west of 
Kilnsey. It is 1,250 ft. above the sea, on a terrace 
of a ste^ ]> slope of mountain limestone. The cave 
itself opens on a level terrace, covered by grass and 
sheltered on nearly all sides by rising walls and slopes 
of weathered limestpne. The present mouth of the 
cave is very remarkable. At the bottom of a hollow 
in the terrace, with gently sloping sides covered with 
turf, and invisible until one is standing almost on its 
edge, is a narrow cleft in the limestone almost filled 
with angular blocks, which forms irregular steps 
doi^'nward at either end of the fissure. This mouth 
is obviously secondarily formed, and represents a fall 
in the roof at some point where the rock had thinned 
away by successive smaller falls. The original mouth 
of the cave is, Mr. Poulton believes, to be sought for 
along a slope about 250 ft. south of the present 
opening. Having described various chambers of the 
cave, Mr. Poulton showed that in former explorations 
the first chambers had been thoroughly examined, 
and that in them were obtained coins, fibulae, pottery, 
and various implements of bronze, iron, and bone ; 
and also the bones of animals which were usually 
found accompanying such objects. Remains of this 
kind will probably never be foimd in the same abun- 
dance in the other chambers, which are less accessible 
from the outside. Describing the work in the cave 
of himself and colleagues, Mr. Poulton said that a 
small piece of flint was found near the pit, and it 
might be an instance of the survival of an ancient 
form of implement. It appeared to be a broken 
flake, and snowed distinct signs of working. In the 
pit or black earth generally was found a circular disc 
like a brooch of bronze, a bronze ring, and an in- 
teresting iron pendant ornament with bronze hands 
upon it. Parts of iron rings, perhaps bracelets, were 
also found, along with fragments of pottery. 

During the latter end of September the workmen 
engaged in making alterations in the front of the 
premises occupied by Mr. Roberts, fishmonger, Wyle- 
cop, Shrewsbury, while cutting ai^ay the plaster, came 
across some carved oak, two roses from which were acci- 
dentally knocked off, and one unfortunately lost among 
the rubbish. The work being more carefully proceeded 
with, an exquisitely carved oak window frame, with 
four principal lights and tracery above, was brought to 
view. The window has since been inspected by a 
number of local antiquaries and architects, and the 
date has been fixed at from 1500 to 1550. All 
admirers of relics of bygone times will be pleased to 
learn that the window is being carefully cleaned, and 
will be glazed with coloured glass in the tracery and 
'* diamond squares " in the larger openings. Over the 
window other remains of ancient wood-work, hidden 



»<• 



2^4 



ANT/Q UAH /AN NE WS. 



for generations, have been brought to light, and it is 
probable that if the work of pla^ter^removing is con- 
tinued on Mr. Roberts's and the adjoining premises, 
further interesting revelations will be made, and one 
of the most antique and handsome fronts in the town 
will be displayed. In the valuable collection of 
Owen's etchmgs and original drawings recently pur- 
chased by Mr. Samuel Caswell are to be founa, says 
the Shrewsbury Chronicle, water-colour drawings of 
the armorial bearings which formerly filled the upper 
part of this window. Blakeway, in his History of 
Shrewsbury ^ says : — Dugdale, in his visitation of this 
county, mentions an ancient house in which Henry 
VII., when Duke of Richmond, lodged, on his march 
to Bosworth Field ; and has copi^ many coats-of- 
arms which remained in the windows. Among these 
were the arms of Berrinfi[ton, from whence it b con- 
jectured that it originally belonged to that ancient 
family ; but it is now the property of Charles Gibbons, 
Esq., whose ancestors were also long inhabitants of 
the town. It is believed that the house in question 
was the premises on the Wyle-cop, which surrounded 
the narrow passage, a few doors below the Lion 
Inn, known as Elijah*s-shut. The buildings have 
been extensive, but are now divided, considerably 
modernized, and partly re-edified. 

On October 12, the annual Court Leet of the 
City of London for the King's Manor in the borough 
of Southwark was held before the Steward of the 
Manor, at the Vestry Hall, Borough Road. The 
Deputy High Bailiff and the Prothonotary were in 
attendance. The meeting was thrown open to all 
" resiants" and inhabitants of the King's Manor, who 
were specially cited to attend, but only a small number ' 
of persons were present. The object of the Court 
was to preserve the old rights and privileges granted 
to the King's Manor by charter in the reign of Ed- 
ward VI., and to swear in a jury to perform the 
functions still attaching f to the Court. These func- 
tions in the lapse of time have considerably narrowed 
down from what they were when established in 
the reign of Alfred the Great, and which since 
then are shown to have consisted in each juryman 
being held responsible for tlie good behaviour of 
his own particular "hundred," and imposed on 
him the task of reporting all crimes and misde- 
meanours to the Court, from breaches of the peace 
against the monarch to trade offences, and even eaves- 
dropping, which offences the leet court had the power 
.of puni^ng. In later years the leet courts have 
contented themselves with dealing with the sanitary 
condition of the district, the appomtment of flesh in- 
spectors, ale tasters, and inspectors of weights and 
measures; but at the Court held on the 12th the 
formality of appointing those persons was not gone 
through, the jury contenting themselves with an un- 
dertaking to take a sanitary survey of the district, of 
which they will report at a future meeting. After a 
jury of twenty had been sworn "to keep me Queen's 
counsel, their fellows', and their own counsel," and 
to perform their duties without fear and favour, the 
Prothonotary read the Riot Act, which came into force 
July, 1 71 5, and cited it as illegal for twelve or more 
persons to assemble together, tm-eatenins death if thev 
refused to disperse. The proceedings then concluded. 



and later in the day the same ceremony was gone 
through in two other portions of the Borough— viz., 
at the vestry of St. Olave's Church and the Vestry 
Hall, Fair Street, Horselydown. 

On the last Sunday in August, writes the Naples 
Correspondent of the DaUy News, one of the oldest 
and strangest feasts takes place in Naples in honour 
of Santa Maria deUa Catena (the Holy Mary of the 
Chains) in front of the church dedicated to her,- facing 
the sea at Santa Lucia. Soon after daybreak of the 
above-mentioned day crowds of people are lining the 
embankment opposite the church, aressed in strange 
paper costumes adorned with squibs and crackers, 
some canying umbrellas of the same materials and 
with some adornments, others large baskets with fruit 
decorated likewise with fireworks. At the first stroke 
of the church bell for early mass the fireworks are let 
off, the fruit baskets emptied on the ground, over the 
contents of which hundreds of children begin to fight, 
undaunted by pails of Mrater which are freely emptied 
over them. A second bell is the signal for hundreds 
of the crowd to throw themselves in various states, of 
dips or undress, from the embankment into the sea, 
women and children included. Invalids even are 
brought to take a dip, and those who are unable to. 
swim are assisted by others. This curious freak 
originates in the belief that the sea- water on the last 
Sunday in August is a sure remedy against infirmity, 

E resent and future. The Madonna della Catena is 
elieved to work the miracle she did centuries ago 
when the church was built in her honour, according 
to the following legend: — At the time when the 
shores of the Mediterranean were infested with pirates, 
some inhabitants of Santa Lucia were captured by the 
Turks, and a heavy ransom demanded for their release. 
Some fishermen, with the aid of the statue of the 
Madonna, which they had opportimely found near the 
seashore, succeeded in collecting the amount asked 
for the release of their captured friends. The pirates 
were asked to bring their prisoners and to receive the 
ransom on a day \mch happened to be the last Sun- 
day in August. The pirates, however, afraid of some 
treachery, but not wishing to retain the prisoners, 
took them to the seashore at some distance from Santa 
Lucia, and, having chained them hand and foot, threw 
them into the sea. The people of Santa Lucia, not- 
withstanding the distance and the chains of their 
firiends, succeeded in saving them, and attributed this 
to a miracle of the Madonna, in whose name this 
ransom had been collected, and in her honour a church 
was erected in the year 1576, and named Santa 
Maria della Catena. 

Mr. J. R. Mortimer contributed an account of the 
discovery of six ancient dwellings found under and 
near the British barrows on the Yorkshire Wolda 
to the Anthropological Department of the British Asso- 
ciation. Dwelling No. i was situated at the eastern 
end of the barrow, which was one of the long type. 
Its depth from the base of the mound was 6 ft. 6 in., 
with a floor surface of 9 ft. 6 in. by 7 ft. 6 in ; and it 
was entered by two winding passages 24 ft. in length, 
the northern one being cut by the side trench ofthe 
barrow, showing in this case that the construction 
of the dwelling had preceded the excavation of the 
trench, and was therefore older than the borrow. In 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



lis 



the material filling the dweUing and its passages 
were many streaks of burnt wood, a human femur, 
portions of an am, and many animal bones, all pro- 
tMibly the residue of feasting. Near the dwelling 
were portions of three more dish-shaped urns, and 
traces of interments. Dwelling No. 2 contains simi- 
lar renoains ; and in Nos. 3 and 4 were found bones of 
the red deer, and the urus. No. 5 consisted of an 
inner and outer circle of upright posts. In the cen- 
tre was an oval grave cut 4 ft. into the rock, and 
containing the flexed human remains of a large male. 
In front of his face lay a crushed food vase, and 
close to his left shoulder was a perforated axe ham- 
mer. Clayey matter covered the grave and extended 
to the outer circle of the post-holes. This was be- 
lieved to be the residue of the sides of the dwelling, 
in the centre of which its owner was interred, and 
afterwards the walls were pushed down over the grave 
and covered with a mound. Mr. Mortimer suggested 
that the space between the two circles of uprights 
might have been used for storing heads of grain and 
other provisions for winter use at a time when man's 
dwellmg was the only building he possessed for all 
purposes. No. 6 resembles No. 5. Small branches 
of oak, ash, maple, and other trees, thought to be the 
remains of the wattled sides of the hut, had left their 
impressions in the circular bed of clayey matter, some 
of which showed cuts made with the axe and the saw, 
seemingly of metal. The droppings from the eaves of 
this hut had stained the ground all round with colour- 
ing from the thatch of the roof, which probably was 
the straw of wheat, for Mr. Mortimer possessed car- 
bonized grains of this cereal from the primary inter- 
ment of an undoubted British barrow near. Until 
the previous dwelling, the occupier had not been 
interred within the walls of this circle, but just a few 
feet outside, towards the risiiW-suiu The skeleton 
was accompanied by a delicateiv-formed flint knife, 
yroag close to the right arm^ and a findy-omamentcd 
rood-vase near the head. As in the previous case, the 
dwelling had been crushed down at the time of inter- 
ment, and carefully covered with the barrow, showing 
bat a step between the habitation of the living and Uie 
house of the dead. 



)i)<«^'^77^><«j 



Corre0pon^ence. 



STONEHENGE. 

A very mistaken idea prevails respecting the work 
which has been b^[un at Stonehenge wluch it will 
l>e well to correct. Several newspaper articles have 
appeared lately, in which the writers have deprecated 
any "meddling," as they term it, with the monu- 
ment. Injudicious meddling with it, as with any 
other pre-historic structure, I should condemn as 
strenuously as any of these writers would ; but I 
most enter a most earnest protest against the spirit 
of those articles, which appear to me to have been 
dictated by an entire misconception of the question, 
and, I woald add, to have been penned by those who 
are disposed to carry their anti-restoration conceits 
to «n extravagant length. One of these writers (in 



the Daily News) has set up a puppet in order that he 
might enjoy the pleasure of knocking it down. He 
has written a great many words in condemnation of 
a project to restore Stonehenge by completing its 
circle ; whereas no such project has been, or is 
likely to be, in contemplation. Another writer (in the 
Standard) opened a long paragraph with the follow- 
ing passage : — **The heavy hand of the 'restorer,* 
it is reported, has at last been laid on Stonehenge. 
At one of the recent Archaeological meetings 3ie 
possibility of this sacrilege being conmiitted was 
scouted as too terrible even for discussion, an enthu- 
siastic clergyman even going so far as to declare that 
if the wonderful m^^aliths of Salisbury Plain were 
to be ruined in the mistaken idea of preserving them, 
he would be the first to ' knock the desecrator on 
the head.' Now is the time." The writer must 
have obtained his information from an incorrect re- 
port of the meeting, for this is just what the enthu- 
siastic clergyman did not say. On the contrary, he 
supported the remarks of the previous speaker, who 
had said that certain of the stones were too much 
out of the perpendicular to be considered safe, and 
that if steps were not taken to secure them against 
falling, the imposing character and dignity of the 
monument would be, sooner or later, irretrievably 
impaired. He defended the suggestion that proper 
steps should be adopted to save the monument from 
further ruin, and added that if it were proposed to 
restore it in the sense in which too many churches 
have suffered, he would be the first, &c The 
writers of these articles do not seem to have made 
themselves acquainted with the facts of the case, and 
in their blind zeal for the maintenance of an idea, 
have decried the commendable course which Sir 
Edmund Antrobus is following to preserve the 
monument 

There are, however, forces at work more injurious 
than time and the levelling processes of Nature 
against which no indignant protest has been raised ; 
and it would be much more to the point if the 
writers in question would direct their own thoughts, and 
those of their readers, to them, than to put forth, as 
one of them has done, such a statement as the fol- 
lowing :— "The slightest meddling with Stonehenge 
is rightly viewed with extreme jealousy, for the 
chances of doin? good are so infinitesiinal when 
compared with the certainty of doing harm, that it 
is all but hopeless to expect anythmg but evil to 
come out of the 'restorers'* efforts.'* If these ob- 
jectors would but pass a fortnight, as I have done 
this summer, at Stonehenge, when pic-nic parties 
are in full swing, they would witness scenes that 
would harrow their souls and afford them topics for 
many useful articles. The main object of many of 
these pleasure-seekers appears to be, at the end of a 
long drive, to eat, drink, and be merry, to scatter 
broadcast their broken bottles, to kindle fires at the 
feet of the stones for the purpose of boiling water, 
play at foUow-the-Ieader by sliding upon the large 
prostrate stones, chip or indent them by stealth, de- 
posit filth, and scribble Scripture texts in large 
characters upon the uprights with chalk. I liave 
visited many hundreds of rude stone monuments in 
various countries, but have never seen one so sacri- 
legiously treated as is this unique structure, which \% 



226 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



unquestionably and deservedly esteemed one of the 
wonders of the world. These holiday folk are neither 
impressed by the remarkable character of this ancient 
building nor respect it. There is a wanton and de- 
structive meddling incessantly going on which is not 
** viewed with extreme jealousy ;" whilst a judicious 
reparation, with a view to check the ravages of time 
and of the elements, and to hand down the monu- 
ment to future generations in a no worse condition 
than it is now, is denounced as an evil to be depre- 
cated because of the certainty, as they unreasonably 
assert, of doing to it more harm than good. 

The words '* restoration*' and "restorers" are em- 
ployed within inverted commas by these writers as if 
they conveyed sagacious Mramings, and as if they 
had only to be used freely in order to scare the 
owners. The Society of Antiquaries have done good 
service in protesting vigorously against the wholesale 
destruction of ancient and mstructive architectural 
features of churches, under the delusive word '* re- 
storation ;" but there is surely a limit beyond which 
it is, in my opinion, unwise to press its application, 
and it seems to me that an attempt is being made to 
do so by the objectors in the Question of Stonehenge. 
What an outcry would be made, and howl of censure 
would be raised, against Sir £. Antrobus if his monu- 
ment were left to take care of itself, and were to suffer 
irreparable loss by the fall of the leaning stones ! 
Whether Sir Edmund is adopting the very best 
method or not to secure the stones is l^eside the 
question at this moment. My object is to defend 
tne conmiendable motive which has led him to do 
something, and he has publicly announced that he b 
acting under able advice. 

W. C. LuKis, F.S.A. 



^* >^ *•'*> 



REMAINS AT NORWICH. 

Some important remains of the Roman occupation 
of Icenia have just been discovered at Norwich, upon a 
wild upland heath called *' Mousehold," about a mile 
north-east of the city, but located within the bounds of 
the county of the city of Norwich. The hills of Mouse- 
hold are from two to three hundred feet above the level 
of the Wensum,a river that runs throus^h the city and is 
crossed by ten bridges. Mousehold rises in most 
parts abruptly from the left bank of that stream. 
This heath, which still covers man^ hundreds of acres, 
and which the Norwich corporation propose to con- 
vert into a spacious park, is undulating and covered 
with furze, heather, «c., in a very rank condition, and 
has the appearance of having lain waste from the 
earliest times. 

It is on this romantic spot that the Roman remains 
have just been discovered. There are said to be 
vestiges here of no less than three temporary camps, 
two of which were veiy considerable ones, the 
dimensions of one, called the "Sponston Camp," 
beuig nearly equal to that at Caistor, by Norwich, one 
of the finest in England. Even the smallest of these 
three castra measures 112 giadii from east to west, 
and 1 46 from n^rth to south. The second camp is no 
less than 350 gradii from north to south ; and the 
third castra, or '* Thorpe Mousehold Camp," 268 
gradii. Only one of the castra remains in a perfect 



condition, and that is the smallest or the "St William- 
in-tlie-Wood Camp." The stone quarries hav^ com- 
pletely swept away two sides of one of the larger 
camps, and a great portion of the third. Even the 
St. William-in-the-Wood castra, which is the most 
perfect and interesting, having a smaller camp within 
the larger, has been slightly injured by the ill-con- 
ducted excavations that have deformed and broken up 
in the most reckless manner this most romantic and 
beautiful heath that Old Crome, and so many other 
local artists loved so well to depict. 

I am not able in this short notice to give anything 
like a detailed account of these interesting remains of 
antiquity, but they are evidently such as are cal- 
culated to create a wide interest in scientific circles 
when a full report of them is made. It has long been 
supposed by local antiquaries that only British remains 
existed upon this heath, but that is now proved to be 
erroneous. British remains there undouotedly are at 
Norwich, of a, very important character, but those on 
Mousehold Heath are not very palpable. I entertain 
no doubt that Norwich was a stronghold of the 
Icenian Celts in pre-Roman times. There are such 
remains here of its Celtic occupation as are hardly to 
be found anywhere else in the kingdom. Some writers 
have supposed that Caistor, by Norwich, where there 
is a large Roman camp surrounded by high ramparts 
and walls, was the Venta Icenorum,but that idea is now 
quite exploded. The Venta was not a Roman 
station, but a British town ; and as there are no British, 
but only Roman remains at Caistor, St Edmund, it 
becomes clear that the British stronghold was not 
situated there. The earliest name of Norwich, known 
to us is Caer GttX)^um, which the Romans subsequently 
desi^ated "Venta Icenorum," as being the last 
British town of importance on the vray to the north- 
east coast of the petty kingdom of Icenia. 

I am unable to say how many Roman castra there 
may have been in the county of Norfolk. Several 
have doubtless been swept away and all trace of them 
lost, but Mr. S. Woodward, on his " Map of Roman 
Norfolk," marks upwards of twenty as well defined. 
The discovery of these camps on Mousehold Heath 
adds three more to the numlir. and it is now thought 
that the site of the cavalry barracks at the foot of the 
heath near the river, may be another, which b not 
improbable. 

These discovejries ^i tlj^ vipnity of the city of 
Norwich, are calculated to add an important page to 
the ancient history of thjj "Capital of the Eastern 
Counties," and to go some way in clearing up certain 
antiquarian and topographical questions long in dispute 
amongst antiquaries and writers of local history. 

A. L. Hunt, 

Nonffich. 

RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION. 

(iv. 89) 
In his interesting article on "The Right of Pre- 
emption in Village Communities in India," Mr. Fenton 
omitted to trace cleariy the origin of the privilege. 
It is due apparently to the theoretical descent of each 
co-sharer m the estate from a common ancestor, 
according to which Hindu law th^ possessor of 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



221 



• B OttU il property m land is only a life-tenant. He 
canaot alienate the property at pleasure, but only 
vhea sale is afasofaitely necessary in consequence of 
pnssiBg peconiary difficolties, or to provide uie means 
of so h sist en o e for his fsmily, or to fulfil his rdigioos 
obligations. From the moment of their birm his 
sons acquire an iiide£Basible right to an ultimate share 
ni die ancestral estate. On the death of sons, the 
potential title passes to grandsons and great-grandsons 
m^ the male hne. If there be no male issue, the 
widow succeeds her husband, but she has still 
narrower rights in the estate, and is, in fact, but a 
holder in trust for certain uses. A daughter's right 
b limited to the same extent. 

Hence, it follows that, as no temporary occupant 
of ancestral pox^perty in land has, in the eyes of strict 
Hindu law, an absc^te power of disposal, a right of 
receiving the offer of purchase obtains to each relative 
(i.&, potential heir) in the paternal line, according to 
proximity of rdatianship, in cases where the possessor 
of sDch property is compelled l^ undoubted need to 
put with a portion of his land. 

Thb right has been recognized by the English 
Government in dealing with the customs of tl^se 
village communities in the North- Western Provinces 
and Oodh. The right of escheat is another privilege 
which is traceable to a similar origin — the assumption 
of a oommcm ancestor. This assumption, in the 
majority of cases, is capable of unimpeachable proof, 
miiless, of course, a village comnumity has been 
broken up by the refusal, or neglect, or inability of the 
co-sharers to exercise their privilege, and a consider- 
able alienation of shares to strangers in blood has 
consequently taken place. 

Under the written Mahomedan law (it is to be 
noted that Kahomedan village communities are fre- 
quently perverts from Hinduism, or have copied 
Hindu mstoms, and they have no recognition in the 
laws of their own faith) the right of pre-emption is 
only recognized to obtain in these cases. In the first 
place, it only takes effect in regard to property sold 
or parted w&h by some means equivalent to sale. It 
does not apply to movable property, and the persons 
yho may claim this privilege are three only — a partner 
in the property sold, a participator in the appendages, 
and a person whose land adjoins the estate to be sold. 
According to Sir W. Macnaghten, a vendor could 
defeat a neighbour's daim, if & took care to leave a 
strip of unsold land between the alienated property 
and the neighbour's land. And it appears that the 
diimant must pay whatever price was agreed upon 
between vendor and purchaser ; hence it was easy to 
defeat his daim by entering an exorbitant sum in the 
deed of sale, and by stipulating privately for a smaller 



C. J. CONNELL, 
Bemgal Civil Strz'icf. 



14, St James's Square, S.W. 



JAMES II. AND THE QUAKERS. 

(iv. 149.) 

Win you allow me, in the interests of historical 
tmth, to call attention to the following passage in 



Mr. Shaw's Civic Life in By^ofu Centuries ? ** The 
corporations then were .... too much under the 
jealous control of royalty to show any popular sym- 
pathy for the cause of either civil or religious freedom. 
.... The intolerance of the local authorities went 
fiuther than even so bigoted a monardi as James II. 
was then inclined to sanction. Accordingly we read 
that in 1687 a letter was read from the king with 
reference to some goods bdonging to John Wales and 
other Quakers," &c 

Mr. Shaw seems surprised at this instance of tolera- 
tion on the part of " so bigoted a king. " His surprise 
will be increased when he learns that this ** bi|^ed 
king was, at this very time, straining every nerve to 
extort from Parliament the repeal of the test and 
penal laws ; that he was exerting all his influence, 
direct and indirect, to attain this object ; that on his 
om-n responsibility he was liberating 1,200 from 
prison, and was compared by the Nonconformists to 
Moses, who redeemed the people of Israel from the 
land ofEgjrpL" "He thought," says Kanke (book 
xvii. chap. 5) "of securing the religious freedom of 
which he approved by a law, — without doubt by an 
Act of Parliament — in such a way that it should 
never be possible for his successors to withdraw it," 
What a contrast between this "bigoted" king and 
these liberal-minded Independents, by whom the 
Quaker, James I'amell, ^as done to death in the 
dsiji of the Commonwealth ! I am no champion of 
James II., but in simple justice, these facts deserve 
to be recorded. 

J. H. R. 

POLISH PEERAGE. 

Civ. 155.) 

An article which I noted some time ago from one 
of Mr. Quaritch's catalogues for tha purposes of a 
small heraldic bibliograpliy I am compiling for private 
use, is, I believe, the nearest approach to what your 
correspondent requires. I give the whole of the 
entry : — 

"Niesiecki (K.) Korona Polska przy Zlotcy Wol- 
no2ci, &c. (A Genealogical History of the Polish 
Nobility, alphabetically arranged.) 5 v(^ in 4, 
folio, T-ciM iAe ArmoriAl Beatings engnRfed in wood^ 
^«7«/jf, unruly excessively raie, ^^25. Cd/, Lwovfsi. 
Sac, Jes., 172S-43. 

Brunet's note regarding this valuable ^"ork is as 
follows : — •* Ouvrage genealogique et hcraldique trts- 
important, mais a peine connu chez nous, ou il est 
excessivemcnt rare." Ebert calls it, **a highly 
valuable work, very rare," and says that its state- 
ments are recognized by the Austrian Government as 
sufficient authentication of nobility and genealogy. 
Probably there are not more than three copies in the 
British Empire. 

In vol. hi., pp. 123-26 were cancelled, and re- 
printed, with a different engraving of the Radzival 
arms. This copy has both the original and the sub- 
stituted leaves. 

HlRONDKLLK VOIJVNT. 



328 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



ROCHESTER RECORDS. 

Knowing that Rochester must, or should, be 
possessed of valuable civic records, I, through the 
medium of the Rochester Journal^ made some inquiries 
concerning them ; and in reply a correspondent states 
that a few years since he " saw a document relating to 
the city, dated the 3rd year of Edward VI. (1548^) ; 
and on questioning the possessor as to where it came 
from, was^told that it was picked up in the lumber 
room above the Guildhall, where at that time a 
quantity of old papers might be seen lying about in 
perfect disorder." Who m this ace of ardiaeological 
research would think it possible that a body of men 
(the corporation) could have been, and I presume still 
are, so apathetic as to the preservation of documents 
of which they are custodians? Inasmuch as they 
seem to have forgotten their duty, it behoves the 
public to try to teach it to them. Now the question 
arises as to what those "old papers" are, and also 
where are all our city archives, and what are they. 
Are all in the lumber room ? Some few years since 
it was rumoured that an official from the Record 
Office was about to inspect our city documents. I do 
not think he came. It would be earning the grati- 
tude of antiquaries here if one came just now and 
catalogued the records. 

Is there not scope for the energies of the Kent 
Archaeological Society in this matter? and are not the 
records worth publislung ? Happily, there is living in 
the neighbourhood one whose individual exertions in 
the^cause of archaeology make those of many societies 
to pale in comparison with his life-long zeal. Need I 
say it is Mr. Roach Smith ? and to him we may safely 
look for activity in the preservation of documents dear 
to all antiquaries, as well as to 

Cantium. 



ALFRED, KING OF NORTHUMBRIA. 

(iii. 191.) 
In your April number, Mr. J.T. Forster writes on the 
above subject, and asks for information. If he refers 
to The General History of England^ both Ecclesiastical 
and Citnlf bv James Tyrrel, ]l^., folio, London, 1697, 
vol. i., he will nnd his observations fully confirmed, and 
some very interesting details concerning both King 
Alfred of Northumbria, and his father, King Oswy. 
These would be too many to give here, but if he 
wished it, I woidd copy the full particulars from the 
work, which I happen to possess, and send them to 
him. Of Oswy's overcoming Penda, it is stated that 
he was besieged by Penda at Bamborough Castle, 
and finding that renda was resolved on his de- 
struction, and would make no peace with him, he, 
making a vow to God, imploring Divine assistance, 
devoted his daughter (then but one year old), to be a 
nun, and twelve portions of land (whereof each main- 
tained ten families), to build and endow monasteries. 
His vow was so successful that he succeeded in over- 
coming Penda in battle, by stratagem ; and on which 
occasion Penda and his chief allies were slain. Oswy's 
son, Alfred, was with him in this battle. Penda was 
a Pagan {i,e^ a believer in the Saxon mythology) but 
Oswy permitted his son, Peadda (who was a Chris- 



tian), to hold the province of South Mercia, to be 
held, as tributary to the Northumbrian kingdom. 

Oswy died in 670, and was buried at Streanshale 
Monastery. King Alfred of Northumbria died 
Januarv 19, 705, in the twelfth year of his reign, at 
Driffield, and was succeeded by Osred, his son. This 
King Alfred is stated to have maintained his position 
as head of the Church in his realm, against the pre- 
tensions of the Pope. 

W. C. Wade. 

5, Portland Square, Plymouth. 



POPULAR CUSTOMS. 

Let me thank Mr. Armstrong for his interesting 
note on old English customs in Norfolk. I may say 
that in some parts of the Continent the decorating of 
houses with greens is a remarkable feature at Whitsun- 
tide. I have seen such decorations, at Helston, on the 
Furry day, but not at Whitsuntide. Aubrey says 
that **in Germany, at Whitsunday, they set in their 
houses, parlors, and chambers young birch trees, 
which they keep a fortnight or longer green in keep- 
ing the same in tubs, with fresh water; and in some 
places the churches are full." 

As to Mr. Crossing's remarks, I may say that I 
gave the proverb as I have ordinarily heard it on the 
spot. I am glad to find that Mr. W. Bottrell, in his 
Traditions and Hearthside Stories of West Cornwall 
(third series), which has just been published, gives 
the same version. He says :— " The saying of * All 
black and white, like a Market jew crow,' is still 
freouently heard ; as well as that of * Like the Mayor 
of Market jew sitting in his own light.*"* As the 
expression ** standing in his own light" is usual m 
Devonshire, and I believe elsewhere, it is quite 
possible a variant has arisen of the old Cornish pro- 
verb. I ana inclined to think that Mr. Bottrell's 
version of it is the older, from its divergence from the 
usual English form. 

W. S. Lagh-Szyrma. 



SLOPING OF CHURCH NAVES. 

(iii. 189, 239, 287 ; iv. 135.) 

In the ancient and peculiarly interesting church of 
Mitton, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on the 
banks of the Ribble, where the stream divides the 
two counties of York and Lancaster, the nave declines. 
In Rambles by the Ribble^ by William Dobson, 
second series, page 13, the author says: — ** There is 
one feature of Mitton Church [in vol. iii. p. 239, 
by mistake it is called Milton Church] which I may 
allude to, as it is very uncommon in our churches. 
The nave declines very much. Entering from the 
churchyard, we have to descend some steps to get 
into the nave ; the nave declines till it gets to the 
screen separating it from the chancel, and then 



• Bottrell's Traditions and Hearthside Stories of 
West Cornwall^ p. 155. 



CORRESPO NDBNCE. 



229 



some steps have to be descended to enter the 
diancel.** 

D. 
Preston. 



r:>^^_^-> 



RUSHES IN CHURCHES, 
(iii. 187 ; iv. 39.) 
Your conespoodenty Mr. W. Williamsoo, men- 
tions rushes as used in a church as late as i8ia At 
Holt Church, near Wrexham, in Denbighshire, up to 
the time of the restoration of the building, which took 
place some six or seven years back, straw and rushes 
were osed as a protection to the feet from the damp 
euth; as I was toM by the elder inhabitants diat for 
many years the floor ol the chordi had been in socb 
a bad condition diat many pews actually had no floors 
at alL As this is a parish where the okl rush ~ 



is still kept np erery year, I think the practice of 
patting straw and rushes in the dmrdi may be a sor- 
▼ival of the old custom your conespondent mentions, 
made necessaiy by the drcnmstances above mentioned. 

H. C. M. Barton, M.A. 



LORD HUNGERFORD OF HE^TESBURY. 

(iv. 50.) 

I should like to correct a statement which I made 
in the first pait of my article on Lord Hnngerford. I 
diere descnbed Lord Hnngerford's eldest daughter, 
Eleanor, as being born of his second wife, whereas 
she was really the child of his first wife. 

Whilst on the subject, I may add that, by the 
kindness of Canon Jackson, I lave been furnished 
with the actual year in which Lord Hu^erford 
married his second wife — namdy, 1527. This makes 
it almost certain that Lord Hungerford's other 
dangfatersy Ifary and Anne, were also bom of his 
first wife, as they were all living m April, 1528, the 
time at wUdi thor frithcr entered into a contract for the 
marriage of one of them to a son of Lord Stourton. 

This b worthy of note, as it contradicts the state- 
ment in the pedigrees that 3lai7 ^>nd Anne were 
Lord Hm^erKxd's diildren by his second wife. 

William John Hardv. 

Catfofd, S.E. 



^i^^ 



GREEN RIBBONS. 

In NMa and Qiuria^ 1st Series, No. 179, April, 2, 
1853^ die following answer is given by the Editor to a 
co ne spondent (p. 346), ** The custom (which we hope 
does not very generally obtain) of sending p^etn ribbcns^ 
called wiUaws., tied fwnd bridal cards to r^j€cUd suitors 
of the bride is no doubt derived from that alluded to 
by Shakeq>eare and Henick, and especially Fuller, 
wno tell us the willow b a sad tree, whereof such as 
have lost their love make their monrnii^ garments.*' 
I sloU be glad of references to any passage illustrative 
of this custom of sending bridal cards tied with green. 

WnjuAM George Black. 

I, Alfred Tcnac^ GbH^ow. 



^^ 



BLOOD MONEY. 

(»▼. 134.) 

<'W.S.L.S." suggests whether the term «* blood 
money," found in andent borou^ records can " im- 
a fine for an assault invi^ving shedding of blood T* 
>Vill the following extracts (a few taken oat of many) 
from the Corporation accounts of one of the Cinque 
Ports help to determine it ? 

A* 3 Edw*. vj. s. d 

It'm received of Richard Grcgorye for 

a bludwype upon W. Clarke . . . v o 
It'm to recr of John^Hyles for a blud- 
wype of his wife ij o 

A* X**^ King Edward vj. 
It'm received of WiU- Oarke and his 
Companye for a flfyne of a bludwype 

made upon one , for a barrel 

ofbere xo 

It'm received of a ffleymyng (Fleming) 

for a bludwype o zy 

Ryde. E. K. 



f^^ :^:^ 



CIVIC MACES. 

(i. ^) 

The borough of Preston, as a mnniripal incor- 
poration, is one of the oldest in the kii^om. Its 
published list of mayors dates as hi back as a.i>. 
1327, though, rK> doubt, earlier appointments took 
place. Its r^alia is interesting, and there are thrve 
maces : one, a large silver gilt one, or, as it is osnaDy 
called, the gold nace, borne on public oocasions before 
the mayor ; and two smaller ones of silver, also borne 
in processions. The largest mace was given to the 
corporation in 1703, in the re^ of Queen Anne, by 
Uie then Duke of Hamilton. A fidl account of these 
and other corporation insignia and plate appears in 
the History of Preston Gmld^ by William Dofason 

(pp. 90-95-) 

D. 



YE LEGEND OF YE WREKIN. 
(iv. 135.) 

I think the version given by Mr. Roberts of this 
legend is really Patty Morgan the MUhnauTs 
Story^ as written by Barham (from Ingoldsby\ with 
a few verbal alterations, llie first two lines are 
exactly alike in Barbara's version and that given by 
your correspondent ; the rest, as given by Mr. 
Roberts, appears to be a loigthening of Barham's 
story, but I cannot call it an improvemenL B^irham's 
runs — 

Not that in Wales 

They talk of their ales ; 

To pronounce the word they make use of m^ht 

trouble yoc. 
Being spelt with a C, two R's, and a W. 

Wm. Dobson. 
Preston. 

[We have received similar replies frxxn other oor* 
respondents. — £d. ] 



t3o 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



CAtAeOMBS. 

(iT; i58.) 

It is hafdly lnot« than a personal matter, but 
accuracy is tXin^ de^table ; and with reference to a 
quotation from Mr. St. John Tyri^hitt's recent Work 
on Art, reviewed in the current number df THE Anti- 
quary, on p. 158, col. I, permit me to state that the 
article on the "Catacombs,'* in Smith's DicHonarj^ of 
Christian An/iauiHes, was not written by the late Mr. 
Wharton Mamott, but, as the initials at the end of 
the article show, by 

Your obedient Servant, 

Edmund Venables. 

The Precentory, Lincoln. 



THE "KENTISH GARLAND." 
(iv. 58, 134, 183.) 

When I wrote respecting the review of this book, 
the only means I had of judging was as the matter 
stood in print in the Antiquary, and the sentence 
commencing "Thotoas WilsoH" appeared and appears 
to me to refer to Ashford almost as clearly as if ^.^. 
had been placed before it. 

I am sure I Wish the Kehtish Garland tvery success 
it deserves ; it is a valuable addition to Kentish 
literature, and 1 should be sorrr indeed if Mr. 
Ebsworth or any one else has formed a misconception 
as to the object of my former note. 

WiLLiAtt Rogers. 

Maidstone. > 



BARONESS BERNERS. 

(iiii 221.) 

I have ohly just noted that in your isstie of May 
last, in an article upon the Bokf of Saint Albans, by 
Dame Juliana Bemers, you sav that the inheritance 
passed to the Knyvetts^ and thence to Richard 
Bokenham, to whom the barony of Bemers was ad- 
judged in 1720. But- 1 find, aceordhig to Le Nevis 
Knights, that Katherine f Knyvett), the second wife 
of Richard Bokenham, of Weston Mercat, claimed 
and obtained the dignity of Baroness Bemers in 1720, 
in htr own right; and that at her death the title again 
fell in abe3rance, so that Richard Bokenham, her 
husband, never could have been called Baron Bemers. 

W. P. IVATTS. 



^^•y Gfy^xmn- 



ALEXANDER CRUDEN. 

(iv. 87, 134.) 

There was a striking incident in the last act of the 
life of Alexander Cmden, which is not noticed liy 
your correspondent, T. W. Henson, and which is 
deserving of record. No premonitory symptoms 
foretold his death ; and when his housekeeper went 
to inform him that *' breakfast was ready, he was 
found dead on his knees in the act of prayer ! In 
addition to the compilation of that wondetnil Work» 



the Bible Concordanct^ Cmden also compiled an 
Index to Milton, which was appended to Bishop 
Newton's edition of Milton's works. Cruden lived 
for many years, and died in Camden (?) Passage, 
Islington. 

C. N. 
Ashleigh, Ventnor, I.W. 



LAN DEG FAMILY. 

I am desirous of obtaining information about this 
family. The Barons of Gloucester are connected with 
it by marriage. Counties — Glamorgan, Gloucester, 
Hereford, and Monmouth. A Mr. Werrall, of latter 
county, married (176) a Miss Baron, of Colefoxd« 
Gloucester, and she was a sister-in-law of Roger 
Land^. Possibly some of Mr. W.'s descendants may 
be alive. Then, Landeg is such a very uncommon 
name, that I should be glad of any information as to 
its probable origin. I am told it is Danish? Amu 
desired. 

R. T. Samuel. 

I, Paragon Terrace^ Hackney. 



CHRONICLES OF CRAVEN DALE. 

(iv. 22, 135.) 

1 think jrour correspondent, William Wickham, is 
scarcely justified in claiming the monopoly of the 
parish clerk's impromptu verses for Settle. The 
tradition is, evidently, one claimed bjr many parishes. 
At Bintry, in Norfolk, the same story is related, when, 
on the rare occasion of the Bishop's visit, the parish 
clerk read out — 

Why skip ye so, ye Bintry Hills ? 

Now wherefore do ye hop ? 
Is it because ye now see here 
His grace Uie Lord Bishop ? 

The heights ^orified in this manner are three small 
hlUs, fortV to ftfty feet high, rising from the valley of 
the river Wettsutn. 

Simon db Bintry. 



As it differs from those already given I send you 
another version of the stanza, wnich I heard, about 
thirty 3rears ago, from a Suffolk rustic, who confidently 
assigned its origin to hb own parish. I render his 
woi^s as nearly as I can : — "A hytnn of my own 
composing mind."* 

Ye little Mils, why do Ve lape? 

Ye little 'illsi Why do ye^p ? 
Is it *cise ye're come to see 

His sttp!lreor 'ighhes^, the Lord Byshop ? 

R. DkANE. 



(( 



* His gesture, expression, and roll of the eyes at 
supareor 'ighness," wCtc ftbsoltttdy inimitable. 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



231 



CHURCH^AkDENS' ACCOUNTS. 

I txBL g o m ewh at ptuzled by the following items, 
ivliich occur in die chttrchwaidens* accounts of a 
Yorkshire parish : — 

" Lock lor kidcote, a tub and straw." 

"Mendii^kidcoat" 

'* dealing the waver and repairing.'' 

" Repairing waver trougfats. 

" Cleaning skiterick." 

I shall be glad if any of your readers can enlighten 
me as to the meaning of these three words — ** ktdcoat 
(or a*)" "ttwtw"and *'skitmck." 

H. C. I. 



A RAPIER. 

I have a rapier, with a very interesting steel basket 
hilty in the guard of which is a ^oove for the thumb. 

Loigth of blade, 31 inches ; hilt, 7 inches ; i ituA 
wide next to hilt ; and | of an inch wide at an inch 
from the point. 

On both sides of the blade, in a groove, are the 
letters, in Roman characters, " runk£L solingen;" 
preceded on one side by the figures, " x.x.i.l.," and 
on the other by the figures *' x. i. i." No figures 
between the first i and the second. 

Can any of your readers give the probable date of 
the weapon, and offer any clue to the figures ? I may 
add, it IS straight, two-edged, and appears to be of 
good workmanMiip. 

R. B. W. 

Mandiester. 



ROBERT DE SWINNERTON. 

Can anv one supply me with the exact words of the 
Close RoU of f Hen. III., by which the Sheriffof Lin- 
cbhishire is ordered to restore the lands of Robert de 
Swinnerton, who had returned to his allegiance? 
How had this knight broken his allegiance? Was 
the pardon extended to him merely a part of a general 
paroon which had been extended to all who had 
taken the field against King John in the closing years 
of his reign? 

^ Charles Swynnerton, 

Peshawur. Bmgal Chaplain, 



ROBERT FITZ-AELEN. 

Can any of the readers of The Antiquary give 
me the dates of the deeds referred to in the following 
extract ? : — 

" The Robert Fitz Aelen (de Swynnerton) of the 
Liber Niger appears to be the same as a Robert Fitz 
Ehelen, and a Robert Fitz-Esluem, who wimess 
grants of Nicolas de Stafford and his son, Robert de 
Stafford, in the Kenil worth Chartulary." 

C. Swynnerton. 



SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. 

At intervals along the exterior walls of the north 

side of Salisbury Cathedral, below the level of the 

windows, are incised floriated crosses in the masonry, 

' which look as if they had originally been filled with 

metal. Was this the case ? 

£. S. DODGSON. 

Pitney House, Yeovil. 



MONTACUTE CHURCH. 

Who was the author or where is the first occurrence 
of the mediaeval lines beginning, '* O Sacerdos, quid 
es tu ?" which Bishop Forbes inserted in the preface 
to his edition of the Mem&riale Vita Sacerdotalis ? 
They occur in an inscription on the north wall of the 
interior of the chancel of the Church of Montacute, 
in Somerset. 

E. S. I>ODGSON. 

Pitney House, Yeovil. 



''!>'.9'?L-n9\>A*)ti 



PAINTING. 

(iv. I35-) 

In reply to Mr. WoUen's inquiry, I think it pos- 
sible that his picture was painted by Rem^ van 
Lemput, who was bom in Antwerp, and diM in 
London in 1675. The letter P is probably an R 
which has been partly effaced. 

Howard Payn. 



HERALDIC FLAGON. 

(!▼. 134.) 

Sa. three swords in pile, the points in base, arg. 
hiked or. — Patdet. 

Az. a chevron arg. between three plovers or. — 
Wychard. 

A. B. 



HERALDIC. 

(»▼. 135) 

Arg. an oak tree growing out of a mount in base 
ppr. over all on a fess az. a crescent or., between two 
mullets arg. — Watson y Aberdeen, Scotland. 

Erm. 3, increscehts gu. — Symmesy Daventry, 
Northants. 

A. B. 



"CONSTITIA." 

Have any of your readers ever met with the 
barbarous word, ** Constitia," in mediaeval Latin ? 
** Constitiam diligo " is the moito on a liandsome 
brass of the Elizabethan period in Wickhambrook 
Church, Suffolk ; but I have not yet been able to 
disprove its title of being a Ato^ XcT^^ieFor. 

Charles Burrougb. 



338 



THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE. 



Z\iz HntfQuar!? Bjrcbande. 



Enclose^, for the First 12 Words^ and id, for each 
Additional Thru Words, All replies to a number shmdd 
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George Eliot's Romola, edition de luxe^ £^. — 
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Society of Antiquaries, London ; Tower of London, 
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Two valuable old Roman Silver Goins, the time of 
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Gollection of Autographs, in 3 volumes 4to, of 
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Tractarian Delusions; On Private Devotion in 
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stead. 

Arclueologia Cambrensis, Series III., Nos. 2, 5, 7, 
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bury. 

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SHAKESPEARE S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 



333 




The Antiquary. 



DECEMBER, i88i. 




in "TCbc flDenn? Mivca of 
Minb0or." 

By the late William Henty. 

is held by some critics that the 
first rough sketch of this play was 
made as early as 1592. If so it 
seems inconsistent Avith the report 
of its being prepared under the direction of 
Queen Elizabeth, and of its being then finished 
in a few weeks. May this be reconciled by 
the supposition that the autobiographical 
part was prepared at the above early period 
and then afterwards made use of with the 
addition as ordered by the Queen and fitted 
togedier in its full shape ? 

The play of The Merry Wives of Windsor 
was written, it is said, in the year 1599, when 
the author would be thirty-five years old, 
seventeen years after his marriage. In this 
he has introduced more of the colour of 
Stratford life than in any other play. The 
beginning of it concerns his own personal 
biography, as a party in the deer adventure. 
The locality is evidently Stratford, though 
disguised as Windsor, with the addition of 
some of its surroundings. The characters, 
or at least their names, may be assumed to be 
all firom Stratford. Shallow and his cousin 
Slender are at once identified, as real person- 
ages, with the events connected with Shake- 
speare in which they took a part hitherto 
little understood, but which it is believed will 
now be made plain. 

Dr. Caius (the apothecary, doubtless of 
Stratford) and Dr. Evans, the Master of the 
Collie, are readily distinguished. It is evi- 
dently intended by Shakespeare that we should 
find his own early life in this play. Mistress 
Anne is brought in, and our interest is raised 
by her beauty, her fortune, and her simplicity 

VOL. IV. 



of manners. Then Fenton, her lover, narrates 
his courtship, which is carried through and 
completed. As all these circumstances ex- 
emplify and tally with Shakespeare's character 
in his own early career, there seemed to be little 
wanting except some partially concealed key 
by means of whifih we were to perceive that 
William Fenton and sweet Anne Page were 
designed to be the representatives of VVilliam 
Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway. From 
that discovery it followed that the plot in 
which they are made to take part is almost 
wholly autobiographical The proofs are 
both direct and circumstantial. The direct 
proof is that Shakespeare put palpably his 
own statement, and I suppose we may call 
it his defence, into the mouth of Falstaff 
respecting the deer story. In this he shows 
no compunction or concealment, in replying 
to Shallow, but exhibits perfect freedom in 
style of address consistent as that is with 
his puurt in the affair as now fully known, 
and has already been detailed at length. 
The introduction of the scene of the lad 
William, when put under examination by his 
Stratford schoolmaster, the name of Page 
being of course imaginaiy, points directly to 
the identification of himself to bring him in 
propria persona before the reader. The 
episode is beside the action of the play and 
can have no other object but this. 

One main suggestion of the identification 
of the characters came of course from the 
identity of the Christian names William and 
Anne. Then the mention of Anne's fortune, 
a suggestion which I remembered was made 
by Theobald, seemed to be an allusion to 
a special bequest firom her grandfather, 
and the thought arose that that would prove 
a clue on the chance of finding such a 
will, but the search has unfortunately not 
proved successful, as the name of the maternal 
grandfather cannot be ascertained. The 
date of such a will, if it exists, would be 
somewhere afler the year 1556, the year of 
Anne's birth. The next great point was the 
particularity with which the wart on the eye 
was dwelt on as indicating some special 
purpose. 

Quickly. — Troth, sir, all is in his hands above 
but, notwithstanding. Master Fenton, I'U be swore 
on a book she loves you — have not your worship a 
wart above your eye ? 

R 



a36 



SHAKESPEARE S A UTOBIOGRAPHY, 



weigh much in its favour, who, on discover- 
ing the under painting, exclaimed in the 
words before mentioned that it was ''a genuine 
portrait of the immortal bard." 

The other objections which it is necessary 
to dispose of are, first — 

" That it is a copy made from the bust." 
I have already mentioned the anticipation of 
Messrs. Wheler and Wivell, that there would 
be found another picture which Gerald John- 
son would stand in need of, to enable him to 
complete his bust, made seven years after 
death. 

Presuming, as I do, that he had before him 
a cast of the poet's face, and, as I have else- 
where mentioned, taken so long after death 
as almost to amount to disfigurement, the 
colours of the features, the beard, the hair, 
and the dress, which he endeavoured to 
imitate, must still be supplied from another 
source, and a portrait would be the best 
means. The scarlet colour of the dress of the 
portrait was till then without precedent, and 
Johnson adopted it, but did not surely invent 
it. If the painter did really make out his pic- 
ture by taking the bust as his model he must 
have been a person of no mean talent, not- 
withstanding what some of the critics have 
thought. The mouth, instead of being open 
as in the bust, is well formed, with a pleasing 
expression, the eyes are mild and gentle, not, 
as in the bust, open and staring ; and (in the 
language of another critic), " In the face lies 
the main evidence. Shakespeare has in the 
portrait a nose in good harmony with the 
rest of the face, not short and insignificant as 
in the bust" The next imaginary objection 
made is, that it was painted for some perform- 
ance or figure in the great Jubilee of 1769. 
The statement of the late Mr. Hunt was 
that it had been in his family's possession 
for above a century, which would take back 
the ownership beyond the Jubilee. Of course 
the disguised covering of paint must have 
been done (if these critics are correct) after, 
and not before, that event, says the critic, 
for a " freak." But what possible reason 
could there be for hiding an "admirable 
portrait of Shakespeare," or an admirable 
portrait of any one. If acquired by Mr. 
Hunt in that state it would have been known 
to him as Shakespeare's portrait, and the 
name could not well be lost, and yet he. 



stated that his family had so disregarded the 
subject of the painting that it had been used 
-as a target by the juveniles of the fejnily. 
Surely, then^ we may disregard such futile 
inventions. I hold, as I have already said, 
that it was painted from the life. That after 
the poet's death, and after Gerald Johnson 
had finished his bust, it was disguised in the 
manner indicated to avoid remarks on the 
part of Stratford friends, who were opposed 
to the drama and its adjuncts. But I think 
I have added the most striking affirmative 
proof of its genuineness in the esdstence 
of the wart on the eye, a most happy dis- 
covery, which will surely dispose of all adverse 
criticism. 

It is a rather singular incident that, after 
my paper was written out, I found on look- 
ing over an anonymous work styled, " Foot- 
steps of Shakespeare," a detection of the 
identity of Fenton and Anne Page with 
Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway. But the 
writer passes it over briefly, whilst hurrying 
on to his argument to show by a multitude 
of proofs that Shakespeare was put apprentice 
to a doctor. His writing, therefore, would 
not be likely to attract attention. He had, 
of course, not noticed the allusions to the 
wart in the eye, without the discovery of which 
I should certainly not have prosecuted my 
inquiries. 

It is a disappointment to myself, as well as 
to my readers, that I am unable to insert or 
refer to a photograph of the Stratford painting. 
The one known as Bedford's, which circu- 
lates largely at Stratford, could not well have 
been correctly taken. It is erroneous in two 
respects ; it omits the wart on the eye, and 
the folding of the hair is different I hope 
he may give us a renewed one. My own 
difficulties have been great in my efforts to 
obtain a good photograph ; but I need not 
allude further to them. I will here sum- 
marize the important incidents which the 
discovery appears to denote and authenti- 
cate. 

I St The prominent position in neighbour- 
ing society held by Anne Hathaway and her 
family. 

2nd. Her attractiveness, from her beauty, 
and her sweet voice and charact^. 

3rd. Herfortui^e and property, asserted by 
her father (Page), and confirmed by Anne . 



SHAKESPEARE S A UTOBIOGRAPHY. 



237 



and Fenton (Shakespeare), with explicitness 
and candour. 

4th. Shakespeare's own high position by 
his birth (as I am a gentleman) advanced 
impliedly as superior to that of Anne. 

5th. His gay life and spirits up to his 
eighteenth year. 

6th. His impecuniosity at the time of his 
courtship (" a man of no having''). 

7th. His talents for verse-making. 

8th. His righteous suit — /.^., their betrothal 
and subsequent marriage. 

9th. An express consent given by the 
mother to the engagement. 

10th. The happy life of the pair since their 
marriage. 

There may be noticed an argument against 
the assumption that Shakespeare was lame, 
implied by some critics, since he is credited 
here with the accomplishments of" capering" 
and *' dancing." 




XTbe l^oman tt)f Ila at Mi ttdbam, 

Ikent 

By C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. 

[S but little public notice has been 
taken of Mr. George Dowker*s 
researches at Wingham, a few re- 
marks will be acceptable to the 
antiquarian circles of the kingdom, many 
from which will doubtless be anxious to see 
and judge for themselves the remarkable 
remains which have already been brought to 
light . Winter, however, is almost upon us ; 
and the Roman villa will be covered up to 
protect the tender tessellated work from the 
frost ; but in a visit to Wingham there is far 
more to see and to think of than the villa 
itself; and, in the uncertainty of our climate, 
the winter months may be even more favour- 
able than those of summer for seeing the 
country, which deserves to be studied, with 
the vUla and its immediate surroundings. 
Wingham itself (full of mediaeval memories 
and remains), stands in a somewhat central 
position among the sites of extensive Roman 
and Saxon populations, which, more than 
any district in the county, perhaps in entire 
England, have exercised the learning and 
antiquarian experience of many in the past 



and present generations. To say that Wing- 
ham is somewhere about midway between 
Canterbury and Sandwich and Richborough,is 
enough to prove the hallowed seat of the 
Genius Locij looking over a wide expanse 
inspiring historical recollections, and sugges- 
tive of what may yet lie buried to reward the 
explorations of scientific inquirers. 

The Adisham Station of the London, 
Chatham and Dover Railway, is the nearest 
point of approach, the distance being only 
about two and a half miles. From Canter- 
bury to Adisham, and a little beyond, lie the 
sites of Saxon cemeteries which furnished 
Bryan Faussett Avith some of the richest 
and rarest materials for his Inventorium 
Sepulchrak; also tlie Archaologia and 
ArchcBoiogia Cantiana, with the equally 
valuable results of excavations made by Lord 
Albert Conyngham, and Mr. Godfrey 
Faussett. Beyond Wingham, on the right, 
lie Ash, Eastry, Wodensborough, and other 
places equally memorable for Saxon sepul- 
chral remains, and associated with the names 
of Boys, the historian of Sandwich, Rolfe, 
his grandson, Akerman, and others, among 
the latest of whom was Planche, who, at Ash, 
while residing with his son-in-law, wrote the 
readable, amusing, and instructive volume 
called A Corner of Kent. On the left, 
about midway between Wingham and Recul- 
ver, is Sarre, where Mr. John Brent dis- 
covered and successfully explored (by the 
pecuniary aid of the Kent Archaeological 
Society), the important Saxon burial-place so 
well described and illustrated by the explorer 
in the Archceologia Cantiana ; and so well 
exemplified by the collections safely preserved 
in the Charles Museum at Maidstone. Not 
far beyond are Minster and Osengal, which 
have furnished such valuable contingents to 
our Saxon stores. Reculver lies on the re- 
mote left, within a half-day's walk ; and 
equally approachable, in front, is Rich- 
borough, where, in the immediate vicinity 
of the castru/Hy Mr. Dowker, Mr. Harris, and 
myself, last year, made a close survey ; and 
arrived at the conclusion that there might be 
expected to be found lapidary inscriptions, 
which there is every reason to believe lie 
safely concealed, to reward some future ex- 
plorer by throwing further light on the history 
of this important place. Such are some of 



338 



THE ROMAN VILLA AT WINGHAM, KENT. 



the attractions among which Wingham is 
centred. 

The villa is on the western side of the 
village, on the lower slope of a large, open 
field, called the Vineyard, below which, on 
the north, runs a stream. Flanking this 
stream, but at some little distance, will be 
noticed a slight embankment, raised, no 
doubt, to protect the villa from floods. The 
Vine^rd had long been known to Mr. J. R 
Sheppard as the probable site of a Roman 
building or buildings, fi*om fragments of tiles, 
pottery, and coins continually ploughed up. 
It remained for Mr, Dowker to probe the 
ground and make excavations, which soon 
led to the discovery of the apartment visited, 
in the summer, by the Kentish Archseological 
Society, under the guidance of Mr. Dowker. 
Canon Scott-Robertson, the Secretary, at 
once seconded Mr. Dowker's views and 
exertions ; and the result is the discovery of 
what may turn out to be a spacious building, 
or, possibly, more buildings than one. 

The chief portion excavated discloses three 
rooms on as many levels. The lowermost, 
that referred to as visited by the Society, being 
a bath, not only paved with white and dark 
tesserae, but with a similar coating upon the 
walls — a very unusual mural ornamentation — 
but not xmique. Another instance is shown 
in Mr. Artis's "Durobrivse Identified," in 
a building at Chasterton, near Caistor, in 
Northamptonshire. This is in small white tes- 
serae. The other apartments, on the east, are 
paved with white and dark tesserae in elegant 
patterns of stars, squares, and fi-ets. Upon 
the left, or north of these were rooms warmed 
by a hypocaust, the structure of which is 
clearly shewn, the floorings at some remote 
period having been removed. As Mr. Dowker 
has prepared views and plans of all that has 
been as yet laid open, for the Archaologia 
Caniiana^ a minute description is not called 
for from me, but I may make a few brief 
remarks. 

Like the villa at Morton, in the Isle of 
Wight, and like many more, this at Wingham 
must have been tenanted for some time after 
its Roman occupiers had left. The hypocaust 
channel or flue leading to the furnace was 
filled up with masonry ; and upon the upper- 
most pavement lay a large millstone, while 
the central portion of the pavement of this 



room is worn as it would be by continual 
sweeping. There is, moreover, an absence 
of the numerous miscellaneous objects usually 
found in Roman buildings conjectured to 
have perished by some sudden calamity. 
Only two coins have been foimd ; the one a 
small brass of Constantine ; the other a large 
brass of Antoninus Pius, which calls for 
special attention. It is much worn by long 
circulation, and is perforated to be worn as an 
ornament, just as Roman coins are found 
among pendent ornaments in Saxon graves. 
To the Saxon period, therefore, I think we 
may assign the latter days of this villa ; and 
this is also Mr. Dowker's opinion. It would 
be strange, indeed, if the Saxons did not 
utilize the substantial Roman buildings which 
they found overspreading the land. 

I have stated that Mr. Dowker is preparing 
an illustrated Paper on the villa. This ren- 
ders further remarks from me at present un- 
called for, beyond an expression of grateful 
acknowledgment of the hearty and liberal co- 
operation with Mr. Dowker, of Mr. Robinson, 
the tenant, and of Earl Cowper, the landlord. 

[Subscriptions for the future excavations will be 
thankfully received by Mr. George Dowker, of Stour- 
mouth, near Wingham, and may be sent also to our 
office. — Ed.] 



Cv;^/-) 



Sir Malter 1)underforb of 

farlcij* 



^9|BHW0 of the three members of the 
HB^I Hungerford family, in whom it has 
^AU been before suggested originated the 
^^^^ peculiar legends which attach to 
Farley Castle, have been already treated of 
in the pages of this Magazine,* and we now 
come to take into consideration a few facts 
relating to the third and last apparently im- 
plicated person, Su: Walter Hungerford — 
" Sir Walter of Farley," as he is sometimes 
familiarly called. 

The knight of whom we are about to speak 
was the eldest son of the executed Lord 
Hungerford of Heytesbury. The family 
pedigrees agree in making him bom of Lord 
Hungerford's first wife, Susan Dan vers ; but 

♦ Antiquary, vol. ii. p. 233; vol. iv. pp. m 
and 249. 



Sm WALTER HUNGERFORD OF FARLEY. 



839 



the inscription written beneath an existing 
portrait describes Sir Walter as being 
aged forty-two in 1574.* If that statement 
is correct, he must have been bom of Alicia 
Sandys, Lord Hungerford's second wife, 
whom he married in 1537. However it 
may have been, Sir Walter must, at any 
rate, have been quite young at the time of 
his father's execution in 1541. The blemish 
cast upon the &mily name by the crimes with 
which L^rd Hungerford was charged, banished 
his son from notice for awhile ; and the first 
we hear of him is in 1553, when Edward VI. 
made him a grant of certain lands, &c.t On 
tiie 24th of May, 1554, Queen Maiy gave 
him, in reward for his " various services," a 
further grant of the lands, &c, forfeited by his 
late father, and amongst these '' the manor 
and castle of Farley."} So the Hunger- 
fords held again their ancestral home, and 
Walter had a respectable estate to boast of. 
He now seems to have lost no time in taking 
a wife, as, but a fortnight after obtaining the 
grant of Farley, he married Anne Basset 
One Robert Swyfte, writing from London 
to the Earl of Shrewsbury, under date of i ith 
June, 1554, thus describes the wedding : — 

On Thursday last was married at Richmond, Basset 
the Queen's maid, to Mr Hungerfurthe, son and heir 
to Lord Hungeriurthe, at which day the Queen shewed 
herself very pleasant, commanding all mirth and 
pastime.S 

However, this marriage, celebrated as it 
was imder such favourable auspices, must 
have been of short duration, as four years 
later, on the 5th of July, 1558,11 the Queen 
made Walter another grant, in consideration 
of his then marriage with Anne, one of the 
daughters of Sir ^^iam Dormer of Ascot, 
from whom, eleven years afterwards — namely, 
in 1569, he was divorced. IF 

* Engraved in Sir R. C. Hoare's Modern Wilts, 

t Inquis. P. M. 6. Jas. I. , Pt II. No. 1 59. X Ibid. 

i " His. MSS. Commn. App. to 6th Report," p. 
450^. The words there stand : " son and heir unto 
Loid Hungeriiuthe^s son and keir^^ — the words *' son 
and heir" are repeated clearly by mistake ; the mar* 
liage of Lord Hungerford's grandson, in 1554, is 
absurd! 

11 See Inquis. P.M., 6 Jas. i. pt. ii. Fat. Roll. 

^ By Anne Dormer Sir Walter had four children : 
Edward, who died voung; Susan, who married (i) 
Michael Eamley (2) J. Mervyn, and (3) Sir Carew 
Reynell ; Lucy, who married (i) Sir John St. John, 
and (2) Sir Anthony Hungerfoid of Blackbourton ; 
and Jane, who married Sir J. Kame. 



Amongst the Domestic Series of State 
Papers for the reign of Elizabeth, are two 
letters written by Lady Hungerford, early in 
1570, in which she speaks of the result of 
this divorce suit, and of her domestic affairs. 
The first of these letters is addressed to \Ax 
sister Jane, who had married the Duke of 
Feria, and was residmg in Spain ; it runs 
thus : — 

I wryt unto your grase about the ende of y* last 
mounthe of Febuary, which I truste er this tine is 
com unto your grasses handes. Y* effecte therof was 
how sentence hathe passed w< me, y* last tearme, and 
how much I am bound to my Aunte Haringtone, and 
to my Unkell Fitswillems, or eles I shoulde have bin 
delayed still* I wot not how longe. 

Also how Mr Hungerforde is in y* Flete and ther 
will remaine becawes he will nether geve me any living, 
nor yet pay me never apeny of my charges, which is 
two hundred pounds, and fine, that he is alredy con- 
demned in; so y' I am hoples of any thing to be gotten 
at his handes 

I truste from hensforthe you shall not be so longe 
w'out lettres from me as heartofore you have bm, 
having no mistruste but y^ you will waye how many 

rtrplexityes I have hade, and in what great messeres 
hade been in, iff your grassyowes goc^nis had not 

holpen me. God requite it unto you 

I beseeke your good grase to geve my cossen 
Thurlande thankes for me, and allso his good and 
vertttos mother [from] whom I have reseved great 
comforte in hur oompeny, for in moste of all my 
trobles, and sutes allwayes when I was in Londane, she 
was my companyone and ever w* me Touch- 
ing my diildren of whom I know you are desirewes 
to hear of, I can say but littell for I am so cut off from 
them that I am as a stranger unto them contrary to 
all reasone or nature, which I must suffer, praying 
God to bles them and make them all his servantet ; 
for other goo 1 than bv prayer can I not do them. I 
hear they are very evell youssed, and no bringing up 
they have. Well, God comforte and belpe them ! 

My hope and truste is your grase, w my Lordes 
grase, and your dear sone are in good helthe, which I 

Eray God moste lon^e to continue, w^ incres of mucfae 
oner and endles felissette. — ^from Etherope the %x day 
of March [endorsed 1570.] 

Your humble and 
obedient sbter during 
life 

Anne Hungerforde** 
[addressed] 
To y« Right Honorable the 
Duchcs of Ferya her grase 
these at Suffiua. 

Lady Hungerford's second letter is dated 
from the Savoy, five days after that just re- 
cited. It is addressed " To niy very frcnde 
Mystres Dorothe Essex, attending y* Duches 

* The letter is preserved amongst the State Papers, 
[Domestic] £liz., Add. volxviii. No. 121. 



240 



S/J^ WALTER HUNGERFORD OF FARLEY. 



of Ferya, w* spede at [ ] in Spaine." 

In this letter we shall see that the writer 
enters more fully into the details of her law suit 
with Sir Walter, and her impoverished condi- 
tion, than she does in writing to her sister, 
from whom she has, it seems, purposely 
hidden the nature of some of the charges 
brought against her. Lady Hungerford 
writes : — 

My dear Essex. — I have reseved divers letters from 
you, and allso from hur grase which I confes hath bin 
slacly ansswered, and, as I hope to be saved, my 
trobles hathe bin so great, and my very wantes suche, 
that I have bin not my selfe, and indede I have not bin 
abell to write, nor send no whother. And I have 
had but small helpe of any saving my Aunte Haring- 
tone, and Gardener. I have bin in that nessete y< I 
have solde all my wering clothes, and my sadell clothe 
and suche linen as you knowe I had, and all to help 
me to mainttane my sute in lawe in clering me of 
myne inosence. And now I had sentance of my side, 
but Master Hungerforde will not pay my charges, nor 
yet gave me living, v^hich y* lawe geves me, but he 
hither will li in the Flete, then to parte w* any peny 
of living w» me. O my dear Doll what endells 
messeres do I live in ! O what frendes had I that 
this most wrechedly hath utterely caste me, and all 
mine, away. I am not abell to write y* one quarter 
of my trobles, which I have indured. Sir Walter 
Hungerforde, and his brother hath touched me w* 
iij. thinges, but I wolde in no case have y® Douches 
to know them for geving her grefe. The furst was, 
since you went, Aduortery ; ye seckond, w' murder ; 
y* iii'" that I wolde appoyssoned him vj. yeares agone. 
But all thes has fallen out to his shame, but I shall 
never recover it whilst I live, the greuef hathe bin, 
and is, suche to me, and mine necessetys so that I 

fear I shall never be as I have byne My 

childrene I have not harde of them, this xii. months, 
and more ;* they are loste for wante of good plassing. 
Susane is, as I hear, clen spoiled. She has foigotten 
to rede, and her complexione clene gone w* an yeche, 
and she hath skante to shefte hur wt all. Jane is 
w* a sempster in Marlborro very evel too. Surely I 
wer happy if God wolde take them out of this life, 
for they do so torment me that I wer happy so they 
wer dede. 

Your childrene is in helthe, but they lowes ther 
time for lake of good bringing up. As God save 
me, if I had bin abell I wolde have had them, but 
alas God knowes I was not. It hathe spoiled me the 
wante of an howes all this while. For hear I live 
w> my father, & putes him to chaxge for mete and 

drinke, and myself uncontented The great 

trobles and wantes I have indured this to yeares has 

caused me that I kolde not do as I wolde 

Condem me not, becawes I have not written to hur 
Grase, nor you no oftener ; for my sicknis and grete 

♦ As Lady Hungerford's marriage with Sir Walter 
took place in 1558^ her eldest child cannot have been 
more than eleven years old when this letter was 
written. 



trobles hath bine shuche that I was not abell to write, 
and I have none to write for me. Yea, if I sayde 
my i^ites hathe not bine mine none, I said bat rite ! 
.... Well I wolde I had living that I might be owt 
of y* lawe, then I shulde have more lessure to write, 
and be at for more quietnys .... O my good Doll, 
pray for me and cawes me to be prayed for, &c. .... 
From y* Savoy the xxv day of Marche. 

Your moste assured and 
dear frend, and mother 
in good will 

A. Hungerforde. 

Sir Walter Hungerford was then nearly as 
bad a husband as his executed father. True, 
it does not appear that, like him, he used 
actual violence towards his wife, but his ill- 
treatment of her in another form was almost 
as brutal. We get an independent opinion on 
his character in some letters from Sir Francis 
Englefield written about this time. In one of 
these, addressed to Dorothy Essex, the writer, 
who is at Louvaine, says : — " You have doubt- 
less heard how my Lady Hungerford's great 
suit has ended by sentence to her sufficient 
purgation, though neither sufficient for her 
recompense nor his punishment" Sir Francis, 
it seems by the same letter, had been advising 
Lady Hungerford to come and reside at 
Louvaine, and endeavouring to move her 
various friends and relations to find her in 
money sufficient for her proper maintenance, 
"till," as he puts it, "the justice of her 
cause be better heard, and that great heast^ 
my cousin, compelled to recompense the in- 
juries done her." In another letter, Sir 
Francis, writing to the Duchess of Feria, and 
speaking of Sir Walter's refusal to pay Lady 
Hungerford's costs, says, " such is her hus- 
band's miserable nature, that to save money 
he will lie in prison stilL" We learn from 
the inscription written beneath a portrait of 
Sir Walter Hungerford* — ^which represents 
the knight mounted, and fully equipped for 
the chase — that at the commencement of 
Queen Elizabeth's reign (just after his second 
marriage) he was the champion huntsman of 
the day, and a fair type of the sporting man 
of the period — ^a characteristic which, even 
now, does not invariably tend to promote 
domestic happiness. 
Lady Hungerford appears to have taken 

* In the possession of the Pollen family, at Rod- 
bourne, near Malmesbury. A copy wiU be found in 
Canon Jackson's Guide to Farhi^h and Hungerfinrd^ 
plate xviii. 



SIX WAL7ER HUNGERFORD OF FARLEY. 



241 



Sir Francis Englefield's advice, and, as soon 
as possible, quitted England for the Conti- 
nent. In October, 1571, her name appears 
amongst the list of English residents at Lou- 
vaine ;* and from Namur, in 1586, she wrote 
the following important letter to Secretary 
Walsingham, which can hardly fail to remind 
the reader of the complaint addressed by a 
former Lady Hungerford to Secretary Crom- 
well We shall see by the letter that Lady 
Hungerford had just heard of the death of her 
only son, for whom she evidently bore a ten- 
der regard. The letter will also introduce 
us to some of Sir Walter's schemes, not very 
creditable to him, by which he has been en- 
deavouring to defeat his legitimate children 
of their rightful inheritance : — 

Right Honounible. — It is not onlyke but at the fyrst 
vewing, from whence and whome these come, you 
may (without having farther perused theire contents) 
somewhat mirsef at my enterprise in derecting the 
same unto yon, whose endevoures and labours, I am 
not ignorant, to be employed in publicke, and lyttle 
in pryvate aiffiiyres, and therfore not to be molested 
w*n their lykes. Yet I hope when you have dis- 
covered my intente and cause of this my writini;:, you 
wiU not only w* good and favorable instruction inter- 
perate my playne and sjrmple meaning, but also par- 
don my boldnes, and what by ignorance may appear 
offensive herein. 

Sir, so it is, that after haviilg ben a long tyme 
visited — ^yes almost wome owt w% continuall sickness, 
and ^uyte overwhelmed w'h such overthwartes as the 
condishion of my estate is subject unto, in the end 
when I hoped for better comfort, I received contrary 
to my expectacion, the dolehiU newes (w^ had ben 
Inrmy firoides and servantes, in respect as they saye 
of my weake case, more then a yeare kept from me) of 
the'nntymely death of myonly sone, whom I accounted 
my chafe comfort, and an assured filler for myne old 
age to have reposed upon, [so] that in this worlde my 
only joy is lost, and all hope of future comfort. And 
trewly the bewaylii^ of his losse hath so perplededt 
me, that I rest wholy confused, and as a sorrowful 
mother cannot but much lament the being depryved 
of so deare a childe, hartel^ wishing that y' had 
pleased God to have spared Imn and bdcen me. - 

But syth w*^ death there is no parcyallytie, nor to 
eschew jr* eny remedy ; and that against God s pro- 
fonnde and' secrete judgements none may w*^ [out] 
deepe offence repine, I must be content and take 
paaently all he sendeth, and not suffer my selfe so far 
to be distracted w«^ bewayling his want, as that I 
should forgett my daughters, iox whome I ought to 
be the more careful in respect their cases be harder 
then I thought, or they perhaps imagine. For I finde 

• State Papers. Dom. Eli/., Add. 157 1, vol. 
xfaL. No. 75. 
t Wonder, from m/rvr, X Perplexed 



theire fathers lands nothing so assuredly made nnto 
them, but that yf he will suffer himselfe, w*^ evill in- 
stigation to be transported owt of the bandes of 
nature, and Ijrmites of conscience, he may desire a 
means to defraude them of theire poition. And that 
there be such abowt him, more neere to him (who have 
no smal credit w^ him) that desire he should so be, 
and he, too prone to yield in that behalfe to theire 
suggestions. I would I had no experience therof 
nor more then symple imagination to perswade me to 
beleve I am not theirein deseaved. 

Wlierfore to the end I may discharge the dewtye 
of a naturall and loving mother towards my children ; 
and manifest to my frendes and theirs, the affection 
and care I have of them, I have thought [it] expedient 
to advertise them to beware of the worste, and seeke 
by the helpe of theire frendes and allies (whereof I am 
bould to account yo' honor not the least) to prevent 
whatsoever theire father may be induced to practise 
against them for defeating them of theire right. 

And albeit I can not so well and particularly 
instruct them by this means of wryting how to show 
the inconveniences that may ensew by not understand- 
ing theire own cases (w*** is a matter most important 
both to myselfe and them) as I could by the relacion 
of some, my truste servantes specyally and expresly 
assigned to that end and pui^>ose, yet, consiaering 
the jelosye of that and this State .... I have 
thought good to forbcare the sending of suche for a 
tyme, at the least untill I am warrented so to do by 

yo' honors protection &c And in the mean 

[time, I] am bould to direct these to yo' honor w*** 
the inclosed to the Countesse of Pembroke, of whom 
I have made choice to wryte in the manner, as you 
may see, to convey the inclosed to my children, as 
well for her fideljrtee to her ma^ and the State, as 
also for her neere kindred and affection to myne,* &c 
.... And that I may the better and speidier have 

r>' answer hereunto, or know yo' pleasure herein, 
have willed my daughters to apoint some one to 
attend on you and solicite the same. And yf herein 
I may hnde the favor I desire, and they tast of the 
benefit I expect, I shaU account myselfe much bounde 
to yo' honor for the one, and they rest by infinatc 
obligations to acknowledge the other, by all dew 
thamces and services, w*^ hoping, and having no 
further to impeach you, w* my most hartye comoida- 
tions, I kisse jro' hands, wyshing unto you all healthe 
and honor. From Namiu-, the 29 of NIarch, 1589. 
Yo' honors most affectionate 
and redy to serve you 

A. HUNGERFORDE. 

The Inquisition taken upon Sir Walter's 
death, shows us that at Uie very time of 
Lady Hungerford's writing the foregoing to 
Walsingham, her husband, by a number ol 
indentures, made with his brother Edward, 
was dealing with his estates in a manner 
which would injuriously affect the inheritance 
of his legitimate children. In one of these 

* This was the Countess of Pembroke (Mary 
Sidney) to whom Sir Philip Sidney dedicated his 
Arccuiia^ 



243 



SrH WALTER BVNGERFORD Ot PARLMV. 



t 



deeds Sir Walter settles various lands upon 
his brother, with remainder to the hehrs male 
of his own body " by any womatC^ he should 
" afterwards marry." There is strong ground 
for supposing that Sir Walter, when he caused 
these words to be inserted in the indenture, 
had in his mind some particular woman 
whom he did intend to marry, when circum- 
stances permitted; and to this "woman" I 
think Laidy Hungerford refers when she says 
that there are those about her husband, who 
have no small credit with him, that desire to 
defeat the interests of his lawful issue. Who 
this woman was we shall see by the following 
extract from Sir Walter's Will, made on the 
14th of November, 1595.* After desiring to 
be buried "in the chantry in Farley Castle, 
where my son was buried," and after leaving to 
his sister Maryt his " best ambling gelding" 
and his brooch " set with a great diamond 
in the midst, which," he says, " I wear in my 
hatt daily," he continues : — 

Furder, I give Margerie Brighte royj two fanns in 
Upton Skidmorei &c., with all my flocks of sheepe, 
and aU other cattle, and all my householde stufie in 
Upton Skidmore, moveables and unmoveables, during 
her life, paying the old rent for it yearlie, upon the 
condition that she live unmarried, and put in sureties 
for the answering of my stocke, which I let her have, 
to mine exors, or mine heirs. If she do marrie, then 
I give her ;f 20 a year, to be paid out of my manor of 
Winterboume Stock, during her life. I give to 
Marie, the daughter of Maigerie Bri^te, yf loco, to 
her marriage, soc that she mairie by the dia^etion of 
mine exors. or mine overseers, or else at her own 
choice after to have that money paid, and to have it 
out of my farm of Uphaven. 

Thirteen months after making this will, 
Sir Walter died, and was buried as he desired 
to be, with his son at Farley, his tomb 
being thus inscribed : — " Tyme Tryeth Truth, 
quod Water Hungerford Knyght, Who Lyeth 
Here, And Edward Hys Sone. To G'ds 
Mercy In Whom He Strust For Ever. — 
Ano. Do. 1585, the VI. of Desb'."t 

♦ For the extract from Sir Walter Hunjgerford's 
will, as well as for other valuable suggestions and 
information, I am indebted to the Reverend Frederick 
Brown, F.S.A., of Beckenham, Kent, 

t The wife, first, of James Baker, and secondly of 
Thomas Shaa. 

X See Canon Jackson's Guide to FarUigh ffungir^ 
firdf p. 38. The date refers to the death of Sir 
Walter's son. Lady Hungerford, it will be remem- 
bered, speaks of his having been dead a year or more 
in 1586. See before, p. 241. 



In the person of Margerie Bright, then, it 
would seem we have the true cause of Sir 
Walter's unnatiual treatment of his wife. How 
long Margerie had been his mistress we do 
not know, but there can be little doubt that 
Sir Walter was the father of her daughter 
Marie, to whom he left so handsome a 
marriage portion. By the kindness of the 
Reverend Frederick Brown I have been 
favoured with a copy of an entry in the 
Heralds* Visitation of Somerset, in 1633 
(Harl. MSS.), which furnishes us with the 
important fact that one Roger Mawdley of 
Nunney, then living, had for his wife 
^^ Margery^ daughter of Brite" and relict of 
Sir Walter Hungerford of Farley . Sometime 
therefore, during the short period that elapsed 
between the time that Sir Walter made his 
will, and the time of his death, his former 
mistress became his lawful wife. 

The Inquisition taken upon his. Sir 
Walter's, death, tells us that at his decease, his 
brother Edward '' entered upon all his lands, 
&C,'' and that aftetwards the aforesaid Anne 
(Lady Hungerford), before claim to dower, 
viz., on the 32nd of September, 1597, disagreed 
to her jointure, and prosecuted her writ to 
recover her rightfU dower against Sir 
Edward Hungerford, who was commanded 
to restore to her me '^reasonable dower which 
fell to her of the freehold in Farley, Wellow, 
Telford, Rowley, and Wittenham.'' So Lady 
Hungeribrd finally defeated the machinations 
of her late husband and his instigators, and 
spent the remainder of her life in comfortable 
curumstances. She died, at Louvaine^ in 
1603. 

At Sir Walter's death, in 1596, without 
lawful male issue, the Farley estates devolved, 
as it has before been said, upon his brother 
Edward, who was thus head of the house 
of Hungerford. The main line became 
e^ctinct during the last century, after the 
estates had been squandered by one of the 
family known as the '' spendthrift," who was 
lured to ruin by the temptations of the Court 
of Charles II. Stray members, however, of 
collateral branches still lingered on here 
and there for awhile, after the main line had 
become extinct; but they, too, are now passed 
away from us, so that we can close these 
papers with the satisfaction of knowing, tha 
by singling out for consideration certain of 



SII^ WALTEIi HUNGERFORD OP FARLEV. 



24i 



the Hungerfords whose actions have been 
more interesting than respectable, we shall 
not wound the feelings of any sensitive 
descendant of the family. 

William John Hardy. 




Some Hrcbafc Cudtomd at 
Cbrfdtmaa Zimc. 



the January number of this year's 
MacmillatCs Magazine^ Mr. Arthur 
J. Evans commenced a series of 
three articles on '* Christmas and 
Ancestor Worship in the Black Mountains." 
So quaint and primitive are the Christmas 
ceremonies of these r^ions, so significantly 
do they tread upon the borderland of primi- 
tive life, that Mr. Evans justly concluded 
that they give us some very important types 
of early Aryan custom. And it is worth 
while, I think, turning again to these Papers 
by Mr. Evans, now that Christmas is coming 
round once more, and endeavouring to see 
whether any customs elsewhere are com- 
parable with these Black Mountain customs, 
and are, therefore, referable to a primitive 
origin. 

In the first place, then, let us see in what 
position the customs of Christmas time stand 
in reference to archaic society. I conceive 
that it first of all becomes necessary to detach 
the customs performed at the Christmas 
festival of Christianity fi-om any inherent 
adhesion to this particular season or time; 
or, to get at the same idea from another 
standpoint altogether, what I mean is, that 
placing ourselves archaeologically in the 
earliest Christian times, we can quite under- 
stand that the festival of Christmas would 
soon gather round it many customs, super- 
stitions, and ceremonies which were too 
powerful to be abolished altogether, and 
which would survive, not as the every-day 
customs of primitive society, but as the 
special customs of the great festivals of the 
new Christian religion. The Church taught 
that certain times — Christmas, Easter, and 
so on — ^were specially kept apart for religious 
observances, and the people, always loth to 



leave oflf the practices of their ancestors — 
always fearfiil of offending their old gods, 
who had done hitherto so much for them or 
against them — answered this teaching by 
adding to the Christian ceremonies certain 
ceremonies of their own, which had once 
been performed at various times during the 
year. Thus, I think, then, that by taking 
up the customs appertaining to such an im- 
portant season as Christmas, we can pick out 
some items which are undoubtedly archaic 
in nature, and we can link them on archaeo- 
logically to a phase of society which belongs 
to primitive man, and not to civilized man. 

In the next place, it is necessary to con- 
sider what the effect of detaching customs 
performed at Christmas time from their 
special position as parts of the festival ol 
Christmas, would be upon the comparison of 
the customs belonging to one people with 
those belonging to another. It is this, that 
while one people — say, for instance, those of 
the Black Mountains — have preserved some 
primitive customs at their modern Christmas 
festival, another people — say ourselves— 
might have preserved them as belonging to 
Easter, or Michaelmas, or simply as an iso- 
lated local custom or a popular superstition 
appertaining to no special period. If we 
fully grasp this important fact belonging to 
the study of comparative folk-lore, we shall 
find ourselves without surprise comparing the 
Black Mountain Christmas customs with 
Enghsh customs or superstitions belonging 
to other times of the year, or appertaining 
to no special time. Or, to put the whole 
question in its archaeological position, the 
element of Christmas drops out altogether, 
and we come &ce to face with the survival of 
archaic customs. 

In one sense this position makes the season 
we are now approaching of no value in the 
consideration of the subject we propose to 
touch upon ; but in another sense this is not 
the case, for we learn how much the Church 
festivals helped to keep alive some of the 
most important customs of early society — we 
learn that when the light of Christianity 
bturst upon the darkening days of Paganism^ 
it did not tear up the old faiths and beliefs 
by the roots, but simply transferred them 
from the village temple to the house ; from 
the recognized tribal ceremony to the house- 



1144 



SOME ARCHAIC CUSTOMS AT CHRISTMAS TIME. 



hold ceremony; from every-day custom to 
fecial custom ; from men and women in their 
daily avocations of life, to children in the 
nursery. 

There can be no question but that the 
ceremonies witnessed and described by Mr. 
Evans were ceremonies belonging to the 
ancient worship at the hearth — the' worship 
of deceased ancestors. This worship, we 
know, begins far beyond primitive Aryan 
society. It is to be traced in more or less 
perfect form among many savage nations; 
and associated, too, with the same descrip- 
tion of ritual, the same worship at the hearth, 
as is to be found among the survivals of 
primitive Aryan worship. One example of 
this is most curious, and relates to the burn- 
ing of the yule-log. We all know the de- 
scription of this given by Brand, Henderson, 
and other writers on English folk-lore. The 
hauling home of the log, and the lighting of 
it from the remnants of the last Christmas 
log, is the folk-lore representation of the 
ever-burning house-fire, which was rekindled 
once a year from the ever-burning village 
fire. 

In modem times we have dropped the 
notion of the house-fire being ever-burning \ 
though even this is still extant in some of the 
provincial districts of Ireland, Scotland, and 
the Isle of Man. But the custom of re- 
kindling the Christmas log from the remnant 
of the old log, the prohibition against giving 
out fire from the house on Christmas Day, 
both take us back unconsciously to the 
times of early society, "when the hearth 
was the first altar, the father the first elder, 
his wife and children and slaves, the 
first congregation, gathered together round 
the sacred fire."* But how nearly the 
ritual of this early worship corresponds in 
successive stages of society, is best seen by 
a comparison of the yule-log custom' of the 
Black Mountain people, with a custom apper- 
taining to ancestor worship among a South 
African people. The )mle-log of Christmas 
is here taken quite out of the category of 
Christmas customs, and unmistakeably linked 
on to the religious ceremonies of primitive 
ancestor worship. Mr. Evans thus describes 
the Black Moimtain custom : — 

« Max MtUler's Scimct of ReHgum^ p. 152. 



The log duly feUed, the house father utters a prayer, 
and placing it on his shoulders, bears it home to his 
yard, and leans it against the outer wall of the house, 
with the freshly-cut end uppermost — a point about 
wluch they are most rigorous. The other lesser lq?s, 
representing the different male members of the lamuy, 
are now brought out and leant beside the giavni badn' 
jak^ as I found them on my arrival ; and the house 
father as he set each log in succession against the 
house wall, had repeated the formula, vesdi badnji 
dan / " A merry log day 1" 

Let us now turn to a custom of the Ova- 
herer6 tribe of South Africa in approaching 
their ancestors or deities. A dead chiefrain 
has been buried in his house, which had 
consequently been deserted. But his rela- 
tions, upon visiting the shrine, approached it 
as the abode of the ancestral deities.. A fire 
" is made upon the old place of holy fire, 
and a sheep, slaughtered near it, of which 
persons of both sexes and all ages are allowed 
to eat."* Is not this the savage original 
of the Christmas feast? In the Black 
Mountains Mr. Evans teUs us — 

That the house elder looks out some animal — a 
pig, sheep, goat, or fowl — to be fed up for the Christ- 
mas feast, during the whole time that the feast lasts. 
Rich and poor sQike do this; even the poorest families 
buying a chicken, if they have no stoclc of their own, 
as it would be a terrible misfortune not to be able, as 
they say, ** to make the knife bloody for Christmas." 
On " Tuchni dan," or slaughter day, the third day be- 
fore Christmas, the animal thus set apart is slaughtered 
by having its throat cut, is cleaned, and hung for 
Christmas morning. 

And in English folk-lore this is represented 
by the Manx custom, which is, that on the 
24th of December all the servants have a 
holiday, and after twelve o'clock at night they 
hunt the wren, kill it, and bury it with great 
formality.! Or applying the archaeological 
law of the transference from one season to 
another of customs which once belonged to 
primitive society, the Irish idea that some 
animal must be killed on St Martin's day, 
because " blood must be shed,"} is the exact 
counterpart of the Black Mountain Christmas 
custom and the folk-lore survival in civilized 
society. So far then, the Black Mbuntain 
Christmas sacrifice and its parallel in English 

* South African Folk'Lore Journal^ i. p. 62. 
Compare the Madagascar legend, told bv Mr. Sibree, 
of the meeting of the cattle at the burial place of the 
chief, and the self-sacrifice of the fattest of them, 
Folk'Lore Record^ vol. iv. p. 46. 

f Brand's Popular Antiquities^ i. 472. 

X Folk-Lore Record^ iv, p. 107, 



SOME ARCHAIC CUSTOMS AT CHRISTMAS TIME. 



«45 



folk-lore are types of a primitive Aryan 
custom. But the parallel runs much closer 
than this. The yule-log custom of the Black 
Mountain people is p^allel to a log custom 
of the Ovahererd in the worship of their 
ancestors. After the slaughter of the sheep, 
as noticed above, every son of the buried 
chief approaches the place of holy fire with 
a branch or a small tree. These they set up 
in a row on the south-west side of the build- 
' ing, and an ox is slaughtered for each of the 
sons.* Can we help recognizing in this the 
parallel savage custom to that of the Black 
Mountain people ? The South Afiican cus- 
tom definitely and distinctly appertains to 
the worship of ancestors, the Black Mountain 
Christmas custom absorbs so many features 
of this cult as known to Aryan society, that 
Mr. Evans rightly places his Papers on the 
subject as a fi-esh chapter of its history. 

One word more. I cannot help connect- 
ing the Black Mountain log festival with the 
harvest festival As the logs are brought 
intOj the house the house«mother sprinkles 
some com and utters a wish or prayer. 
And this very nearly assimilates with a cus- 
tom among the wild tribes of India. At the 
gathering of the harvest, the Lhoosai, or 
Kookies, have a festival called among them 
" Chukchai." The chief goes solemnly with 
his people to the forest, and cuts down a 
large tree, which is afterwards carried into 
the village and set up in the midst Sacrifice 
is then offered, and "khong," spirits, and 
rice are poured over the tree. A feast and 
dance close the ceremony.f We do not * 
here get the burning of the log at the house - 
fire ; but this, it appears to me, is the addi- 
tion which Aryan society made to the primi- 
tive harvest festival, for many instances occur 
in which agricultural customs are connected 
with the household deities. 

There are many other features of this 
interesting ceremony of Christmas tide as 
performed by the people of Eastern Europe 
which I should like to touch upon in illus- 
tration of their contributions to the study of 
comparative folk-lore, but space will not 
admit of it on the present occasion. In the 
meantime we shall have done something if 

* South African Folk-Lore Journal^ i. 62. 
t Lewin's Wild Races of South Eastern Indian 
p. 27a . 



this now eminently Christian festival has 
aflforded an opportunity for a glance back 
through the centiuies of its existence to times 
which, pagan and barbaric as they were, have 
given to modem society many of its most 
cherished and secret fancies. 

G. Laurence Gomme. 




trbe Site of Kind'a CoIIcde, 
Xonbon; from 1552. 

^ON the fall of Somerset, the lordly 
mansion which he had built with 
so sacrilegious hands, and amidst so 
much odium, became the property 
of the Crown. It was still unfinished, the 
eastem ground — the ground that concems us 
— left a wilderness — left very much as it was 
left when his Somerset House gave place to 
the present building. A large mound of 
rubbish and debris lay on the northem part 
ol it ; nearer the river grew a cluster of trees. 
There seems to be no record of improvements 
or additions till the time of Inigo Jones ; 
further alterations and completions were 
made just after the Restoration, when once 
more Queen Henrietta Maria held her Court 
here. And pretty much in the state to which 
it was then brought, it remained till its 
demolition, a little more than a century 
ago. 

We are able to describe the condition of 
our site with fair exactness. The ground 
was not as now raised to an equal height all 
along, but still sloped down to the river, a 
stone balustrade mnning along the edge. 
This slope was divided into two parts, an 
upper garden which seems to have been 
called "the water garden," and a lower, 
connected with the former by a flight of 
steps. The lower was probably used as a 
bowling green. Around two sides of the 
upper garden ran buildings, on the west side 
what was called " the long gallery," which 
was used as a ball-room, and on the north 
" the cross gallery," where was the presence 
chamber, ending in an octagonal building, 
which contained on one story what seems 
to have been a breakfast or dressing room, 
called in the plan of 1 706 " the yellow room," 



946 



TEtE SITE OF KINGS COLLEGE, LONDON, PROM 1552. 



and on the story below a hot and a cold 
bath. At the back of this cross gallery was 
the maid of honour's court, and beyond it 
"the French buildings" (see plan of 1706). 
All down the eastern or Strand Lane side of 
this slope, from the octagon to the river, ran 
a broad walk with trees on either side of it. 

Thus our site became a real part of 
Somerset House; and was to a greater or 
less extent the scene of whatever great 
events and excitements happened or prevailed 
there. 

Passing over the latter half of the sixteenth 
century, when in the reign of Queen Mary, 
Princess Elizabeth stayed awhile here, and 
when that princess, having succeeded her 
sister, Somerset House was lent to her kins* 
man Lord Hunsden, we come to the most 
brilliant period in the history of these pre- 
cincts. " Somerset House became in the 
seventeenth century the jointiu"e house or 
dotarial palace of our queens ; and was the 
favourite residence in London of Queen Anne 
of Denmark, of Queen Henrietta Maria, and 
of Queen Catherine of Braganza, and so the 
scene of many a strange spectacle — of much 
splendour and much woe. 

Try for a few moments to foiget the pre- 
sent, to be deaf to the roar of the Strand, 
and to plant green trees and lay down lawns 
where King's College now stands; and let 
some visions of the past arise from their 
graves and stand before us. 

What gay revellers are these we see — what 
phantoms in the wildest guises, laughing and 
sporting in the court below us ? These are 
Queen Anne and her Court. She delighted 
in such merriment. Her Court, says one, 
was a continued masquerade, when she and 
her ladies, like so many sea-nymphs or 
nereides, appeared in various dresses to the 
ravishment of beholders. Another day you 
may see, by the side of her Majesty, her 
royal brother of Denmark, in whose honour, 
as one explanation goes, Somerset House was 
re-named Denmark House. And if you like 
you can imagine scenes less graceful than 
those sprightly sea-nymphs ; for the convivial 
habits of the royal Dane were gross enough, 
and his English brother kept him in counte- 
nance, and often the two monarchs got 
royally drunk together, and perhaps these 
figures, reeling and stuttering there, one with 



a strong Scotch accent, are the heads of tvo 
kingdoms. 

The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse, 
Keeps wusail, and the swaggering npspring reds. 

And now there is silence for awhile, and 
the figures that tread our lawns speak in 
hushed tones of a mistress and soverdgn 
departed. Not again will she trip it as a 
sea-nymph. Queen Anne of Denmark is 
lying dead here. A few years pass, and her 
royal husband is lying in state beneath a 
canopy designed by Inigo Jones. 

The scene changes, and we hear loud 
cries in the French tongue of agitation and 
disgust, and behold certain mesdames aixl 
messieurs furiously remonstrating, and in 
spite of their wrath forced to pack up and 
betake themselves to the coaches and barges 
which the king has ordered to convey them 
back to their native land. These are the 
French that came over with her Majesty 
Queen Henrietta Maria ; " for their petulancj, 
and some misdemeanours, and imposing 
some odd penances on the Queen, thqr 
are all casheered this week, about a matter 
of six score, whereof the Bishop; of Mende 
was one." They had flattered themselres 
that they had found comfortable quaiten, 
and were willing to forego their Belle France, 
and their grand Paris for a time, and were 
mad with rage at this sudden ejectment 
The air is filled with foreign oaths. His 
Majesty has discreetly locked up his rojal 
spouse in a bedchamber, that she may keep 
well out of the way of her excited countrymen. 
*Do you catch a sound of broken glass? 
The Queen is in a violent passion — I quote 
from a contemporary letter — ^is breaking the 
windows of the room of her durance. She is 
also tearing her royal hair. We may be sure 
King Charles, who is inside with her, has a 
bad quarter of an hour. I do not suppose it 
was worse at Naseby. However, presendy her 
Majesty recovers her composure. 

What are these Anabaptists and Quakers 
doing on these premises ? Tempora mutantur. 
It is the Commonwealth time now y and these 
and other sects have gained an entrance here, 
as we learn from the preface of a contempoiaiy 
tract. Also Somerset House has a narrow 
escape of demolition. It was resolved (April, 
1659) that it, with all its appurtenances, should 
be sold for the partial discharge of the great 



THE SITE OF KINGS COLLEGE, LONDON, FROM 1352. 



a47 



arrears due to the army ; and Ludlow states 
that it was sold foi;^ 10,000, except the chapel. 
The Restoration interrupted this bargain. 

But before that event look at one more 
scene. On the night of the 26th of Septem- 
ber, 1658, the body of the great Protector 
was brought here from Whitehall, and was 
presently laid in state in the Great Hall, 
" represented in effigy, standing on a bed of 
crimson velvet, covered with a gown of the 
like coloured velvet, a sceptre in hand, and 
a crown upon his head.*' And now that 
that great spirit has passed away, men muse 
and marvel what shall happen. With all 
his disinterested patriotism and devoted 
energy, he has failed to -establish a penna^ 
nent system of government ; and with his 
death the anarchy, from which he had de* 
livered England, and from which so long as 
he lived he had preserved it, threatens to 
prevail once more. 

The glare of li^ht that now fills these 
courts, and the wild cheers outside, come 
from the bonfires that are blazing all along 
the Strand, and the crowds that are enthu- 
siastically burning rumps in thepQi in honour 
of the Restoration. 

Queen Henrietta Maria, now known as 
the " Queen Mother," is once more esta- 
blished here. Waller celebrates her return, 
and the new buildings she raised : — 

Constant to England in your love, 
As birds are to their wonted grove ; 
Tho* by rude hands their nests are spoil'd, 
There the next spring again they build. 

But what new mine this work supplies ? 

Can such a pile from ruin rise ? 

This like the first creation shows, 

As if at your command it rose. 

« « f « 

Let foreign princes vamly boast 

The rude effects of pride and cost 

Of vaster fabrics, to which they 

Contribute nothing but the pa^, 

This by the Queen herself designed 

Gives us. a pattern of her mind ; 

The state and order does proclaim 

The genius of that royal dame. 

Each part with just proportion graced 

And all to such advantage plac^, 

That the fair view her window yields 

The town, the river, and the fields, 

Ent'ring beneath us we descry 

And wonder how we came so high. 

She needs no weary steps ascend, 

All seems before her feet to bend ; 

And here, as she was bom, she lies 

High without taking pains to rise. 



Pepys gives us a picture of the place in those 
days of frivolity and dissoluteness :— > 

Meeting Mr. Pierce, the chjmirgeon, he took 
me into Somerset House; and there carried me 
into the Queene-Mother's jpresence-chamber, where 
she was with our own Queene sitting on her 
left hand (whom I did never see before), and 
though she be not very charming, vet she hath a 

food, modest, and innocent look which is pleasing, 
{ere ako I saw Madame Castlemaine, and, which 
pleased me most, Mr. Crofts, the king's bastard 
[afterwards Duke of Monmouth], a most pretty spark 
of al>out fifteen years old, who, I perceive, (K> hang 
much upon my Lady Castlemaine, and is alwa)^? with 
her ; and I hear the Queenes both are mighty kind 
to him. By and bye in comes the King, and soon 
the Duke oind his Duchesse ; so that they being all 
together, was such a sight as I never could almost 
have happened to see with so much ease and leisure. 
They staid tiU it was dark, and then went awav ; 
the King and hit Queene, and my LAdv Castle- 
maine and young Crofts, in one coach, and the rest 
in other coaches. Here were great stores of great 
ladies, but very few handsome. The King and 
Queene were very merry ; and he would have made 
the Queene-Mother believe that his Queene was with 
child, and said that she said so. And the young 
Queene answered "You lie;" which was the first 
English word that I ever heard her say : which 
made the King very good sport, & he would havt 
made her say in English *' Confess and be hanged/* 

Do you hear some one shouting near the 
water gate? That is the voice of this same 
Mr. Pepys. The worthy quidnunc is trying 
the echo : — 

Mr. Fovey [he writes to the date January 21, 1664-5] 
carried me to Somerset House, & there showed me 
the Queen Mother's chamber and closet, most beauti- 
ful places for furniture and pictures; and so down 
the great stone stairs to the garden, and tried the 
brave echo upon the stairs; which continue a voice 
so long as the singing [if one sings?] three notes 
concoids one after another thev all mree shall sound 
in consort together a good while most pleasantly. 

The Queen Mother did not tarry long 
amongst us. She took herself back to 
France in June, 1665, and there, in '69, her 
strangely chequered life ended. 

There is another lying-in-state in 1670. 
This is the body of Monk, Duke of Albe- 
marle, who saved England from that 
threatened anarchy I have spoken of by re- 
calling the Stuart "His fimeral was con- 
ducted with greater pomp than had ever 
before been confened upon a subject" 

And now we are in the midst of the 
furious panic and uproar of the Popish Plot 
No wonder we now see here pale alarmed 
faces ; for the story goes that it is within 



248 



7HE SITE OF KINGS COLLEGE, LONDON, FROM 1552. 



these precincts that Sir Edmund Berry God- 
frey has been murdered ; and some of the 
Queen's attendants have been arrested, and 
who knows whose turn will come next, now 
that the gross lies of Titus Oates and Beddoe 
— the very cream of liars — are drunk in so 
eagerly Ijy the public ear ? 

Queen Catherine of Braganza returned to 
Portugal, leaving Somerset House in the 
care of the Earl of Faversham ; who lived 
here till the death of the Queen in 1692. 

From this time, though Somerset House 
still remained the dotarial palace, it was only 
occasionally honoured with the royal pre- 
sence. Distinguished foreigners were often 
lodged here — as William Prince of Orange 
in 1734, the Prince of Brunswick in 1764, 
the Venetian ambassadors in 1763. And 
here too masquerades and other Court emer- 
tainments took place. Once and again the 
place overflowed with life and mirth, as a 
centiuy before : and escaping from the heat 
and noise of the ball-room, gay grotesque 
forms sauntered into the gardens and watched 
the river's quiet gliding. 

A little later a new association is formed. 
Art finds a home here, the Royal Academy, 
then a recent foundation, being permitted to 
hold here its exhibition. 

In 1775, Buckingham House was settled 
on the Queen in lieu of Somerset House ; 
and Somerset House was vested in the King, 
his heirs and successors, for the purpose of 
erecting and establishing certain public 
offices. And shortly afterwards the old 
house was demolished, and the present one 
begun. 

The rooms that stood on the site of King's 
College had by that time been long disused. 
There is extant a curious account of an in- 
spection of them just before their pulling 
down — ^an' account not without its pathos. 
Traces of their old magnificence were still 
to be seen. "The audience-chamber had 
been hung with silk, which was in tatters,* as 
were the curtains, gilt leather covers, and 
painted screens.'.' The furniture was decay- 
ing, the walls were mouldering, the roof 
falling. " In one part were the vestiges of a 
throne and canopy of state." A strong con- 
trast these old galleries, with their faded 
glory, to the boisterous fresh-flowing life of 
the Strand outside. 




Soon a new Somerset House arose ; but 
on this eastern area nothing was built. An 
unsightly heap of rubbish occupied the site 
of the gardens with their statues and of the 
Cross Gallery. And so things remained till 
1829, when the ground was granted to the 
promoters of the institution now known as 
King's College. In 1831, just fifty years 
ago, the College was completed and opened. 

John W. Hales. 



Scottieb Hrcbaeolodi?. 



[COTLAND has accpmplished what 
England has not yet attempted — 
namely, the establishment of a 
series of ardiseological lectures: 
and certainly, if we may judge from the 
results of the two recently, published volumes 
of Rhind Lectures, that by Dr.* Mitchell on 
The Past in the Present, and how the volume 
by Mr. Anderson,* she has commenced the 
good work under the guidance of two of her 
ablest scholars. 

Archaeology is so wide a field of study 
that it is necessary to, limit subjects to be 
treated of to certain definite groups. Com- 
mencing, then, with clearly stated arguments 
as to the scope and ' general beanngs of 
Scottish Archaeology,- Mr. Anderson leaves 
the wide tract that lays open bdbre him, and 
takes his stand upon the important subject 
of Scotland in Early Christiaji times. He is 
guided here in the narrower study by lessons 
taught by the facts, of thie whole range of 
archaeological science ; and hoice he prefers 
taking his he&ers from' .the koown to the 
unknown, from the structural remains of the 
twelfth centiuy, which existed side by side 
with historical records of all kinds, to the 
structural remains of earlier and, stilly earlier 
times, which fade into each other in regular 
sequence,, the more complex gradually losing 
their complexity until we arrive at the primi- 
tive elements. This is as it should be. The 
student can grasp the facts clearly as he 
progresses up the stream of past ages, and 

* Scotland in Early Christian Times, By Joseph 
Anderson. 8vo, pp. xiv. 262. (1S81. Edinburgh: 
David Douglas.) 



SCOT7ISH ARCHEOLOGY. 



349 



he treads the unknown ground with a firmer links it on with the group of twelfth-century 

footing because he knows he has airived churches. 

there by the help of known and definite 

routes. If he cannot fix the chronological 

particulars of the prehistoric structures around 

him, he can at all events fi\ their archxolo- 

gical types, and determine their relationship 

one with another. 

This system naturally produces some new 
groupings of the structural remains of the 
early Celtic church. Thus the church of 
S[. Rt^us, St. Andrews (Fig. t), referable 



to the limits of ihc tenth and twelfth cen- 
turies, belongs to the most advanced type of 
chaocelled churches, consisting of nave, 
chancel, and apse ; and although it is the only 
example of tlus advanced type which is of 
unassigned date in Scotland, its t>-picat form 

vol- IV. 




But when ft-e corac to another ehancelled 



b. 



«AO 



SCOTTISH ARCHAEOLOGY. 



church, that of Egelsay, there is evidence 
which links it on, not to the advanced 
stages of architectiu^ design, but to the 
primitive forms. This evidence is derived 
from its round tower, which, though built 
at the same time as the church, is com- 
parable to the rounb towers which stand, 
both in Ireland and'^otland, without the 
appendage of the ^urch. The tower of 
Egelsay Church is ^ peculiarly constructed, 
and there are but t#c> other towers of like 
nature in Scotland. One is at Brechin, in 
Forfarshire, and &e other at Abemethy, in 
Perthshire. 1^ Brechtn : tower (Fig. 2) 
stands in the chubhyard adjoining the south- 
west angle of the cathedral. 

It is built of liBiBe irregular blocks of a hard 
reddish grey sandiloiie. The masonry b excellent, 
the stones are cut ta the circle of the tower, but not 
squared at top andlnBtonii and consequently not laid 
in r^ular courses. Tnose at the base of the tower 
are of large size, jpaMinmnHy at much as 5 ft. in 
length and interlockid- In sevecd places. There is an 
external plinth or flM^ of 24 in. at the base of the 
tower, which is 86£)9I ilL high, to the spring of the 
later octagonal spiiwi which now fsrowns the summit. 
It is perfectly drculartiiioagiiimt, and tapers regularly 
from base to sumiujt* Internally, it is divid«l into 
seven sections or Miei of unequal height by string- 
courses averaging ^^Heeo in tl^ face and 6 in. m 
their projection mm't&eWralis. 

This remarkat^; Itower, and that of Aber- 
nethy, are singtll|p|f alike iixform, construc- 
tion, and positi|^tt^ The' ixu)st remarkable 
thing about thenifi|i.thatdiey have never been 
connected witb'^v remains, whether of 
monastery or oSiifdi. The^. stand isolated 
in their magnifijb^D|r solttit^ 4^d strength, as 
the only types'^^ph^ toaiss in Scotland. 
Therefore, sayi ' Mr.' Anderson, taught by 
scientific prindpt^ that the rarity of a 
strongly-marke4 type in on^ area may be a 
sign of its abundant existence in some con- 
tiguous or associated area, the archaeologist 
proceeds to look for the area from which the 
type here represented by these two specimens 
must have beeii doived. Tl(at area is found 
in Ireland; and th^e' Mr. Anderson leads 
his readers, anj^^msiders ther position of the 
round towers iiilOhSia&orogy. : Into this ques- 
tion we cannot now enter in detail. But to 
learn how these .rbtmd towers afiforded an 
asylum for the eddesiastics, and a place of 
security for the relics, silch as bells, books, 
crosiers, and shrines under their guardian- 



ship ; to learn how they died out by a species 
of degradation of their original form and 
function ; to learn that this process of degra- 
dation (or may we rather not say, develop- 
ment ?).is illustrated by examples where the 
tower is placed as an integral part of the 
church, in various stages, until we come to the 
modem church tower, to learn all this is to 
learn some of the truest and best principles 
of archaeological science, and for this we must 
refer our readers to Mr. Anderson's admirable 
book. 

Turning to other structural remains of the 
early Celtic Church, we come upon those 
groups of early remains where the church is 
associated with dwellings constructed within 
a rath or cashel — ^ fortified or protected 
monastic settlement Here, a^in, Mr. An- 
derson takes us alcmg die hues of strict 
archaeological sequence* to the simple form 
of the church, small in size, jconsisting of only 
one chamber, aikl widi one door and one 
window. This utterly simple.fbrm is traced 
through further gradations, until it reaches 
the construction consisting of the placing of 
stone upon stone without any lunding material 
to keep them together. 

A very good example is given from Ireland, 
situated on Shellig Michael^ Opr St. Michael's 
Rock, off the coast of Kerry : — 

As it now exists, it consists ol Gi9t drcolar beehive 
cells of dry-built masonir, anodated with two rec- 
tangular structures, akojot drj-bnUtaasonry, and one 
rectangular building of laigier snL xyut of which is 
dry-built, and |iArt coosttlictied wlAl&e cement. The 
lamst of the JMddve goUs (figiiref),k almost circular 
in form extttittU^ff'bikt cbintilini aMdl^gular chamber 
15ft. by lift. oivt|^ gioaiid pUta. lu walls are 
6 ft Sin. thick, tliqr rise Verticrily dl round, each 
stone projecting icDrmr.^'faiwaxdi than the one below 
it, until at t!ie h^^t of x6 ft. 6 in. the^rudelv domical 
or beehive-shaixfia^rdof ii finished by a' small circular 
apertmre, which mi^t b^ covered uj a single stone. 
The doorway is 3 ft. ip qp. high, with indining, instead 
of perpendicular sides, and the passage which leads 
straight through the thickness cil the wall is about 
24 ft. Over Uie doorway is a small aperture like a 
window, and above it is a cross, formed by the4xiser- 
tion in the wall of si^ quartz boulders, whose white- 
ness is in strong contrast to the dark slaty stone of the 
building. Three square recesses, or ambries, are 
formed m the interior of the wall. 

Such are the salient features of this one 
structure from a most characteristic group of 
early Christian remains. This cluster of 
primitive buildings' belongs to the class of 



SCOTT/SH ARCHEOLOGY. 



»5» 



r ecdesiasdcal remains consisting of a church, 
[ or churches (thit is, a form of structure that 
ot indigenous), associated with a cluster of 
I dwellings constructed in the native manner, 
I and surrounded by a rath or cashel. In 
\ other words, the archKologist, stepping be- 
yond the bounds of historical chronology, 
I treads tipon the borderland of Paganism and 
early Christianity, and tells those of this 
age something about the life of primitive 
timos. Wemaywellponsehereforamoment, 
and in imagination re-people those oM-world 



towards these ends. He does not leftd ns 
to these primitive dwellings, tell us of their 
arc hKological value, and pbce the many speci- 
mens that now exist in their proper relation- 
ship one with another, with no definite pur- 
pose — he does not, in short, deal simply with 
the primitive architecture of early Chiistian 
Scotland, and then leave as to grope our way 
to some false, or st all cveits, ill-supported 
conclusions as to the culture that once existed 
within these walls, as to the men who wor- 
shipped and their manner of worship. He 




dwellings which have existed these hundreds 
of years in the out-lands of our island home ; 
we may well wish to know something about 
the mode of living adopted by their in- 
habitants, their customs and manners, their 
tenets and beliefs; and we may wish to 
re-Vindle, loo, the earnest spirit of the 
pioneers of a religion that now owns cathe- 
drals and churches, the offspring of the purest 
art, throughout the length and breadth of 
Europe. 
Mr. Anderson does in effect do something 



goes a little further than this. He proceeds < 
to speak of the various relics that are still 
extant of the early Celtic church, their his- 
tory and associations, Uieir art and its rela- 
tions to the art of Europe. And this takes 
us into the important subjects of books, 
crosiers, reliquaries, and bells — subjects that 
are dealt with by a master-tumd. But space 
forbids that we can in these pages dwell 
longer upon Mr. Anderson's work now. All 
that we can do is to refer our readers to the 
book itself, where they will find everything to 



k 



SS» 



SCOTTISH ARCHAEOLOGY. 



J 



assist them — an easy simple style of diction, 
clear archxological principles, good illustra- 
tions of the subjects treated of, and a host 
of reflective observations, which altogether 
make up a volume worthy of the great sub- 
ject of which it treats, and the occasion 
which created it. We should like especially 
to have said something about the old MS$. 
here dealt with, the intense Celticism of which 
makes it apparent that the culture of these 
beehive monasteries must have been much 
beyond what their architecture tells us, must 
have been far truer than the false culture 
of long-succeeding ages of monastic life. 
And thus, in summarizing the results of our 
consideration of Mr. Anderson's book, we 
have before us a primitive and simple style 
of dwelling, in open contrast to a high 
standard of art cultiu'e, and we draw, there- 
from, the conclusion that archaeology does 
not sanction the law held to by some students 
that the highest expression of a people's cul- 
ture is to be found in their architecture. 




1?emafn0. 

PART II. 

|E have already referred to the sixty- 
six prose characters which Thyer 
had copied! ^^^ ^^ ^^^ print, and 
we now propose to give our readers 
some idea of the remainder of the unpublished 
papers of the author of Hudibras. These 
consist of— (i) A large number of sheets of 
verse, some apparently connected with the 
composition oi Hudibras ^ and others arranged 
under a variety of headings, such as Honor, 
War, Love, Marriage, Popery, Arts and 
Sciences, Christianity, &c., &c ; (2) Prose 
remarks on Truth and Falsehood, Virtue and 
Vice, Wit and Folly, Religion, Nature, 
Reason, Ignorance, and similar subjects. 
Criticisms upon books and authors, and dis- 
connected thoughts which form a sort of 
Common-place Book. Taking them in this 
order, we will commence with a short notice 
of the miscellaneous verse, (i) We see But- 
ler here, as in all his writings, a disappointed 
man, whose hand was raised against every 
man. He had a keen eye for the ridiculous 



side of things, but he did not care to draw at- 
tention to the better side. This may be said 
of all satirists, but it is a specially marked 
characteristic of Butler. One would have 
thought that there was enough folly on all 
sides of him to occupy his pen, and it is to 
be regretted that the new-bom love for 
science and antiquity which distinguished the 
Restoration era, should have had so persis- 
tent an enemy in this man of genius. All 
know the severe attack upon the Royal Sociey 
which is contained in the amusing account of 
The EUphant in the Moon. There are several 
allusions to the " Virtuosi" in these papers, 
thus : — 

"... A more strange device 
Then burning glasses made of ice. 
That think unjustly to deny 
A traveller his right to ly. 
Or virtuosos free command 
Things how they please to understand ; 
As silly as b'a weathercock 
To think to finde out what's a clock." 
• • . . . 

" Astronomers 
Have made great princes presents of new 

stars. 
As virtuosos sillily have done, ^ 

And giv^ away whole ilands in the moon, 
Although not fortifyd so regular 
With natural strength as castles in the air. 
For all the sevral ways of virtuosing 
Are but a formal kinde of dry deboshing 
Whene some believe -/Egyptian hierogly- 

phiques 
Are all that's left of natural specifiques." 

The antiquary is next hit hard : — 

"A little wit and reason's necessary 

To qualify an able antiquary. 

Who has no business for the intellect 

But to transcribe and copy and collect, 

Is but an antiquated ghost that haunts 

The chamel houses of the antients. 

And calls the dead deponents up to answer 

And solve all questions of the Necromancer ; 

But has a prejudice to all that's new. 

Though ere so useful, rational, and true." 

The commentator is not let off without a 
shot — 

"How excellent an author would Tom 
Thumb, 



BUTLERS UNPUBLISHED REMAINS. 



^53 



Translated into Aiabique, become ; 
Although in English little less ridiculoas 
Than Talmud Commentalors oc Eutychitts, 
At selling bargains hi exceed 
The signe of tiie three loggeiheads, 
And ays down all that is not writ 
With fire and flame, as jugglers spit*** 

The physician and his college come in for 
their share of abuse : — 

'' There was a doctor that with sturdy paines 
And many years' vexaticm of his tounes 
Believ'd h' had found out (as they call their 

guesses) 
An imiveisall cure for all diseases, 
Andnow duistchallenge Death todoitsworst." 

We do not know the date at which these 
pieces were written, but if written in the 
author's later days, evidently the fiunle 
hand had not lost its cunning. Some few 
pages are headed by ^Buder himself^ as 
Addili4ms to Hudibras. Thycr made very 
little use of these pieces, but he extracted 
some specimens, and printed them as Mis- 
cdlafuous Thoughts^ with the following 
note : — ^" This and the other little sketches 
that follow, were among many of the same 
kind, fairiy wrote out by Butler in a sort ot 
poetical Thesaurus,which I have before men- 
tioned. Whether he intended ever to publish 
any of them as separate distinct thoughts, or 
to interweave them into some future com- 
position, a thing very usual with him, cannot 
be ascertained, nor is it, indeed, very 
material to those who are fond of his manner 
of thinking and writing." 

(2.) In the prose observations and reflec- 
tions, the same subjects are treated, to a 
great extent, as in the verse, and the same 
classes are subjected to the same satire ; thus 
we read : " Antiquaries are but traveUers in 
time, and something worse than those who 
wander over several forraine cuntrys, for the 
difference is Antiquaries only travel by book 
and take up all their relations upon trust 

We finde Antiquaries generally 

most concerned with and delighted with the 
admiration of those inventions of the antients 
that are utterly lost, and consequently un- 
known, as if that very loss were an argument 
of their excellency, when it is rather of the 
contrary, for the world is not so apt to neglect 
and lose anything that is foo^ true and 



useful to mankinde, as those that are fiilse 
and frivolous, witlun a short time perish 
naturally of themselves. Fot among those 
multitudes of foolish bookes which we find 
menticmed by antient authors only fiv being 
such, there is not one transfenred to posterity, 
while the greatest part of all those they 
admired and commended are preserved and 
stin extant" 

This is a very comfortable'doctrine, which 
is held by many in the present day, but it is 
by no means proved that many great works 
have not been irrevocably lost In fiu:t, the 
reverse could easily be proved. 

The thoughts contained under the various 
headings of T .earning and Knowledge, Truth 
and Falsehood, Religion, Wit and Folly, Igno- 
rance, Reason, Virtue and Vice, Opinion, 
Nature, History, Physique, Pnnces and 
Government, and Contradictions, are very 
weighty, but exhibit the bitterness of the 
disappointed man ; such as ^ the reason why 
fooles and knaves thrive better in the world 
then wiser and honester men, is because they 
are nearer to the general temper of mankind, 
which is nothing but a mixture of cheat and 
folly ;" or, " wisdom pays no taxes, nor is it 
rated in the subsidy books, and therefore 
has not so much right to a share in the 
government as wealth, that contributes 
more towards it It is like hidden treasure, 
that is of no use in the traflUque of the world, 
while it is conceald and forfeited as soone as 
it is discovered. And as knowledge cast 
Adam out of Paradise, so it do's all tho^c who 
apply themselves to it, for the more they 
understand they do more plainly perceive 
their own wants and nakedness as he did." 

The collection of criticisms upon authors 
and books are particulariy interesting, as they 
show Butler's course of study. And we should 
like to quote largely firom them if space 
would allow of it He twice girds at those 
writers who afifect an obscurity in their style, 
and says, '^ these are owles of Athens only in 
avoyding the light" Here is an interesting 
criticism upon himself : " My writings are not 
set ofi* with the ostentation of Prologue, Epi- 
logue, nor Preface, nor sophisticated with 
songs and dances, nor musique, nor fine 
women between the cantos, nor have any- 
thing to commend them but the plain down 
rightness of the sense." We hope we have 



254 



SUTLER'S UNPUBLISHED REMAINS. 



given enough in these articles to prove that 
words of wit and wisdom written by one of 
our greatest authors still exist, alUiough 
they have hitherto been practically unknown. 

Henry B. Wheatlev. 



<\.%*') 




(Tbe IDf ftf na Sbf p at Cbriatf ania. 

|H£ Viking ship which was dis- 
covered at Gogstad about a year 
ago, and which was mentioned in 
an early number of The Anti- 
quary (vol il p. 43), has now been re- 
moved to a permanent habitation in the 
{garden of the University of Christiania. As 
It may be considered one of the most im- 
portant antiquarian discoveries of the present 
century, and a unique illustration of the 
times of the early Norse explorers, it may be 
interesting to the readers of The Antiquary 
to have some further details concerning the 
ship and its present aspect and smroundings, 
especially as it is now in permanent dry dock, 
and so well placed as to enable the visitor to 
realize fully the form and diaracter of those 
early ships which brought the Norsemen of 
a thousand years ago to our shores, adding 
their freight of human life and character 
towards Sie formation of our many-sided 
national existence. 

The visitor to the University garden at 
Christiania is led by a courteous custodian 
through winding paths to a distant comer of 
the grounds, and in a quiet nook is shown 
into a large and substantially-built wooden 
house, with windows on one side. 

The first thing which strikes one on being 
ushered into the shed is the great size of the 
ship and its majestic aspect, as it towers 
above the floor on a solid trestle of wood ; 
the next feeling is one of wonder at its perfect 
state of preservation. Its length is seventy- 
five feet from stem to stem, and its breadth 
sixteen feet. In shape it exactly corresponds 
with the ships which are used in the present 
day in bringing dried fish and wood from 
the coasts of Norway up the Qords to such 
towns as Bergen, Molde, and Throndhjem, 
showing how httle has been left to imprcfve 
in the form of the boats of this coast since 
the Viking days— the same breadth of beam 



and curve of plank, the same thick rou^ 
thwarts, and lofty prow rising fax above £e 
gunwale. Indeed, as one sees the ^ 
and wood boats rounding into the creeks 
and harbours of Norway, half a dozen toge- 
ther, on a bright summer's day, with their 
dingy-coloured sails set half-way up the mast, 
always kept at exact right angles to the 
course of the boat, and belljdng out before 
the wind, one can well imagine the imposing 
aspect of the fleets which ravished our own 
shores in the days of Alfred and Athelstan. 

The timber of the Viking ship is in a most 
excellent state of preservation, and all the 
parts have been reinstated in their proper 
places, as far as possible, the mdder being 
£utened in its original position with modem 
rope; and the whole stracture has been 
coated over with a resinous composition, to 
secure it from further decay. About six 
feet square of wood has been cut out of one 
side of the ship at an early period, with the 
object, it is believed, of getting out the 
treasure which it is supposed to have held ; 
but, as the other side is perfect, its symmetry 
is not injured from that point of view. 

The frame is laid on a very solid keel and 
the planks fastened over one another in 
regular curves, being well overlapped, and 
caulked with tow and mosi, and fastened 
together with iron nails, which have heads 
at one end and appear to have been flattened 
out at the other, so as to ensure their holding 
tightly on both sides of the wood, just as rivets 
are put into iron ships- in the present day, the 
points being hammered out while red-hot 
The planks lie true and evenly throughout 
the length of the ship, and, but for the 
cracks and fissures in them at the prow and 
stem ^ere the curve is greatest, might have 
been laid down last week. 

The top plank, or gunwale, on each side 
is of great stroigth, and is pierced with 
sixteen holes for oars ; an ingenious method 
is adopted for putting the oars through them 
from the inside of the ship — a very essential 
arrangement on account <k the heaviness and 
length of the oars. It consists of a narrow 
slip of about three inches long, cut into 
the oar-hole, so that, while the oar-holes are 
the right size for receiving and woricing the 
handle of the oar with ease, the broader 
blade which could not otherwise pass through 



THE VIKING SHIP AT CHRISTIANIA. 



«5& 



the circular hole can be passed through it by 
one half being kept in the slit. The follow- 
ing sketch will show the shape of the holes 
better than any verbal description, and give 
the peculiar formation referred to. 




The appearance of these oar-holes, all 
exactly alike, with the slits uniformly point- 
ing in the same direction, presents a peculiar 
sight, and at once raises an inquiry as to their 
purpose. > 

The rudder is the most substantial and 
best preserved part of the ship, and looks as 
if it could not possibly be as old as the rest 
of the structure ; it is not fastened on the 
extreme stem, but to the larboard side, being 
kept in its position by a block of wood 
and a rope which passes through it 

The interior of the ship is perhaps its 
most interesting part Looking into it from 
the laised gallery which has been constructed 
round the interior of the shed, its carrying 
capacity is at once demonstrated ; the seats 
for the rowers stretched across the boat at 
a height of about fifteen inches from the 
bottom, and the greater number of these could 
easily accommodate eight rowers each — four 
to each oar : those at the prow and stem being 
a little less in length; as the ship is pierced 
for sixteen oars on eadi side,inround numbers 
it could cany 128 rowers, besides those who 
rested in the opoi space at each end. But 
the most striking object in the interior is what, 
for want of a better word, might be called a 
deck-house ; it is a rough, but strong, square 
house, made of wooden planks, with a gable 
rooi; large enough to receive from twenty to 
twenty-five men. 

It is an open question whether this strac- 
ture was in the ship during its sailing days, 
or added to preserve the body of the dead 
Viking when it was drawn up on shore to do 
duty as a tomb. Its subs^tial character, 
and the ^t that the same timber was nsed 
in both ship amd coverii^, point to tfie 



former theory as being the more reason- 
able. 

The mast is apparendy from twelve to 
sixteen inches in diameter and very strong, 
and, though broken in half and the top half 
laid along on the roof of the deck-house, it 
looks as if it could do duty still if passed 
through the hands of the shipwright; the 
lower half is set firmly on the massive keel 
and is held up by the surrounding beams. 

Of the oars wluch propelled this good ship 
there are fragments, some nearly perfect, 
hanging against the wall of the boat-house ; 
they are of exactly the same shape and make 
as those used commonly for large landing 
boats in die north of England and Scotland 
in the present day, with blades rather narrow 
for die apparent length of the oar; and, 
when it is remembered that two or more men 
pulled at each, they seem small for the 
amount of force put upon them. It is quite 
possible, however, that, as none are perfect, 
we may tmderestimate their original lengUi 
and strength. Besides these oars, there are 
many other implements and fragments, which 
were found in and around the ship, hanging on 
the walls of the boat-house, lilany circular 
shields, with large iron bosses in the centre, 
are exhibited, and one is at once reminded of 
the fruniliar representations of ^e Roman 
gaUey, in which warriors are represented as 
hanging their shields all along the gunwales 
of th^ ships they sailed in. These shields are 
very s%ht, and if nsed in war£ue must have 
be^ backed with transverse bars of wood, or 
covered with skins or metal-plates, to have 
been of any defensive service. Several frag* 
ments of caulking, which had frdlen out from 
between the plauks of the ship, are shown, 
also'metal wire of about one-eighth of an inch 
in diameter ; as well as many pieces of iron, 
the purposes of which are hidden, by reason 
of their decayed and twisty condition; 
carved wooden standards or prow ornaments 
of fantastic design and mde execudon^jsimilar 
in character to the figures found ia'Sawi 
sculptures, are represented by three or /pltf 
tolerably perfect specimens ; iron naib mi 
clamps of various sizes also are collected in 
large numbers. A fine copper cauldron and 
a rude low wooden bedstead, of a somewhat 
classic shape, and slightly carved; bcass 
drinking cops, amnr-hftuls, and, finalty, ||ie 



a56 



THE VIKING SHIP AT CHRISTIANIA. 



remains of a peacock crushed up into a very 
sma]l space, but still preserving some of its 
colours— no doubt used to de<± the helmet 
of some captain — are among the relics found 
along with this phantom ship, which comes to 
us silently through the mists of a thousand 
years, making real a period in our history 
which we are more familiar with through 
the songs of our poets than the chronicles 
of our historians. 

On looking at this wondrous revelation of 
the Vikings* age, and remembering the com- 
paratively perfect state of this unique ex- 
ample, one is led to ask why has only one 
such ship been found, whether there is any- 
thing specially preservative in the soil on the 
shores of the Christiania Fjord, or if the 
fisher-people of Norway who have foimd 
similar specimens have broken them up for 
firewood and thought nothing of their origin ? 

One other question suggests itself; how 
did these ancient Norsemen cross the four 
or five hundred miles of stormy sea which 
intervene between our island and the coast, 
— on which nearly all the storms which gather 
westward discharge themselves '^with dan- 
gerous energy,*' — in their open boats seventy- 
five feet long ? Were there in those ancient 
dajTS trustworthy periods of settled weather, 
which could be counted on at certain seasons, 
of sufficient duration to favour their expe- 
ditions, or had they more skill in navigating 
their ships than is possessed by oiu: fisher- 
men of to-day, who so often perish in their 
calling, on the same seas, in larger ships, and 
with modem appliances at their disposal? 
This question is equally interesting to the 
meteorologist and to the antiquary. 



Sculptured fl>onument0 
(n 3ona, &c* 

|HE late James Drummond was not 
only an accomplished artist but 
an industrious antiquary. His 
house was not only an art gallery, 
but a museum ; and he was at all times 
willing to show his treasures, and to give 

* Sculptured Monummis in lona and the West 
Highlands, By James Drummond, R.S.A. Edin* 
bun^h. i88l. Folio. 




information to all who wished to avail them- 
selves of the advantage. He had collected 
many antiques of various kinds, and espe- 
cially old Scotch weapons, and had made a 
large collection of drawings of buildings, 
monuments, weapons, and other remains, 
illustrative of the history of his native land. 

His drawings, especially of weapons, are 
as beautifiil as any that have been pro- 
duced. He had paid more attention than 
any one else to the sculptured monuments 
of the West Highlands. 

He died in August, 1877, aged nearly 
6x, and many of his antiques, and a large 
collection of drawings, passed by purchase 
or bequest into the possession of the Society 
of Antiquaries of Scotland, of whose museum 
he had been for many years one of the 
curators. A short memoir of him is in 
voL xii. of the Proceedings of the Society. 
The Council, as a fitting memorial of their 
late associate, have printed for the fellows 
the volume above named. It consists of 
100 plates, reproduced from the drawings, in 
photo-chromo-lithography. The descriptions 
have been prepared by Mr. Anderson and 
the committee, chiefly from the manuscript 
notes communicated by Mr. Drummond to 
the Society at various times. He wrote : — 

The crosses of the West Hij^ilftnds have had 
ample justice done them in Dr. John Stuart's 
splendid work, The Sadpiured Stones of Scotland, 
in wliich he has only introduced a few of the slabs. 
These it is my intention to iUustratemore particularly, 
only alluding to some of the crosses in so far as they 
throw liffht on the nature of the design upon these 
memorisd stones. They are almost invariably flat, 
and completely covered with rich tracery » thus diiSfering 
from the English monumental slabs of the same kind, 
which, when flat, had usually a cross of a floriated 
character, but tibe shaft generally plain, with occa- 
sionaUy a sword or crozier. Of course, now and then 
we find exceptions to this ; but I know of none in 
England where the whole stone is covered with orna- 
ment, as on those at lona and other West Highland 
districts. 

The book illustrates four classes of monu- 
ments. 

I. Effigies of usual size in full relied 

These are treated in the same manner as 
effigies of the same class in England. See 
Stothard's Monumental Effigies. There are 
only two at lona, and these are given in 
Plate xlv. Possibly the one at Saddell, 
Plate Ixxxviii., may be of this class. 

The inscription on Abbot Mac Ungone 



SCULPTURED MONUMENTS IN lONA, ETC. 



257 



or MackiimoD, is on the popcDdicular edges 
of the slab, which shows that it was od an 
altar tomb. 

2. EfiBgies occiip3rii^ the whole length of 
the slab, but of relief less than foil, as in 
Plates xxxifm, xxxix. and xL 

The inscriptions, where there are any, are 
not placed rocmd the edge, as usual in 
England, bat either on the cushion for the 
head, or on a sort of ^ cartouche.** This 
IdiKl of efl^ is very rare in England, but 
common on the Continent They are gene- 
rally of smaller size than these. 

As the inscription is in no case on the 
perpendicular or chamfered edges of the 
slab, and as in most cases the edges are not 
chamfered, we may presume that these effi- 
gies were laid in the floor. 

3. Slabs with human figures of diminutive 
size, animals, foliage crosses, &c., in very low 
relief. In many of these, two or more of 
these ornamentations are onnbined. These 
were intended to be horizontaL When any 
inscription is cut, it is generally along the 
outside, but on xh^faa of the slab, and read 
fit>m the inside, as in England (Plate xxxv.). 
On some there is a main figure of the person 
commemorated, and subservient figures, of 
which some are in an inverted position, with 
their feet towards those of the main figure, as 
in Plate xUv., in which monument the in- 
scription is read firom the outside. See also 
Plate xmL 

The Prior, Plate xxxiv., is in low relief, 
under a canopy of greater projection. 
The inscription on this monument is 
disposed in a very singular manner. 
On the various monuments we have a 
variety of symbols, denoting the sexes and 
occupations of the dead, on all of which 
Mr. Drummond has given notes. We see 
also with tolerable exactness, the fighting 
costume of the chieftains. 

By far the best example of pure plait-work 
in the book is the slab with a cross on it in 
Plate X. 

The author notices the more frequent use 
of the cross on the English than on the 
Scotch slabs. 

In this dass, perhaps, we may place those 
slabs which have the pattern made by incised 
lines only, as Plates viiL and ix. 

We have no work treating on the equiva- 
lent monuments of England ; but in voL xiv. 



of the Associated Architectural Societies, is 
a Paper by the Rev. George Rowe, Secretary 
of the Yorkshire Sodety, on ^Horizontal 
Memorial Stone Slabs.' 

4. Stones of small size, in the form of 
crosses, intended to be erect. 

The large crosses are seldom sepukhraL 
These small ones were sepulchral, and were 
doubtless xerf coomion, with slight varieties, 
all over Great Britain : and manv are still to 
be found in Shetland. The only examples 
in Drummond's woik are in Plate v., but 
there are others at lona. 

On Plates IxviL, Ixxvi., and Ixxix^ are 
swords and shears, denoting each of them to 
be the tombstone of a man and woman. In 
the latter plate we have an inscripdcm to a 
female, and a cartouche on the other side 
of the sword, which is efi^u:ed, according to 
Drummond. 

Mr. Drummond made all these drawings 
(except the coloured landscapes) on tinted 
paper, with pencil and body-white ; and no 
doubt this is the most effective method of 
representing carved stone. By using water 
colours on the tinted paper, a near approach 
can be got to the colour and texture of the 
stone, but in many cases to the decrease of 
the effect of the pattern. The liabihty of 
pencil to be blurred, especially in a public 
collection, is a defect The lithographer has 
faithfiilly reproduced the drawings, but 
diminished alx)ut one fourth. 

The earliest dated drawings which Mr. 
Drummond made in lona were made in 
1870, and it is to be feared that several of 
the stones have disappeared since that time. 

The student who consults this book will 
find that in only a few cases the size of the 
stones is shown, and in no case are they 
drawn to scale. The author, like many of 
his profession, had an abhorrence c£ gradu- 
ated instruments. A scale was to him a 
profane thing. He often used a foot rule, 
but only for the sake of getting the [m>por- 
tion of certain distances, not for the purpose 
of measure. Yet his eye was so accurate, 
that doubtless, if a scale was constructed to 
fit the length of the drawing of a certain 
stone, it would be found that the measures 
of width and ornament would l)e neariy 
accurate. This absence of scale or measure 
is a defect, iHien comparison with other 
monuments is reqimed. 



2SB 



SCULPTURED MONUMENTS IN lONA, &TC. 



The way in which this book has been turned 
out must satisfy the most Oastidious ; but 
when we examine it, the deficiencies occa- 
sioned by the lack of Mr. Dnimmond's 
preparation and supervision become very 
apparent. The Editors could not alter or 
finish Mr. Drummond'sdrawings, and probably 
accepted his notes without question, and 
without comparing the notes in all cases with 
the drawings. Many of these discrepancies 
and errors are not evident at a glance, and 
some are evident only to those who know 
the monuments. The ornament was what 
Mr. Drummond was intent upon, and inscrip- 
tions were, perhaps, not in his idea of any 
special value, unless accompanied by dates. 
At all events, deciphering inscriptions was 
not part of the task he set himself. It is 
likely that, to fill up certain gaps, some 
descriptions have been written by the editors 
from the plates, and not by Mr. Drummond 
from the stones, and thus some errors have 
arisen in the text As examples of what has 
occurred, the localities of some of the stones 
are uncertain, from the drawings not having 
been named. The stone to the memory of 
Eogain, Plate vi., is stated to have been 
removed fi*om lona to Inverar^ since 
Mr. Drummond drew it, whereas, it is the 
stone to Mail Fataric (not drawn by Drum- 
mond) which was removed to Inverary several 
years ago. But this statement is i»obably 
caused by a misunderstanding of a note, 
cancelling Plate Ivii., in the work by Dr. Petrie 
on Irish Christian Inscriptions, In the plait 
of the cross in Plate x.. No. 2, there are 
several errors just below the centre, and to 
the right and left of it Mr. Drummond 
probably neverfinished this, as, in the present 
state, the interlacings err against the principle 
of all such work, which he knew very well, 
and against the visible facts on this stone. 
There are some other cases of wronginterladng. 
Wear may deface, but it cannot reverse. The 
two "coffins " in Plate xi. would not have 
been published as two stones, being the same, 
drawn at difierent times. It is a boulder of 
red granite or conglomerate, somewhat flat- 
tened at top, 4 ft I in. long by i ft 10 in. 
wide, with a cavity only ain. deep. It is 
not a coffin, and might be taken for a vessel 
for some domestic or farm use but for a cross 
on the end of it The tradition is that it 



was for pilgrims to wash their feet in. In 
Plate xxxiv., No. i, are some errors in the 
inscription, both in the plate and in the 
description of the monument, and the errors of 
the two are not the same in all cases. Graham 
gives only a part <^ the inscription, and 
Buckler, in Bishop Swing's book, does not 
mention the monument The inscription is 

this : " HIC lACET PRATER CRISTI(n)vS MAC 
GILLESCOIP QUONDAM PRIOR DB HY CUIUS 

ANiMB PROPiciBTUR DEUS. " The letter here 
marked (n) is entirely gone, and it is possible 
that in this place was a with — over it 
for N. " Gillescoip " means " the servant of 
the bishop," and has passed into ''Gillespie." 

We learn that the drawing of Plate xxxv.. 
No. 2, was the last he made; and it is probable 
that illness prevented his writing such an accu- 
rate account of it as he might otherwise have 
done. This monument is of slate, and liable 
to be much injured by weather and visitors ; 
hence the drawing is the more valuable. 
Drummond has two or three slight errors in it. 
He has also some errors in the inscription on 
thetombstone of the Prioress Anna,Platexliv., 
both in the description and the plate ; but the 
most curious error is in the description <^ Mac 
Fingone's Cross, Plate xxxvi., where the orna- 
ment after '' Jdiannis "" is made into an X, 
apparently meaning '' tenth,'* although at the 
end of two other Imes are ornaments of the 
same kind. The abbots must have been 
indeed long lived for the tenth to be living in 
1489, Columba having died in 597. 

lliese shortcomings are much to be re- 
gretted, if the book is to be regarded as a book 
of reference to special monuments ; but the 
plates, as an artistic representation of the 
general style of ornamentation of these 
monuments, are unequalled. 

There are three tombstones at lona witii 
G^lic inscriptions. Two are shewn in Plate 
iii. The legend on one of these is certain, 
but the other contains two inscriptions which 
have not yet been fully deciphered. The 
third stone is in Plate vi., and the inscription 
is there {nroperly given. A fourth stone with 
a Gaelic inscription was at lona till about 
1854, but, having been injured, was then 
removed to Inverary Castie. It is given in 
Graham's book, but had been removed 
before Drummond visited Icmuu Only a part 
of the inscription to Abbot Mac Fingone is 



SCULPTURED MONUMENTS IN lONA, ETC. 



«S9 



shewn in the plate or in the text Thewbok 
is this : '* hic jacet Johannes mac nNOOKE 

ABBAS DE Y QUI OBIIT ANNO DNI UILLESIMO 
QUINGENTESIMO CUJUS ANIMX PROPICIETUR 
ALTISSIMUS DEUS AMEN." 

The inscriptions at lona seem to be 
singularly unfortunate. The only work which 
professes to give them is Graham's book, 
and that contains many inaccuracies. Buckler, 
in his account of the architecture in Bishop 
Ewing's book on lona, gives three inscriptions, 
of which two contain errors : — " donaldus 

ORNATUM FECIT HOC OPUS " is pUt for 



(I 



DONALDUS OBROLCHAN FECTT HOC OPUS. 



See Procudings of Society of Aniiquaria 
of Scotlamdj vol x. p. 202. And in the 
inscription to Abbot Mac Fingone he has 

". . . . ABBAS DEY QISI OBIfF .,..'* fOT 
". . . . ABBAS DEY QUI OBIIT . . . ." In 

a guide book we are informed that "The 
stone called "Or Domail Fataric" has an 
inscription in the old Gaelic character, and is 
supposed to be part of the tomb <rf Alexander 
Macdonald, (^ Glengarry, killed in 1461!" 

Henry Dryden. 




TTbe TRIlebdter l>apcr0. 

MQNG the many names which have 
been rescued from oblivion, by the 
indefatigable labours of Colonel 
Chester, we must indude that of 
Sir John Webster, an historical character pre- 
viously unknown. Strange as it may seem, 
" his name," according to Colonel Chester,* 
is not recognized in any of the Lists of 
Baronets, though there seems to be no doubt 
of his creation." The only direct evidence 
of this creation is contained in the second 
edition of a printt from his portrait, at the 
foot of which he is stated to have borne 
several Dutch titles, &c, and to have been 
'* created a Baronet of England, sist May, 
1660, by King Charies II., at Igravenhaag." 
This statement is, however, confirmed by 
his will,! in which he describes himself as 
Sir }ohn Webster, Barcmet ; by the Register 

* RfgUters of Westminster Abbey. 
f Gnmger's Biographical Dictiomary^ ill. ^94. 
t Dated l8th February, 1674-5 9 prored iMh April, 
J 675. 



of Burials in the Abbey, in which he is en- 
tered as "Sir John Webster f^ and by the 
numerous entries relating to him in the State 
Papers, in aU of which, after the Restoration, 
he is spoken of as " Sir John Webster.** 
Tliere is therefore ample evidence that the 
title was both claimed and officially recog- 
nized. An article, calling attention to 
Colonel Chester's discovery, appeared in 
Miscellanea Genealogica &• Heraltlica^ for 
1877, but did not throw much additional 
light on the subjectt 

Sir John Webster appears by his will to 
have died without leaving issuer but be 
mentions, inter aliOy his ^cousin Mr. John 
Webster, of Comhil],'' then in Barbadoes. 
Now I find that this John Webster, describ- 
ing himself as ''of St Michael's, ComhiU," 
made his will 10 June, 1691, and that be 
died in 1694, in Barbadoes, as appears 
by the administration granted to his widow, 
10 Oct 1694, his children being then minon. 
Mrs. Webster thereupon removed to Col- 
chester,! and resided at a house which her 
sister had erected adjoining the celebiated 
castle. This castle she subsequently pur- 
chased, and fixnn her it descended to her 
lineal representatives, the Rounds, of Biich 
HalL 

It is recorded in a family menx»randum 
that this John Webster '^ had a good fortune, 
which his ancester {sic) had lessened by 
assisting Charies the 2nd, for whidi he only 
got empty titles in HolhuuL* It added that 
the fiunily inherited from him ^ some letters 
fixnn Charies Stuart" These I have not 
seen; but the two following Piqpers, idiich 
are preserved at Birch, seem to be of suffi- 
cient historical interest to endde them to 
publication. It will be observed that tfie 
writer dropped his title for the time. 



* It was not the pnctice^ in the Regiiter, to fa 
thewoid "BanMicL'* 

f New Series, ifoL u. pu 456b 

X TIk Anns cngri;ired beneith Sir John Webster's 
portrut— vis., sa. a lion rsnifMuit be t wee n three aml- 
lets of SB points, or-^o not occnr in sny snnorfad as 
borne bjr any fiunily of the name. They went, how- 
ever, Qfod br this Colchester branch, as appean 
from two hafrnments still hanni^ in Coldiesta^ that 
of the above Mrs. Webster (Webster impafii^ Kente- 
man), in All Saints*, and that of her son-tn-kw 
(Creffiead fanpafing Webster), m St James'. They 
are also to be found beneath an old print of the 
Castle. 



26o 



THE WEBSTER PAPERS. 



"Mr. John Webster's Statement." 
"An\ 1650." 

The Scotch Lords Comissioners having concluded at 
Breda* the treaty w*** the king towards his establi^ing 
in Scotland, the great difficulty for his Majesty was how 
to get over ; the Scotch Commissi were sent by the 
King to the Admiralty of Zealand and to the Scotch 
Company at Tervere to endeavour the obtaining 
of 1 or 3 men of Warr for his Ma*^ transportacon, 
but none could be obtained there. Then his Ma*** 
comanded John Webster to goe and endeavour to ob- 
taine Ships by Admiralty of Amsterdam, where he 
prevailed, by means of friends, that 13 men of Warr, 
w** were ordered to goe to y* North of Scotland to 
conduct y^ East India ships coming home, in safety, 
should bring the King to Scotland, all w*'' was ordeitMl 
w*^ the greatest privacy imaginable ; no not so much 
as the Admiralty Lords themselves knew what person 
was to be transported; John Webster having performed 
so much, he was willing to fetch his Ma*** from Breda, 
and to bring him Incognito to y* Texell (eleven ships 
being gone out before waiting upon 3^ Coast) Cap^ 
Barkell attending there, and Cap^ Holla in 3^* fflye for 
his Ma**** coming there, to transport him ; whereupon 
y* aforesaid Webster had ordered horses and waggons 
all y* way in readiness, to bring his Ma*** w*** all speed 
and secrecy aboard ; but before my Letters came, his 
Ma*** was gone to the Hague; in y* meanwhile y* Par- 
liam* ordered 20 men of Warr under y* command of 
Cap* Minsf to cross the sea, and if possible to take 
y* Kin^ and bring him either dead, or alive, into 
England; Cap* Mms aforesaid, being on shore at 
Yannouthit dined w*** E/lward Webster to whom he 
repeated that designe; whereupon y* aforesaid Edward 
Webster hired forthwith a small vessel for Rotterdam 
to convey a letter to y* above named John Webster 
w*^ cost 13;^ sterling, and from Rotterdam a man was 
hired for 2 Rix-Dollars to bring it forthwith to Am- 
sterdam ;§ whereupon y* said Jcmn Webster that night 
very late got out of the gates and hired a horse and 
rode to Leyden, where y* horse being tired could goe 
no farther, so binding the horse to an Inn he went by 
night on foot to the Hague where taking a Waggon 
he rode to Honslerdike, from whence the King was 
departed towards Terheyde; then he also rode to 
Terheyd (where y* King just before was gone to sea 
in company of 3 ships) there he could fmd never a 
Boat to bnng hini to his Ma''** ship but a very old 
one, w^ was sold for 1 7 gilders conditionally it ^ould 
not be any more fitted fitted [sic) out to goe to sea, 
but to be broken in pieces so as they were doeing; so 
the aforesaid John seeing no other remedy did pswade 
these men A) bring hun w*'^ y* same old Boate on 
board the King's ship paying them before hand 24 
gilders, coming on boaid his Ma^*" ship, it was ad- 
mired how y* said Webster durst adventure in so 
brcaken a Boate ; There his Ma*** w*^ teares on his 

* Cf. Ranke : History of EnglatuJy vol. iii. p. 44. 

t Vide Vtyy% passim, 

% This confirms the surmise of the Norfolk origin 
of the family, and shows them to have been of some 
standing. 

% Where Webster usually resided. 



cheeks returned him thanks, considering y* danger 
they were in, to sea they durst not ; then it was re- 
solved to keep on the German Coast towaids Norway, 
and so come to Holyland,* where his Ma*** stayed 
some days nnder y* name of the Duke of Pierlepomt, 
from thence he set sail to Norway; ITie Parliam^ships 
not pceiving the King's coming, thought he might be 
landed in Scotland; so in vain to stay longer, and so 
they went off; but if they had stayed but 2 hours longer 
the King had fallen in their hands, he coming from 
Norway; for those that stood on the shoare or point 
at Abberdecn could see y* Parliam* ships goeing off 
and the King's coming on,t so his Rfa*** escaped that 
extraordinary perill.:^ 

1652. At the Buoy of the Nore, his Ma*** himselfe 
did say well to remember that John Webflter foUewed 
him to sea in a broken boate An* 1652 from Terheyde 
forewarning him of danger, but y* King did never pay 
to the said John Webster any part of his disburse ; 
Nor is his Ma*** so towards John Webster as King 
Ahasuerus was to Mordecai ; but nevertheless he 
liveth in hope that his Ma*** will not foigett that many 
other services pformed by him since 20 July 1648, as 
p. men^oriall ;§ and if his Ma*** pleaseth not to pay 
anv part of the other disbursements, then the said 
John Webster must begg, or famish, or dye in the 
streets, or in prison. 

1660. The City of Amsterdam having sent 1200 
Duckatts in Gold by the Lord of Beverwaard to the 
King at Breda deputed T"* Webster to give notice 
thereof and to invite his Ma*** to Amsterdam, w*** he 
performed ; and there his Ma*** pfered and promised 
to make said John Webster Treasurer of England, 
but he, knowing himself incapable for that great 
office, desired his Ma*** not to dispose of that or the 
like places to any untill he was settled in his throne, 
and to leave him the said John Webster in Holland, 
because the usurping power had excluded him|| fix)m 
pardon in England for his Lo3ralty. 

i66a The Burgermasters of Amsterdam deputed 
John Webster to goe to the King at the Hague to 
proffisr his Ma*** the Picture of the late King and 
Queen, and 'children, painted by Vandyke InT cost 
looo;^ at Antwerp to Dirck Dulp,** and was sent by 
that Pleasure Boat that Amsterdam gave his Ma***. 
Then and there the King himselfe did freely proffer 
and promise to the aforesaid John Webster the first 
place in the Custome Office the same place being 
moreover confirmed to him ; afterwards to {sic) the 
Lords John Culpeper and Hyde at the Hague. 

* Heligoland. 

+ He eventually landed in the Firth of Cromarty. 

X Cf. Clarendon, book xiii. p. i. 

§ See below. |] See below. 

IF Is this the picture of the King and Queen and 
the two princes now in the Royal Collection? Dulp 
must have bought it at Antwerp when the Parliament 
sent the King's pictures abroad to be sold, but the 
price would seem excessive when we remember that 
Vandyke only asked £200, and received £100, for his 
famous "Roy allant k la chasse" now in the Louvre. 

♦* There was a Dirck • Stoop' (1611-1686) who 
painted the portrait of Catherine of Bragania in the 
National Portrait Gallery. 



THE WEBSTER PAPERS. 



261 



1673. The I5**» Aug* in the p^sence of his Roy* 
Highness y* Duke of Yorke his Ma^ was pleased to 
order p'sent pa3rment of the 25q,f w*** the aforesaid 
Tno. Webster lent his Ma*** the 30 April 1649 : as p. 
his hand and seale appeareth. And for 20 yeares 
acknowledged faithful! service he never had bread, 
drink, Lodging, nor benefice or pay, but only loqf 
in March last, nor for charges in travelling to Hel- 
voetsluys, to the Hague, Breda, Antwerp and other 
places at his own costs and char|res ; Nor for Postage 
of Letters to and from England, ffrance, Spain, Ger- 
nuuy, Denmark, Muscovie, ffontarabia, &ca. nor for 
any pacquetts to or from several embassadors of his 
Ma** nor for any present given to procure money or 
any retaliation for money, armes, horses, or anything 
else. So that by faithfull serving and other disburse- 
ments, the aforesd John Webster, his estate that was 
plentifuU is consumed, and he himself reduced to 
want. 

Memoriall 

of several services performed for his Ma**« the late 
King and Quecne of Great Brittaine, by John Webster 
of Amsterdam. 

Hath been Active in most of the Negotiations in 
the United Provinces by S' Ralph Winwood, Lord 
Carleton, S' Henry Vaine, the late Duke of Bucking- 
ham, the Earl of Arundel, Lord Carlile, S' Dudley 
Carelton Knt, S' William Boswell, and others em- 
ployed in several services for the late king of Ble^ed 
memory. 

First procured a passport for ships to passe freely 
to Antwerp to London w*^ tinn for the late king. Lent 
;£'86oo to supply the Armey comanded by the Earles 
of Oxford, Essex, Southton, Willoughby. Saved 
^15000 in London endangered by Adriano May, and 
(or that I was proclaimed Traytor. 

Releived Scarborough* Thrice, and lost a shipp in 
that service fired by the Parliam* and the goods saved. 

Supplied the Magazine at HuUf with armes. Lost 
a Ship and loading taken out of Tessell by Captn Sasry. 

Supplied Newcastle^ thrice with ammunition, and 
for it wasproclaimed rebel!. 

Freed Comelis Lawrence's Ship laden with Armes 
from confiscation. 

Loaded Browne Bushell his ship twice with ammuni- 
tion when it was strictly forbidden. 

Freed Browne Bushell and many sea-cap** un- 
justly imprisoned, and for it was proclaimed enemy to 
the parliam* 

Supplied the Marquis of Montrose§ in the north of 
Scotland. 

Delivered two ships loading Armes at Weymouth, 
and lost a ship in the return from there. 

Supplied 130, 000 guilders to Peter Trip for Armes, 
and Redeemed two Diamonds, 84,000 guilders to save 
pearles from forfeit to Thomas Fletcher. 

Supplied the Earle of N orwichjl for his embassy to 
France. 

* Handed over by Cholmondeley to the Queen, 

1643- 
t Before it was in the hands of the Hothams. 

X Seized by the Eari of Newcastle, 1643. 

§ Probably in 1645. 

y Ambassador from the King to France during the 

Civil War. 



Gave two brass Guns and 150 firelocks that came 
seasonably to prevent the route at Ed|^ Hill Battle. 

Prevented Strickland* his machinations at Utrecht, 
and for it proclaimed an Incendiary. 

July, 1644, ** Upon information finom Mr. Strick- 
land, the Parliament's Agent in the far countries, 
they voted Webster, Baynham, &c., to be Incen- 
diaries, &c. — Whitelocki, 

Gave Meale, Biskett, Cheese, and powder to supply 
Portsmouth, t 

Gave Armes to supply Lord Capel's undertaking at 
Colchester.:^ 

Lent the ship Rorrur at my own cost to attend 
at an attempt at Plymouth. § 

flumished two ships to serve in the name of the 
Duke d'EspemonIi without pa3rment when others 
received satisfaction for their shipps. 

Contributed to the maintenance of severall sea cap- 
tains and for it proclaimed mainteyner of the bloody 
and imnaturall warr. 

Mem^ The late King ratified my Acco*^ and 
delivery of the great Colour of Rubies and pearles by 
his order to Dr. Stephen Goffe acknowledging to hie 
indebted to me one Hundred Twc;nty Seaven thousand 
three hundred Nynety and one guilders. I say 127^91 
as appears by a Notorial! Act the 4 May Ao 1640 & 
connrmed by an act under the hands and scales of the 
States & Court of Utrecht in Parchment the late 
Queene paid me for all my disbursem^ by her order 
and Ratifyed the same. 

Charles R. 

Trustey and welbeloved wee greete you well. The 
proofr you have given of your Loyalty towards us and 
your affei^on to the gocxl of our afiayres by the 
Many Important Services jrou have render^ us since 
the diatraction of our Kingdoms Wee are pliculariy 
sensible of and doo hereby give yon to understand our 
good acceptance of the same. Assuring you that of 
our good grace and favour upon all occasions that may. 
occur for vour Interest or advantage Which wee have 
comanded our Trusty and well beloved Dr. Goffe to 
confirme more amply to you, whome we have alsoe 
ordered to receive from yon the Ruby Colour remain- 
ing in your hands and to agree and conclude with you 
for your satisfaction therein. And to that effect have 
caused a Warr* under a Signet to bee dispatched to 
serve as security and discharge to you in the delivery 
thereof, the difficulty of convejrance and other incon- 
veniences not permitting us to send it under the ereat 
Seale wherein not Doubting of that corresponoency 
on your parte w*^ we have promised ourselves from 
the Testimonys you have alwais hitherto given of your 
willingness to comply w*^ our desires wee bid yon 
hartily farewell, from our Court at Oxford this 10^ 
Novemb' 1645. 

The contents of these two Papers afford 
us an interesting glimpse into the History of 

* Agent of the Parliament in 1642. For his activity 
and skul, see Clarendon. 

t Goring was besieged there, 1643. 
% In idlB. 

§ Prince Maurice's attempt in 1643. 
U Governor of Bordeaux. 



%6a 



THB WEBSTER PAPERS. 



the time, and their accuracy is vouched for 
by the ftct that th^ were intended to meet 
the King's eye, and therefore to encounter 
his scrutiny. I shall now give some of the 
documents referring offid^dly to Sir John 
Webster. 

6 Jnly 1644.* " Draft declaration ■gunst John 
Webster and others who are active in Holuuid ag>^iii8t 
the Paiiiament" 

6 July 1644.+ ''John Webster and others proclaimed 
Incendiaries between the United Provinces and the 
Kingdom and Parliament of England." 

4jane 1664. t " Webster has sold some of the King's 
jewels formerly pawned to Sieor Borri." 

10 March 1664-5. t " Sir Tohn Webster of Amster- 
dam reports having heard moL a Privy Coonoellor 
that his Majesty is willing for some accomodation for 
a treaty of Peace." 

a8 May i666.t <* Warrant for Sir John Webster, 
residing in Amsterdam, to enter and remain in 
England." 

1 1 Jan. i667.t *< Pass for Sir John Webster to come 
into England." 

5 March i667.t '* Hague. Sir John Webster to the 
King. Is informed that a warrant is out to call him 
to £igland where he would rejoice to appear were he 
not involved in a tedious process of law against some 
relatives who pretend that ;f 11,800 of nis money 
which they were to pav for purchase of his land was 
brought to his house aurinff his absence, and stolen, 
and accused him of treason. 

Sir John appears to have resided in Eng- 
land towards the close of his life ; probably 
for greater convenience in the prosecution of 
his claims against the Crown. But, like 
many another ruined Cavalier, he prosecuted 
these claims in vain, and failed to obtain the 
slightest compensation for his services and 
his losses in the Royal cause. 

J. H. Round, M.A, 



a university town, if anywhere, we 
might naturally expect to find relics 
of the past on all sides, but unfor* 
tunately these places are generally 
wealthy, and wealth usually expends itself in 
the destruction of what is old m order to re- 
place it by the erection of something in the 
newest taste of the day. This has been very 
much the case at Cambridge, where old 
colleges have been pulled down and new 

* Calendar of MS8. in Homiof Loids. 
t State Papers ; 




buildings havearben at different periods, each 
in the &shionable architectural style that pre- 
vailed at the time of building. Some of these 
are now scorned because they are old- 
fiuhioned, but not antique. In the courts 
and alleys of the town, however, there still 
remain bits that are worth a journey to 
see, and Mr. Farren,* finding rich materials 
for his needle there, has been able to 
fill his very beautifiil volume with picturesque 
subjects without taking any notice of the 
colleges, which to many will appear the only 
noticeable features of the place. He tells us, 
however, that he passes the beautifiil gatewa]rs 
of St John's, and Trinity with regret and a 
great longing. The spirit in which Mr. Farren 
has worked fai seen in the following sentence, 
which he has scratched upon one of the 
plates : — " It is a privilege and pleasure to 
have lived with and helped to record the 
fast-fading remnant of a day that is dead 1" 

Mr. J. Willis Clark has written an intro- 
duction to the book, and with this, and the 
etchings before us, we propose to say a few 
words upon such relics of the old town of 
Cambridge as are still left to us. First, let us 
notice some of the old iims. The quaint old 
" Swan*' in Castle Street, with the pebbled 
causeway in firont, looks much the same 
as it must have done some centuries ago. 
Falcon Yard^ a narrow alley out of the Petty 
Cury contams the characteristic remains 
of ^the once famous Falcon Inn, which was a 
house of entertainment as early as Queen 
Mary's reign, and Queen ElizabeUi is reported 
to have held receptions in a room still shown 
to visitors. Now it is used as a shop, and the 
long galleries remain, although they are 
broken up into several dwellings. Friends of 
Samuel Fepys will remember that the diarist 
stayed at this inn when he visited Cambridge 
in February^ 1660. Although there is reason to 
believe that this was the chief inn of the town, 
the present condition of the '^ Wrestlers," a 
little furUier down the Petty Cury, is fiurmore 
important, and Mr. Farren's reproduction of it 
is very striking. Another of the fine old house- 
fronts is in a more prominent position, and 
therefore the Bank in Trinity Street ^formerly 
the Turk's Coffee House), is probably known 

• Cambridge and its Neigkkcmh^^d^ drawn and 
etohtd bv R. Faireii* (Caalnidget Macmillan & 
Co. 1881.) 



OLD CAMBRIDGE. 



«*3 



as well as any other front in Cambridge. We 
are apt, as we read of the rapid destruction of 
ancient monuments (partly from ignorance, 
and partly at the hands of the restorer), to 
think that this age is specially to blame, but we 
must remember that m no age has the love of 
antiquity been ver^ wide spread. Mr. Clark 
tells us hdw the dissolved Augustinian Priory 
of Barnwell was used as a stone-quarry as long 
as any walls remained above ground, and also 
after, for the foundations even were exca- 
vated. "When the Chapel of Corpus Christi 
College was built, in 1579, Mr. Wendy, the 
^en mipropriator, sent one hundred and 
eighty two loads of stone from the Abbey, and 
by a refinement of cruelty. Father Tibbolds, 
one ofthe late monks there, was employed to 
deliver them." 

The old churches have a special charm for 
the etcher, and Mr. Farren has made very 
eflfective pictures of some of them. One ofthe 
most important of them is the Church ofthe 
Holy Sepulchure, which is reported to be the 
oldest of the few English round churches, but 
nothing is really known of its history ; the 
circular portion, with its splendid doorway is 
all that can claim to be of Norman origin. The 
chancel and north aisle were rebuilt as late as 
the year 1841, by the Cambridge Camden So- 
ciety. Plate VII., which shows Trumpington 
Street, from St.Botolph's Church, is singularly 
ofiecrive. On our left is the pleasant old house 
a|t the comer of Silver Street, and on our right 
me massive tower of St. Botglph. The street 
£sides ofif in perspective, while the trees of St 
Catherine's and the Chapel of King's close 
up the view. Below, on the same plate, is a 
careful representation of the old Saxon Tower 
of Benet Church, which is remarkable as the 
oldest architectural remain in Cambridge. 
Stourbridge Chapel, an unpretending but 
interesting Norman building, makes a good 
picture. It was dedicated to St Mary Mag- 
dalene, and is believed to have been originally 
attached to a hospital for lepers. It was long 
used as a place to keep the lumber pf the 
neighbouring fairs in. 

Cambridge is singularly fortunate in rural 
surroundings; in all directions there is 
common land, and the little villages near 
the town are many of them strangely 
quiet, as their high roads lead now hither. 
It has been said that if one of these villages 



was to disappear from the face of the earth, 
it would probably not be missed for a week. 
Fen Ditton is distant from Cambridge about 
two miles and a half down the Cam. The 
Manor House was granted by Jimes I. to 
Thomas Wills, in 1605, and the old building 
as it now stands gives evidence of its Jaco- 
bean origin. The parish church of St. Mary 
the Virgin was drawn by Mr. Farren before 
the restorer had appeared upon the scene. 
The beautiful spire of St. Andrew's Church, 
Chesterton, is seen on the opposite bank of 
the River Cam. When Pepys was in Holland 
one of the villages reminded him of Chester- 
ton, a place filled with pleasant associations 
for him. Some miles on, in the parish of Bot-* 
tisham, are the remains of the Augustinian 
Abbey of Anglesea, founded in the reign of 
Henry 1.(1100-1 135), inhonourof the Virgin 
and St Nicholas. On the site of the Abbey 
the Manor House was erected in the reign 
of Elizabeth, when portions of the old build- 
ings were utilized. The house is now known 
as Anglesea Abbey, and Mr. Farren's view 
of it is particularly pleas ing and artistic. Of 
other churches in the immediate neighbour- 
hood of Cambridge, we may menrion Grant- 
chester, Trumpington, and Impington, but no 
mere notice would do justice to the beautiful 
book which Mr. Farren has built up in honour 
of Cambridge and its surroundings. 




1?evfew0. 



The Ancient Br<mu Implements^ Weapons, and Orno" 
ments of Great Britain and Ireland, By John 
Evans. (London: Longmans Green & Co. 1881.) 
8vo, pp. xU, 509. 

IHIS - is a noble contribution to pre* 
historic science. Those of us who know 
how Mr. Evans has worked and does work 
in these fields of research, had expected 
him to follow up his book on Stone Im- 
plements by an equally valuable work on the Bronze 
Implements, and wehave eot all, and, perhaps, more,' 
than was anticipated, ^lr. Evans does not indulge 
in fine rhetoric or in fanciful conclusions from doubt- 
ful premises, but he lays before the student the plain 
simple results of a life-long labour and a life-long 
stuay. He collects, classifies, and tabulates all that is 
to be known of his subject from all sources of infor- 
mation, and it is not too much to say that his work 
represents an encyclopaedic account of the Bronze 
Implements of the British Isles. Our readers will not 
thank us for simply telling them what is already so 
well known to them— namely, that Mr. Evans* work 



264 



REVIEWS. 



is one that worthily stands on our bookshelves by the 
side of the greatest there on pre-historic archaeolo^ ; 
but it may be useful to them if we run over the 
subjects tidcen up by Mr. Evans in the order he has 
given. By this means we shall give a very fair 
idea of the scope of the work and of the manner of 
treatment. After discussing the succession of the 
Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, Mr. Evans deals, in 
the order we give them, with flat and flainged celts, 
winged celts and palstaves, socketed celts, the 
methods of hafting celts, chisels, gouges, ham- 
mers, anvils, saws, awls, drills, and odier tools, 
sickles, knives, razors, daggers, rapier-shaped blades, 
tanged and socketed daggers or spear heads, hal- 
beids, maces, leaf-shaped swords, scabbards, diapes, 
spear heads, bmcc heads, shields, bucklers, helmets, 
trumpets and Dills, pins, torques, bracelets, rings, ear- 
rings, and other personal ornaments, clasps, buttons, 
buckles, vessels, caldrons, &c. ; and he then proceeds 
to discuss the metals, moulds, method of manufacture, 
and the chronology and origin of Bronze. We see 
here that the student is taken into all branches of the 
life of Bronze-period man. From Mr. Evans's book 
we can learn many of the domestic habits of the 
period, its luxuries and its labours, its agriculture, its 
wars and its commerce. Perhaps the most interesting 
chapters in the book are those which deal with the 
agricultural implements, and with the halberds and 
maces. Sickles are the only undoubted agricultural 
implement in bronze whidi trds country has produced, 
and from their size it seems to have been a common 
custom merely to cut the ears of corn from off the 
straw. Such facts as these give important glimpses 
into the life of early man in Britain — glimpses that we 
look in vain for from any other source but that of the 
archaeological remains he has left behind hinu Mr. 
Evans is careful to define, as he goes along, the terms 
he uses, and, as precise definition of ardiseological 
terms is one of the greatest wants to students, we have 
transferred to our •* Note-book ** column the definition 
of **celt'* and "palstave," two words which are 
frequently used in an unguarded sense by those who 
are not careful in such matters. We cannot say more 
of Mr. Evans's book without appearing to say a great 
deal too much, but wc recommend our readers to 
judge for themselves and to at once place it on their 
shelves. A very valuable tabulated account of the 
principal hoards of bronze found from time to time, 
gives the name of the place and the objects found in 
each hoard, so arranged as to show the object of each 
^ kind and the associated objects in each hoard. Add 
to this a very good general index, and an index, 
geographical and topographical, both compiled by the 
authors sister, Mrs. Hubbard, and over five hundred 
illustrations, and we have recorded some of the chief 
points of interest in this interesting work. 



T/ie Blickling Iloinilics of the Tenth Century, from 
the Marquis of LothiatCs unique MS, A.I). 971. 
Edited, with a translation and index of words, by 
Rev. R. Morris. 4to, pp. xvi.-392. (London : 
Printed for the Early English Text Society. 1880. 
TrUbner). 

There are many of us who are extravagant enough 
to think that every early MS. in England ought to be 



printed; and certainly, when we come upon such speci- 
mens of careful work as the book now oefore us, such 
ideas do not fade away, but intensify. This is a most 
valuable MS. Its date, 971, is curiously stated in Uie 
following passage: " Wherefore this world must come 
to an end, and of this the greatest portion [already] 
has elapsed, even nine hundred and seventy one 
years, in this [very] year." From the theological 
point of view these homilies are only interesting as 
showing some of the early views of the Christian 
Church, but just lift the subject away from theology 
altogether, and as an index to manners and customs, 
as a contribution to the history of popular religion, 
they appear to us to be of very great value. One can 
scarcely read a passap;e like the following without 
recalling identical notions in other religions, and even 
in savage society. *' We also learn men, that those men 
say, who have gone hither and returned, that the spot 
whereon our Lord last stood in the body here in the 
world before he ascended into the heaven in his human 
nature — that it is still at this present day very highly 
honoured with many divine glories before the eyes of 
men .... There is a large, and magnificent cnurch 
built round the spot .... open above, and unroofed ; 
— yet is it ever protected from all bad weather, so that 
norainortempestis able to enter in .... And no one 
has even been able to overlay the footsteps them- 
selves, neither will gold nor silver, nor with any worldly 
ornaments; but whatsoever man may lay thereon, the 
earth itself immediately casts it from her." Passages 
of similar bearing upon popular belief might easily be 
extracted if space allowed of it being done. Dr. 
Morris's Index oT words in the homilies occupies pp. 
265-392, and we have little hesitation in pronouncmg 
it as a most valuable contribution to old English 
philology. One instance is shown of its value by the 
correction of a doubtful passage in Beowulf, fix>m a 
passage in th^ homilies curiously parallel to one in 
the great epic, which Englishmen like to call their 
own. No words of ours can add to the praise that is 
due to the Society, and to the Editor, for the pro- 
duction of such a handsome and important volume, 
and we hope that both will reap all the advantages 
they have every right to anticipate from a large dis- 
tribution of copies, and a large accession of members 
to the Society. 

The Roman System of Prffintuial Administration to 
the Accession of Constantine the Great, By W. T. 
Arnold. (London: Macmillan & Ca) Sm. 8vo, 
pp. v-240. 

We cannot think of any phase of Roman history 
which would be more interesting to the English 
student than that treated of in the book before us. 
To learn what a province was, and how it was 
governed, its system of taxation, and the status of the 
towns within it, is to learn a great deal of what must 
have happened in Britain during a most eventful 
period of her island history. It is perfectly true that 
the marauding bands of the barbaric Saxons tore 
down with fearful vengeance all, or nearly all, that 
Rome had built ; they drove the plough over flourish- 
ing cities and left in ruins the splebdid villas which 
art and wealth had raised in the best parts of the 
land. But still even this contact with Rome left its 



REVIEWS. 



265 



nfluence upon the spoiler — an influence that readily 
ent itself to fuller developments when Saxon-Elngland 
became a Christian State, and hence once more in the 
dominion of the Roman mind. 

Mr. Arnold has done his work well. He gives in 
outline a fair account of the status and general meaning 
of a province, and then takes us through the several 
variations in political development wnich occurred 
under the rules of the Republic, and the Early and 
Later Empire. Added to this valuable historical 
material are two of the best chapters in the book — 
namely, that on the System of Taxation and that on 
Towns in the Provinces. We see clearly in Mr. 
Arnold's pages how Rome brought into her wondrous 
empire elements discordant enough and strong enough 
to have wrecked a power one fraction less mighty than 
that she had welded together. We see, too, that it 
was by what she taught her provincial towns and 
governors that at last she was overcome, for, as Mr. 
Arnold points out, '* if the barbarians had been 
wholly barbarians, thev would hardly have shattered 
the power of Rome. There is one subject which 
stands out curiously distinct in the Roman system of 
politics. It is her government by cities. City life 
was the very type of civilization to the Roman mind, 
and in every country conquered by Rome we find the 
creation followed by ^the local development of city 
organization. 

It is by gathering up such crucial facts as Mr. 
Arnold lays before us, and applying them to the con- 
ditions presented by the history of modem European 
nations, that such books are best tested. Antiquaries 
know full well the hostile camps into which English 
scholars divide themselves upon the question of 
Roman influence on English history, and they will 
recognize that Mr. Arnold has given us a book which 
will fill up a gap in the evidence on this subject. 



T^ Western Aniiquary^ or Devon and Cornwall Note 
Book, Edited by W. H. K. Wkioht. Part II. 
(Plymouth : Latimer & Son. 1881.) 

We have already welcomed the first part of this 
interesting magazine, and we are glad to see that the 
editor is able to keep up the high character which it 
at once attained. The West is rich to excess in 
legendary lore, and in the record of the men who have 
made historv, so that a receptacle for antiquarian jot- 
tings on the part of Devon and Cornwall must 
necessarily be full of value. We notice in this part 
references to names of national importance ; and the 
queries and replies here given will doubtless bring 
forth more fruit in future numbers. The views of old 
places in Plymouth add to the interest of the letter- 
press. 

Goody Two-Shoes : a fac'simile Reproduction of the 
Edition of 1766, with an Introduction by Charles 
Welsh. (London : Griffith ,& Farran, 1881.) 
3imo. 

This little story for children, which was originally 
published m 1765 by '*The philanthropic publisher 
of St. Paul's Churchvard " (as GoMsmith called John 
Newbery), is widely known by name, but has probably 
l)een seen by few of the present generation. An 

VOL. IV. 



exact photographic faC'simUe of an early edition is 
therefore welcome. Mr. Welsh has prefixed an in- 
teresting preface, in which he discusses the disputed 
question of authorship. It has generally been sup- 
posed that Goldsmith wrote this and some others of 
the Lilliputian Library, but the late Mr, Wmter 
Jones set up a claim for his grandfather, Mr. Giles 
Jones. Now there does not appear to be any real 
evidence forthcoming in support of this claim. Cer- 
tainly, there is something in Nichols's ZiV/r/if^^M^r- 
dotes^ but this does not come to much. \Ve there 
read, ** It is not perhaps generally known that to Mr. 
Griffith Jones, and a brother of his, Mr. Giles Jones, 
in conjunction with Mr, John Newbery, the public 
are indebted for the origin of those numerous and 
popular little books for the amusement and instruction 
of children which have been ever since received with 
universal approbation. The Lilliputian histories of 
Goody Two-Shoes, Giles Gingerbread, Tommy Trip, 
&c. &c., are remarkable proofs of the benevolent 
minds of the projectors of this plan of instruction, and 
respectable instances of the accommodation of superior 
talents to the feeble intellects of infantine felicity." 

It will be noticed that it is not said that these 
gentlemen wrote the books, but that the plan of their 
publication originated with them. We must own to 
having been disappointed with the story, as it does 
not appear to us to be humorous enough for Gold- 
smith ; at the same time, there are touches that makes 
us somewhat doubtful ; thus, the Appendix, and the 
letter from the printer, on a wise dog, are just in 
Goldsmith's style. On the whole, it does not appear 
improbable that Goldsmith touched up' some other 
wnter's story. Mr. Newbery evidently had a keen 
sense of the value of advertising, for in an early page 
we read that the father of Little Ti^o- Shoes died for 
want of a dose of James's Powder, and at the end of 
the book we find that Newbery was agent for the 
sale of that famous medicine. No one who buys this 
charming little volume is likely to regret the pur- 
chase. 



The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language, 
A Complete Encyclopaedic Lexicon, Literary, 
Scientific, and Technological. By John Ogilvie, 
LL.D. New edition. Carefully Revised and 
greatly Augmented. Edited by Charles Annan- 
DALE, M.A. Vol. I. A — Depa«cent. (London : 
Blackie Sc Son. 1882.) Imperial 8vo. 

The title of thin book hardly does justice to the 
nature of its contents. A previous edition, which 
was published nearly twenty years ago, contained 
100,000 words, and the edition now being issued has 
been in preparation nearly ten years, and will con- 
tain 130,000. It is not, however, in the multitude of 
words that the chief value of a dictionary consists. 
When so large a number of words are gathered 
together, many of them must necessarily be of vtry 
rare occurrence ; and we therefore notice, as ft 
useful feature of this Dictionary, that those which are 
seldom used are specially indicated. We have here 
an excellent dictionarv, containing literanr, colloqttial, 
artistic, scientific, ana technologiod woros, with short 
but clear illustrative quotations. But we have tome- 
thing more : for the so-called dictionary is in fact an 



266 



REVIEWS. 



en^dopaediai and a^ enc^l(^>8edia, too» of the most 
usenil chaimcter, for the information is pat in a par- 
ticularly terse form, so that he who runs may read. 
We have been madi struck with the value of many 
of the entries, and will instance one taken at random. 
This is the word " Dean.'* We have not space to 
quote the whole of the article, but we may say that, 
after giving the derivation, it defines the difierent uses 
of the woid, from the ecclesiastical dignitary to the 
Dean of Guild Court Dr. Ogilvie was, we believe, 
the first to revive tibe excellent plan adopted by Bailey 
of illustratinff certain of the articles with woodcuts. 
These are admirable ; they ornament the pages, and 
are a great assistance to the proper understanding of 
the verbal explanations. Only those who have tried 
their hands at dictionary compilation can have any 
conception of the labour which this volume of 700 
^|ges represents. The definition of words is a most 
difficult operation, and this is the weak point of many 
dictionaries ; for in some of these synonyms are used, 
and no attempt at definition is made. As fiiu: as we 
can judge, the explanations given here are singularly 
happy. We might dispute some few of the entries, 
but we remember how much difficulty there must 
have been in making these clear and definite. It is 
interesting to note the growth of public opinion in 
respect to dictionary making. The earliest idea of a 
dictionary took the form of a list of words with a 
translation into a foreign language. Then lists of hard 
words were produced, which grew into such useful 
volumes as Bailejr's Dictionary, Dr. Johnson at- 
tempted to do for England what the French Academy 
had attempted for France — that is, to regulate the 
language and form a literary tongue. Johnson's 
Dictionary has long formed a founchition for subse- 
quent compilers, but they have added the very words 
which he considered it his duty to turn out If we 
put the little volume — Bullokar*s English Expositor 
<i6i6) — ^by the side of the Imperial Dictionary, we 
shall have a very practical illustration of the growth 
of lexicography in England. 



Kamilaroi and Kumai, By L. FISON and A. W. 
How ITT. (London : Macmillan. 1880.) 8vo, 
pp.372. 

This book deals chiefly with the subject of group 
marriage and relationship and marriage by elope- 
ment, as illustrated by the customs of the two 
Australian native tribes, the names of which form the 
title of the work. Those who have studied the ques- 
tion of archaic relationships of man, and archaic 
marriage customs, will welcome this valuable contri- 
bution to their studies with much gratification. Both 
subjects have attracted a great deal of attention from 
students of primitive society, and the names of Mr. 
Lewis H. Morgan and Mr. McLennan will at once 
occur to our readers as the two most widely known 
authorities on the subject Antagonistic as Mr. 
Morgan's views are to those held by Mr« McLennan, 
one cannot help feeling that, though the former 
authority may perhaps hold his ground better, yet the 
latter has done much more towards bringing the 
subject of archaic marriage customs into the domain of 
popular studies. What is the marriage custom 
adopte d by these Australian aboriginci ? Shortly, it 



is this. Every male member of certain tribes is theo- 
retically the husband of every female member of 
certain other tribes in his own generation, and rela- 
tionship is consequently that of groups of individuals 
to other groups, not of individuals to mdividuals. The 
individuality of man is wholly ignored, and his right 
to exclusive marriage is unknown. He marries 
as a part of his tribe, and is subject to all the 
laws of his tribe in connection with this marriage^ 
The marriage custom is therefore wholly communal, 
not personiu. Startling as this evidence is, it fits in 
exactly with the institutions of archaic society. 
Communal life is the underlying principle throughout 
In property we know the permanence of the communal 
system comes down almost to the borders of modem 
civilization; in customs also, evidence is not wanting 
that the same principle is at work. There are other 
interesting savage customs given in this most valuable 
book, one of wUch, that of the lamentation over the 
loss of a member of the tribe, is almost textually iden- 
tical with the Irish lamentation for death, described 
b y Boorde in his Introduction to JCnawUdgCf reprinted 
by the Early English Text Society. To the anthropo- 
logist, to tne student of early social customs, to the 
lover of sound and genuine research, we heartily re- 
Gommend Messrs. Fison and Howitt's work. 



Bedford and its Neighbourhood: Notes 0n Objects of 
Interest^ with Maps, Illustrations^ 6^. By DUDLBY 
G. Cary Elwbs. (Bedford : Mercury^ Preasy 
1881.) Sm. 8vo. 

When the Royal Archaeological Institute arranged 
to visit Bedford, it struck the author of this capital 
little book that no good guide to the objects of anti- 
quarian interest in that town existed. He therefore 
set to work to fill the gap, and the task could not 
well have fallen into better hands. The history of 
early Bedford commences with a notice in the Saxon 
Chronicle, A.D. 571, where it is called "Bedican- 
forda;" and in the same book, a.d. 970^ it is written 
that there was a monastery at ** Bedanford." We 
cannot chronicle all the contents of this volume^ but 
we may say that it contains a succinct and readable 
account of an interesting old town* There are plates 
of the '* Old George " nostelry, as it appeared when 
originally built, and of the old Meeting House where 
Bunyan preached ; and also a map of the county. 



Ludgate HUl: Past and Present, A Narrative con- 
ceming the People, Places, Legends, and Changa of 
the great London Highway. (London : Griffith & 
Farran.) Sm. 8vo. 

Mr. W. P. Treloar has taken as his subject one of 
the most famous thoroughfares in London, and in 
writing its history from the Roman period to the pre- 
sent time, when the London, Chatham and Dover 
Railway have been allowed to entirely destroy the 
view up Ludgate Hill, by the erection of their hideous 
bridge, he has a large field to cover. The history is 
so varied in incident, and is so intimately associated 
with the great, the famous, and the notorious of our 
country, that it cannot fail to interest those who care 
for old London. There are some views of the Hill at 
different periods, and of Roman remains found in the 



REVIEWS. 



§67 



ndghbourhood. A book of this character nmst be 
largely drawn from the works of prerioiis writers, and 
we should have been glad to hare seen more leferenoe 
to some of these* 



Art Index to the History of Neufcastie-upon- 7)me, Bf 
the Rev. John Brand. Compiled by William 
DoDD. (Newcastle : Printed for the Society of 
Antiquaries. 1881.) 4to. Title, pp. 2S. 

Brand's standard History of Newcastie-upon-Tyno 
was published in 1789, and from that time to this it 
has remained without a satisfactory index. Mr. 
William Dodd, Treasurer to the Society of Ami- 
quaries of Newcastle, has now supplied the deficiency, 
and his careful alphabetical history, which has been 
printed for the Newcastle Society, will be welcomed 
by all students of topographical literature. 



We have abo to acknowledge the receipt of sertral 
papers of interest J— 

Mr. Serel's OHgin of the Name of Welltsley (Shep- 
ton Mallet : Bjrrt), traces the name back as far as 
King Athelstan. Transactions of the Epping Forest 
NatufoMsts* Field Club (vol. ii. part 4), contains two 
valuable articles on " Stone ana Ancient Bronze Im< 
plements." Rev. D. Royce contributes to the North 
Oxfordshire Archseological Society Historical Notices 
ofCropredy, which contains an account of the early 
histoty of the Manor. Mr. T. Rought Jones has 
reprinted from the Athenaum the letters on Media* 
/anum, which our readers will be glad to have in ft 
collected form. Both those who hate been, and those 
who have not been, to Oberammergau, will welcome 
Mrs. Drew's translation of the Passion Play (Bums 
& Oates;. Mr. J. H. Cooke has reprinted his care* 
fiU account of those important MSS. on the history 
of Gloucestershire, by Tohn Smith, which are pre- 
served at Berkeley CasUe. Rev. B. H. Wortham has 
commenced to reprint the Churehivardeni Booh of 
Bassing^urne (Cambridge: Rivingtons)— -a work 
which we hope will be continued and copied In other 
parishes. Canonbury Tower has always been an 
object of interest to Londoners, and Mr. Herring has 
done well in giving reproductions of views showing It 
in 1400. 1600, and 1800 (Wertheimer, Lea ft Co.) 
Mr. Johns hu written an opportune pamphlet on 
Begimental Nicknames (Spottiswoode), which giret 
the sobriquets of the regiments of the British army, 
lost by the introduction of Mr. Childers* re-organisa- 
tion scheme. Historical Accounts of the Lamfs End 
is the title of a Paper read recently by the Rev. W. 
S. Lach-Si^nna before a local society. 



flDeetingd of antiquarian 
Societicd. 

METROPOLITAN. 

ARCHiCOLOGICAL iNSTITtJTE.— NoV. 3.^Slr. J. 

Maclean in the Chair.-^Precentor Venables sent a 
Paper upon the dedications of the Churches tA Lincoln- 



shire, in which he showed that the religions history of 
the country was a blank until the mission of Paulinns. 
There are even fewer dedications to St. Paul In 
England than might be supoosed, for in several of 
them " Paul '' is really an abbreviation of Paulinm. 
The dedication to the obscure saint, Hygbald, wm 
cited, the name of the saint surviving at Hibaldstow ; 
and similarly, the cell and chapel buut by Pega, sister 
of Guthlac, became Pegaskirlc, the name remainiiitf 
at Peakirk. The dedication of Croyland by iEthelbdd 
to St. Guthlac carried the name of that saint to 
certain outlying churches of the abbey. The numerous 
instances of dedications to St. Michael in Lincolnshire 
were regarded as evidences of a survival of Celtic 
Christianity, and the orevalence of dedications to 
this saint, and to St. Mary in Wales, was treated 
of, and the localities indicated. The dedications de- 
noting Northumbrian and Mercian influences were 
shown to throw much light on the history of Liad- 
sey, the Northumbrian ecclesiastical traditions hx 
exceeding the Mercian. The connection of Lincoln- 
shire in tne dedications of its churches with tlie later 
St. Pancras, the vouthful Phrygian martjrr, was con- 
trasted with the dedications to ue earlier nXni of the 
same name in the West of England. The dedications 
to St. Helen occur chiefW on the eastern side of tht 
county, nearly a third of the whole number in England 
being in Lincolnshire. The same county furnishes 
several examoles of dedications to the valiant and 
popular St. Oswald. The name of another famous 
Northumbrian, St. Wilfrid of York, appears to htve 
been preserved in Lincolnshire in later dedications 
without any special significance. The name of St* 
Cuthbert, " the typical saint of Northumbria," ocean 
only twice in Lincolnshire dedications, frequent though 
it is between the Humber and the Mersey, the Tweed 
and the Solway. The author further dealt with 
the dedications to St. Alkmund, St. Chad, St. Ethel- 
dreda, St. Edith, St. Wulfnn, St. Vedast, and St 
Vincent.—- Mr. E. Peacock sent a Paper. " On the 
Churchwardens' Accounts of the Parish or Sutterton, 
in Lincolnshire, from 148^ to 1536,** which are prt^ 
served in the Bodleian Library, and formed part of 
Dr. Rawlinson's bequest in ijs\* — Among the oMeets 
exhibited were the matrix ot the common seal of the 
guild of the Holy Trinity in Boston, a fine late fif* 
tccnth century work, sent by Mr. B. H. W. Way \ S 
portrait, said to be of the BUck Prince j and tracings 
of wall-paintings In Grendon Church, Northampton- 
shire, sent by Miss Petit, lately destroyed \3y the pro- 
cess of " restoration." 

Asiatic— Nov. 7.— Sir E. Colebrooke, President, 
in the Chair.— Sir W. Muir read a Paper " On < The 
Apology of Al-Kindi t ' an Essay on its Age and 
Authorship," in which he traced its history, and 
showed that a work recently published by the Tttrkdh 
Aid Mission, in Arabic, is substantially the same u 
that described bv Al-Biruni in his Vestiges of Ancient 
Nati4ms.^}AT, N. B. £. Baillie read a Paper in reply 
to some exceptions taken bv Lord Stanley of Alderl^ 
to a former pspcr by him *'0n the Duty the Mohsin- 
medans of British Indk owe to the Government of 
the Cottntry.'''--The Director (Sir H. C. Rawlinion) 
exhibited photographs of s Babylonian inseriptiMt, 
recently procursd by the Rev. Canon Tristram fhmi 
the elifc $\Hm tht Nuhr-eUKelb tt Belrfit. 

T 2 



268 



MEETINGS Oil ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES. 



Numismatic Society. — Oct. 20, — ^Mr. John 
Evans, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.— The Pre- 
sident exhibited a penny of the second coinage of 
Henry VII., struck at Canterbury. — A unique copper 
coin of Shams ud Dunya wa ud Din Mahmud Shah 
was exhibited by Mr. Charles J. Rodgers. This coin 
is dated A.H. 718, and was struck at Delhi. — Mr. 
Henry S. Gill exhibited a very rare penny of 
Alexander II., of Scotland, struck at Forres. Mr. 
Bieber exhibited a very rare medal of Henry VIII., 
with the King^s bust on one side and on the other the 
portcullis. This medal appears to be of the time, 
and of German work. — Mr. Webster exhibited several 
veiy rare Anglo-Saxon and English coins, among 
which was a penny of Eadwig, struck at London, one 
of two specimens known, and another of Eadgar, 
struck at Newport. — A Paper was then read on ** A 
Medal of Charles V. of Spain by -Giovanni Pome- 
dello," by Mr. T. W. Greene. This medal has the 
portrait of the King and the figure of Victory in- 
scribing a shield. It does not b^ the artist's name, 
but it has its *' tigla," an apple traversed by a mono- 
gram composed of the letters zvan, a Venetian 
appreviation of the name of Giovanni This medaF 
raises the number of Pomedello's authenticated works 
to eleven. There are several others attributed to this 
artist, but, being unsigned, their attribution may be 
considered doubtful. — Mr. Toplis communicated a 
' notice of a find, at Newark, in June last, of coins of 
Henry III., struck at London and Canterbury. — Mr. 
Warwick Wroth read a Paper on " The Cultus of 
Asklepios at Pergamon, as illustrated by the Coinage 
of that City from B.C. 4CX) to a.d. 268." It was at 
Pergamon that the worship of the God of Medicine, 
which acquired considerable importance in Hellenistic 
and Roman times, had its principal seat ; and the 
coinage of that city, especially in the Imperial age, 
gives a large and interestingseries of types relating to 
Asklepios and his companion divinities — Apollo, 
Tdesphoros, and Hygieia. Mr. Wroth discussed at 
some length the different forms under which Askle- 
pios is represented. In the early period he is seated 
on an omphalos, but in the later period he stands 
leaning on his setpent-stafT. With the former re- 
presentation Mr. Wroth identifies the famous statue 
of the god at Pergamon, made by the artist Phy- 
romachos, who flourished about B.C. 240. 

Society of Biblical ARCHyEOLooY.— Nov. i, 
1881.— Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the Chair.— 
The Rev. H. G. Tomkins read a communication on the 
" Campaign of Rameses II, in his fifth year, against 
Kadesh on the Orontes." For the homes of the 
various tribes allied together against the King of 
Egypt, Mr. Tomkins expressed the opinion that it 
was not necessary to seek far into Asia Minor, and 
he mentioned their names as given on the inscriptions 
with some identifications as to position and race. 
The position of the ** fortress" Kadesh was next con- 
sidered. That it is represented as being on the river 
Orontes is evident, but the author was of opinion that 
the great battle-pieces of Rameses II. were intended to 
represent the fortified stronghold of Kadesh as planted 
on its moated island at the north-east end of the lake, 
and forming part of the great engineering works which 
hold up and regulate the water. These great battle* 
pieces were described s^n4 commented on, the direc< 



tion of all the movements being arrived at by the fact 
that in the Ramesseum slabs a straight canal leads 
out of the river far above the lake (to- the left), and 
runs on across the picture ; this must run from the 
Orantes south of the Lake, north-eastward across the 
plain. It was therefore considered that this tableau 
must be viewed as having its top towards the north. 
The fortified town, marked as the ** town of Kadesh," 
being thus distinctly depicted as being at the north- 
eastern end of the lake. The route by which Rameses 
arrived at the place, with the cities he passed, were 
mentioned, and finally the events of this short cam- 
pau[n were traced. 

Society for the Promotion of Hellenic 
Studies. — Oct 2a — General Meeting. — Rev. H. F. 
Tozer, V.P., in the Chair. — The Chairman read a 
Paper on ** Byzantine Satire." Mr. Tozer gave an 
analysis and considerable extracts from one of the 
most remarkable specimens of this literature, the 
account of the sufferings of Timarion and his journey 
to the lower regions. This story, which was probably 
written early in the twelfth century A.D., nas many 
interesting points of resemblance with Lucian's 
** Difd(^es of the Dead," as was clearly brought out 
by Mr. Tozer. Reference was made also to another 
story very similar in character — "The sojourn of 
Mazaris in Hades." — Mr. C. Smith read a Paper on 
two Greek vases, the figures on which, in his opinion, 
threw light on the costume of the Chorus in the 
" Birds'' of Aristophanes. The date of the vase in 
the Britkh Museum which suggested the inquuy is 
probably about 450 B.C., and, as Prof. Gardner pointed 
out, the comic figures on these vases, evidently meant 
to represent men dressed as birds, at least throw light 
on the kind of costume that would be likely to be 
adopted on the Athenian stage when such a repre- 
sentation was to be made. 



PROVINCIAL. 

Cambridge Philological Society. — Oct. 20. 
— The Rev. S. S. Lewis in the Chair. — ^Mr. Verrall 
read a Paper upon the following passages: ./Esch. Ag. 
161-176, 680 foU., 992-3. — Mr. Ridgeway raid a 
Paper on the Ionic 3rd plural terminations 'arau,, 
•arOf and -laro {-otaro^ awro). After going through all 
the instances of the Ionic 3rd pluru middle in the 
Attic dramatists, he found an important difference 
between the usage of Attic and Homeric and 
Herodotean Greek. Wlun the Attics use the ter^ 
mination -taro the thematic vowel is imtariably pre* 
ceded by a consonant. The usage of the Attic 
dramatists of 'Waro^ -aiaro, is like the old Attic 
perfect a relic of an early stage of the language, and 
we may lay down as a dictum for verse- writers that 
-ouLTo must be used with consonantal stems only, 

Clifton Shakspere Society. — October 22. — 
Reports in connection with Tttus Andronicus were 
presented from the following departments : — Biblical 
and Religious Allusions, by Miss Florence W. Hera- 
path ; Instrumental Music, by Mr. Charles H. Sanders ; 
Plants, by Mr. Leo H. Grindon, of Manchester. — 
Mr. C. P. Harris, B.A., read a Note on "Aaron." 
—The following communications were also given : — 
" On the authorship of Titus Andronicus** by Rev. 
H, P. Stokes, M.A., LL.M. ; "Stray Notes on litu^ 



MEETINGS Of ANTIQUARIAN SOCIMTIES. 



969 



Andronicus^*^ by Dr. J. E. Shaw ; and " A Vindica- 
tion of TUus Andronicust^^ by Mr. L. M. Griffiths. 

Glasgow ArchvEological Society. — Oct. 18. — 
A number of the members visited the Cathedral for 
the pnpose of having the more interesting portions 
of the edifice pointed out and explained by Mr. John 
Honeyman. At first the company assembled in the 
chapter-house, where Mr. Honeyman exhibited sec- 
tions of a few mouldings from other cathedrals cor- 
responding exactly with those in Glasgow, and so 
indicating the age of the latter building. The oldest 
portion is a small piece of the crypt at the souUi- 
west end, and where there are still remains of tran- 
sitional work ; and which Mr. Honeyman desig- 
nated the twelfth century crypt. The main crypt 
was next visited, and it was shown to be thirteenth 
century work; then the crypt under the chapter- 
house, which was held to bear unmistakable evidence 
of having been erected in the fourteenth century ; 
and lastly, Blackadder's crypt, erected in the fifteenth 
century, the characteristic differences of the various 
styles of architecture being shown. Mr. Honeyman 
also pointed out that from the design and the ar- 
rangement of the bases of the piers under the central 
tower the approach to the crypt as it exists at the 
north side at least formed part of the original design, 
and that while some of the features of the nave 
seemed more ancient than corresponding features. in 
the choir, the character of the details appeared to 
indicate that all the upper portion of the nave at 
any rate had been erected after the choir. He thought 
that, upon the whole, appearances indicated tnat 
both sections of the building — nave and choir — ^had 
been designed at the same time, and that the erection 
of the nave had been commenced first. Almost im- 
mediately afterwards the original design of the choir 
had been thrown aside, and a new and much more 
beautiful one by a different architect substituted — 
the original plan being adhered to ; and that then 
the work on the walls of the nave had been stopped, 
and the choir pushed on and finished. After that, 
work had been resumed on the nave, adhering to 
the original design so far as the tyranny of new 
fashions in mouldings and tracery would allow them. 
The chapter-house, also part of'^the original design, 
was not, he considered, commenced till after the nave 
was finished, and Blackadder's crypt was added at 
a still later period. On returning to the chapter* 
house, Mr. Honeyman drew attention to a very in- 
teresting example of what sometimes happened in 
medieval work — a piece of stone left ronen for car- 
ving. Round the base of the central shaft he Dointed 
out a band of carving, representing animals of^various 
kinds in deadly combat. 

Newcastle Society of A^rriQUARiES. — Oct. 76, 
— The Earl of Ravensworth, President, in the Chair. 
—Mr. W. IL D. Longstaffe said he wished to can the 
attention of the Society, as a mere matter of record, to 
the fact that the authorities of St« John's Church* 
Newcastle, had seen it right and proper to cloie up 
the Norman work in that church, which was next in 
date to the arch closed up at the side of the postern, 
and which was of a date long before the Castle and 
St. Nichc^as's Chnrch. The work was of the time 
of Henry I^ and he did not think it had been pcllcd 
down, bot an orgui chamber had been bvsk agaumt 



the Norman work.— Mr. Thomas Ho<lgkiu read a 
Paper describing a portion of the Roman wall in (Ger- 
many, extenaing from tlie Danube tu the Rhine, fur 
a distance of three hundretl miles. He read a descrip- 
tion of the portion of the wall in Bavaria and Wur- 
temburg, and promised to describe, in a second Paper, 
the northern portion of the wall, which he uersonally 
inspected during the last summer. — Mr. I.onffxtafle 
said there was at North Gosforlh a building- 
it was difficult to say whether it was a churcli or 
chapel— composed to some extent of Roman stones. 
The building had been recently visited, and he 
thought it would bo desirable to expend a few pounds 
in skilful excavation at the place. In going out to 
North Gosforth a very interesting bridge, called* 
Salter's Bridge, was seen ; it was a (juthic.bridgc» and 
(judging by the bridges which were really buiR prior 
to 1400) had evidently been built prior to 1400. The 
road on each side of the bridge was called Salter's 
Lane, and, iudgingfrom the Ordnance Ma]), seemed tu 
have led from Slym (where there used to be Halt pans) 
to the ancient borough of Newbum. Salter's Lanes 
were common in Durham, and Surtecs, in mentioning 
one of those lanes, said lie believed Salter's Roads 
existed all over the kingdom. Salt was such a neces- 
sity of life that these ancient roads were a necessity 
also ; and there would not have been such a bridge 
built at Gosforth unless there had l>een a necessity 
for the road crossing at that place. The bridge, whicfi 
was ribbed, had been of two Gothic arches ; unc arch 
remained intact, but had l^cn widcnc<l at each side 
for modem purposes ; and the other arch had Ijeen 
destroyed ; but the central pier showed that there hact 
been two arches. He moved that the Society place 
a sum not exceeding £io\Ti the hands of Mr, Ilolmes 
and Mr. Hodges to expend in excavations at ^hc church 
at North Gosforth. The Rev. Dr. llruce sccondtd 
the motion, and it was agreed to. — The I'residcfit 
showed a large stone axe, which has recently been 
found upon one of his farms, near Eslington. — Mr. 
Hodgkin said that, although no formal answer had 
been received from the Newcastle Corporation with 
respect to the preservation of the Black Gate, he had 
been told that the Corporation had appointed a 
committee to consider the subject, and tnere was 
good hope that the Black Gate would be handed oyer 
to the .Society on terms which would enable them 
to take it. 



^-^V'*>3* 



ZCbe antiauari?'0 VIote^Booft. 



Remains of Ancibxt Minrh iw Ai;<«tria.— 
The attention of thrne interested in anti^iaari4n re« 
search has recently been drawn \jy the 1/amburgtr 
NachrUhtm to the above soljject, with special tKUtence 
to the Mitterberg Copper Mine, ami the Mallstatt 
Salt Mine, which seem to have again )f€tn worked it 
late jears, and for both of which a very rttwAt an* 
tiqmty is claimed. Several writers have of late yean 
d«dt with the sobjects in qoestion, noUbhr Dr. Mocb^ 
of Vienna (who at the meeting of the German AO' 
thropoiogical Society at Strasbitrg, in ttjo, nMUud 
■uttttM' ioiu l tm cnta Ibttiid at iht Uitmtu mcMhtw^ •<mI 



210 



THR ANTIQUASrS NOTE-BOOK. 



described them at itngth); Baron Von Sackffi 
(whose work on the btiryiiig-croand at Hallstatt, imb- 
lished at Vienna in iS68, deals with the resulto of 
many years' explorations); and Dr. F. Von Hoch- 
stetter (who was entrusted by the Austrian Govern- 
ment witn the examination of objects found at the 
Halstatt salt mine, and sent to Vienna for his inspee- 
tion). The Mitterberg Copper Mine, after a lon^ period 
of abandonment, has been again worked dunng the 
last fifty years, and in many cases the ancient subter- 
ranean passages have been found available for use. 
Its situation is extremelv romantic, being between 
rocks, which rise to the height of 10,000 feet above 
sca*level, and forests of 6,000 feet elevation. The 
mine itself is situated at a height of nearly 5,000 feet. 
Ffom the absence of iron utensils from amongst 
the various reliquia discovered, Dr. Much consiilers 
that a strong argument may be deduced in favour of 
his theory, that the mine was in full working order 
long before the Romans invaded that part of Europe. 
The system of excavation then in use seems to liave 
consisted, in a great measure, of the use of fire, for 
rendering the rock so brittle that portions could be 
subsequently detached without much difficulty, by 
the employment of wedges made of wood. Various 
objects discovered support the conjecture. The com- 
munication between the mine and the outer world 
seems to have been twofold. From the windlass, 
which was found in a fair state of preservation in the 
main shaft, it is argued that troughs or buckets, were 
used for bringing out the ore ; while the miners seem 
to have ascend^ and descended by means of steps 
cut in the trunks of trees, which probably formed tne 
sides of the passage used for that purpose. The ex- 
cellent state of preservation in which the objects 
affecting this branch of the subject have been dis- 
covered has facilitated the researches made in no 
small degree. This circumstance is attributed to the 
feet that for many centuries the excavations have been 
filled with water at a low temperature; and the 
woodwork has been thus protected from the decom- 
posing influences of light, air, and heat. Pieces of 
wood seem to have been used for illuminating pur- 
poses; no traces of lamps having been found, wnile 
numbers of partly-burned fragments of wood have 
been met with during the exp&rations. The impor- 
tance of the mining operations carried on may be 
estimated from the fact that traces of no less than 
100 smelting furnaces have been discovered, some 
in a fair state of preservation. These are foimd 
much dispersed; and it is considered that this circum- 
stance points to the mining having been carried on 
by a number of parties independent of each oUxer, 
and to its having lasted during many centuries. 
Another cause may have bad to do with their disper- 
sion; that the forest from which the wood for the 
furnaces was obtained got thinned by the extent of 
the smelting operations; and that the transport of the 
ore to the vicinity of the treea whose wood was used 
for heating the furnaces, was easier than bringing the 
wood to the spot where the ore was extracted. The 
abundant ve^tation which is now found over the 
whole extent m which the remains of die furnaces are 
visible, has had time to grow vcl the centuries which 
have elapsed sinee the original mining operations 
were carried on; and this fact may be considawd as 



supporting the assertions of those who claim % femote 
antiquity for this Uidustrial colony. The Ceimmie 
remains found are evidently of a period anterior to 
the Roman occupation (shortly before the Christiaii 
era), whUe the discovery of a coin of Marcus Didius 
Sevenu Tulianus (a,d. 193), points to the working of 
the mint naving been carried on during a considerable 
period. The sednded position of the mine, and its 
slender means of communication with the world at 
large, are considered to account for the exceptional 
efaamcter of some of the articles discovered, as com- 
pared with relics of the same period found elsewhere. 
The salt mine of Hallstatt lays claim to an anti- 
quity at least as remote as that of the copper mine 
we have described; and it is estimated that It was in 
operation as early as five centuries before the Chris- 
tian era. Its subsequent history, to which we shall 
again have occasion to refer, shows that it has been 
worked down to our own times. The mine is situated 
in a romantic comer of the Salvkammergut, on the 
western shore of a mountain lake, nearly five miles 
in length, and is only attainable by water, or by a 
steep mountain path. The miners' dwellings are 
described as resembling swallows* nests on the side 
of the mountain. The objects found in the burying- 
ground are not only numerous, but highly instructive 
as to the ancient importance of this colony. In 993 
graves some 6,000 objects have been found, amongst 
which are bronze and iron swords, lances, javelins, 
helmets, &c., as well as many ornamental and domestic 
articles, forming valuable records of the ancient pros- 
perity of Hallstatt. These have been described at length 
m the work already named, by Baron Von Sacken. 
The relics found in connection with the mine itself 
are more recent discoveries, dating only from 1879 » 
but it is quite likely that many similar relics have 
been found since the mines have been again worked, 
to which no attention has been paid, in the absence 
of the taste for antiquarian research which characterizes 
the present age. The objects found were in the 
Appold workings ; and fix>m various appearances, the 
locality in question was at one time buried in a fall 
of d6bris from some higher part of the mountain. 
The salt penetrating the mass of earth has preserved 
the articles found in a manner scarcely to be expected. 
They consist of remains of charcoal, torches, snovels, 
a wooden mattock, two leather bags, and a piece 
of coarse woollen material, and other objects. The 
excavations seem to have been carried on hori- 
zontally^ or with a slight gradient for about 170 yards. 
The main descent seems to have commenced at the 
.spot where the implements were discovered, and to 
have been carried at an an^le of sixtv or seventy de- 
grees, until a depth of eighty yards was readied. 
These measurements are only approximate, but are 
supposed to be fairly reliable. The method of lighting 
is supposed to have been the same as was used at the 
copper mine we have described. The detailed 
researches to which we previously alluded, have 
led to the opinion that the miners were tiie in- 
habitants of tne plateau, and that the valuable relics 
found at the burying-place are remains of their 
former prosperity, before they were called upon to 
pay tribute to the Roman invaders of their country. 
The mine seems to have been abandoned when the 
hordes fix>m Ae North of Europe swept over the 



THE ANTJQVAHYS NOTEBOOK. 



ayt 



'I I 11 n ■ ■■ 



district; but Nicholas of Rohrbach is said to have re- 
commenced operations at this spot in the year 1280. 
The mining which has since been carried on has 
been on prmciples more or less different from those 
known to the ancients. There is, therefore, no rea- 
sonable doubt that the discoveries made are in reality 
of value from an antiquarian point of view. 

Roman Rkmains at Deutz, (CoLooNE).-^In 
the execution of some railway work at the above 
place, some interesting ftliquia have been discovored ; 
and A recent article in the Kblniscke Zntung 
gves the following interesting details about them : — 
While preparing the foundations of a wall opposite 
the pansh church, a bronze group was found, in a fair 
state of preservation. It b of small dimensions, being 
only five inches in height, and is supposed to have 
been used as an ornament in connection with some 
larger mcce of work. Thr jgroup represents the com- 
bat of Hercules with the Amazons ; the artist having 
selected the moment when the hero has seized one of 
his adversaries by the hair, and is trying to snatch her 

g'rdle from her. On the same spot some pear-shaped 
neral urns of grey pottery- ware, about twenty inches 
in height, were also discovered. Unfortunately it was 
found impossible to secure them in unbroken con- 
dition. These remains evidently belong to the Roman 
camp, to which attention has during Uie last two 
years been drawn, by the explorations carried on with 
the assistance of the authorities. This accidental dis- 
covery is a welcome addition to the relics hitherto 
found, which, it b said, have not been very numerous. 
The extent of the camp has, however, been ascer- 
tained, and two towers nave also been traced. This 
summer, in clearing away the debris of a tower which 
had been mined, a number of interesting objects came 
to light, principally consisting of fragments of orna- 
mental stone, portions of pillars, &c. The most in- 
teresting dbcovery was a votive stone, although it was 
not complete. It b about twenty-one inches high, 
and fourteen inches wide. The top b ornamented, 
and each side has a representation of a laurel-tree. 
On the front b the following inscription : — 

I. o. M. ET 

GENIO. LOCI 
SEXTVS. 

VAL.VERV3 

S.F.COS.PRO 

SE.ET. SVIS. 

▼ • o« Arf* Ala 

Thb b read as follows : — *' Tovi optimo maximo et 
genio lod Sextus Valerius Verus Sexti Alius, con- 
snlarb, pro se et sub votum soluit lubens merito." 
The reading of the fifth line is said to be more or 
less a conjecture ; it being doubtful whether both 
father and son would have borne the name of Sextus, 
and the person referred to not being traceable as 
having filled the office of consul. Of another stone the 
upper left-hand comer alone is preserved ; and the 
following fragment of an inscription is legible : — 

HER .... 

^XSA . • • . 



A fragment of sandstone has the following letters 

I . , 

. . SKVE 
« • • ANO 



(Possibly a portion of the name "Marcus Didius 
Severus Julianus.) Even in their mutilated state* 
these stones are considered to fumbh a contribution 
of value towards the history of the Roman camp. 
Though used in the construction of the tower named, 
it is thought that this cannot have been their original 
purpose. They rather point to the facts of the camp 
having suffered demolition in the latter days of the 
Roman empire, and of the exbting monumeiits and 
sanctuaries having met a like fate. Thb theory 
affords the simplest explanation of the use of the 
stones in building ; for traces of haste in the construc- 
tion have been noticed. The Romans would seem, 
in their wish to restore the walls without delay, to 
have laid the sanctuaries under contribution, in the 
same manner as the Athenians are said to have done 
upon one occasion. The hope is expressed that the 
interest taken in the matter by the architect in cham 
of the railway improvements, and bv the Bergiscn- 
M&rkisch Company itself, will leaa to even more 
interesting discoveries than those which we have 
described. 

Palstave. — The term pabtave, or more properly 
paabtab, comes to us from the Scandinavian anti- 
ouaries. Their reason for adopting the term was 
that there is still in use in Iceland a kind of narrow 
spade, or spud, which is known by the name of paal- 
stab, and which somewhat resembles these bronie 
instruments. Woodcuts of two of these Icelandic 
pabtaves are given in the Archaological Journal (vol. 
vii. p. 74,) from drawings communicated to Mr. Yates 
by Councillor Thomsen, of Copenhagen. The derive* 
tion of the term, suggested in a note to the Journal, if 
that /j/x/ comes from the Icelandic \ttbfmla or/a/i», 
labour, so that the word means the *' labouring 
staff. ** But this appears to be erroneous. Pm, 
indeed, signifies hard, laborious Work, but pttii 
{af/ar/a) means to dig, and /o// {c<m/. Latin /a/0 and 
French jv//^) means a kind of spade or shovel. The 
word, indeed, survives in the English language as 
pte/, the name of a kind of wooden shovel used by 
bakers for placing loaves in the oven. The meaning 
of the term would then appear to be rather '* spade 
staff" than ''labouring staff/' unless the woid 
labouring be used in the sense of the French lab0i$nr. 
Mr.'.Thoms-, in a note to his T^anjlaium tf WofModt 
Primeval Antiquities of Denmark (London : 1849^ 
p. 2 5), says that "the term Paalstab was formerly 
applied in Scandinavia and Iceland to a weapon used 
for battering the shields of the enemy, as is shewn bv 
passages in the Sagas. Although not strictly appli- 
cable to the (bronze) instruments in question, thb 
designation is now so generally used by the anti- 

auaries of Scandinavia and Germany, that it seems 
esirable, with the view of securing a fixed termin* 
ology* ^l^t it should be introduced into the archaeolo^ 
of England. " The term had already been used m 
1848 in the Guide to Northern Arcnaohgy (p. 59), 
edited by the Earl of EUesmere, and has now, like 
celt, become adopted into the Englbh language. 
Whatever may be the original mean- 
ing of the word palstave, it is applied by northern 
antiquaries to all the forms of celts with the exception 
of those of the socketed type. (See Nilsson, SkatuHna" 

viskm Nardens Ur-Invanare^ V. ^2.) 

Professor Daniel Wibon (Frtk, Amm, sad edit* 



2^2 



THE ANTIQUAHYS NOTE'BOOK. 



vol. i. p. 382), defines palstaves as ** wedges, 
more or less axe-shaped, having a groove on each 
side terminating in a stop-ridge, and with lateral 
flanges destined to secure a hold on the handle.** The 
typical example, however, which he engraves, has 
neither groove nor stop-ridge, but is what I should 
term a winged celt. In the present work I propose 
confining the term palstave to the two varieties of 
form already mentioned — ^viz., the winged celts which 
have their wings hammered over so as to form what 
may be termed external sockets to the blade ; and 
those with the portion of the blade which lies between 
the side flanges, and above the stop, thinner than 
that which is below. — Ancirftt Bronze ImpUnimts of 
Great Britain and Irelami, by John Evans, p. 71. 

Celts. — Of all forms of bronze instruments, the 
hatchet or axe, to which the name of celt has been 
applied, is perhaps the most common and the best 
known. It is also, probably, among the earliest of 
the instruments fabricated from metal, though in this 
country it is possible that some of the cutting instru- 
ments, such as the knife-daggers, which required a 
less amount of metal for their formation, are of equal 
or greater antiquity. These tools or weapons — for, 
like the American tomahawk, they seem to have been 
in use for peaceful as well as warlike purposes — may be 
divided into several classes. Celts may be described 
as flat, flanged, or having ribs along the sides ; 
winged, or having the side flanges extended so as 
almost to form a socket for the handle on either side 
of the blade, to which variety the name of palstave 
has been given ; and socketed. Of most of these 
classes there are several varieties. The name of 
celt, which has been given to these instruments, 
is derived from the doubtful Latin celtis^ or celtes^ 
a chisel, which is in its turn said to be derived 
(i ceelando (from carving), and to be the equiva- 
lent of coslum. The only author in whose works 
the word is found is St. Jerome, and it is em- 
ployed both in his Vul^^te translation of the 
Book of Job (cap. xix. v. 24), and in a quotation 
from that Book in his Epistle to Pammachius. The 
word also occurs in an inscription recorded by 
Gruter and Aldus ; but as this inscription is a 
modem forgery, it does not add to the authority of 
the word celtis. — Ancient Bronze Implements of Great 
Britain attd Ireland, by John Evans, p. 27. 



Entiquarian Ylewe. 

St. Martinis Church, Colchester, is about to be 
restored, from plans prepared by Mr. E. J. Dampier, 
architect, of that town. 

A work on Chronograms^ by Mr. James Hilton, 
F.S.A., containing a collection of nearly 3,000 
examples from various countries, illustrated with fac- 
similes, is in the press, and will be issued shortly. 

The life of the Hon. Henry Erskine is in course of 
preparation by Lieut.-Colonel Ferguson. It will 
take the shape of a memoir of the champion of "the 
independence of the Scottish Bar," with notices of 
his kinsfolk and of his times. 



An ancient barrow, on the race-down at Blandford, 
has been open^, and resulted in the discovery of 
several skeletons. From meagre evidence bearing on 
the existence of the barrow, it would appear to have 
been the burial-place of the inhabitants ot that part of 
Britain in Uie Stone Age. 

By a fire which occurred at Messrs. Jefferies' book- 
sellers, Redcliffe-street, Bristol, a fine fifteenth-century 
house built by William Canynge has been reduced to 
a diarred wreck. The timber roof of the old hall, 
famous for its corbels, and the well-known fireplace 
of the parlour, have both suffered damage scarcely 
reparable. 

An important archaeological discovery has been 
made in excavating one of the kurdans, or old tombs, 
in the Sakubam dStrict of Southern Russia. Several 
glass vessels were found, profusely ornamented with 
gold and precious stones ; and a gold plate, six inches 
in diameter, with a fine bas-relidf. A local archaeo- 
logist is disposed to assign the objects to the third 
century B.C. 

It appears that the famous old house at Dolgelly, 
well-known as the "Old Parliament House," has 
been razed to the ground. The old house was, no 
doubt, the residence of the murdered Baron Owen. 
The project initiated by Mr.'HollaiKr, M.P., for its 
conversion *into a public museum, having fallen 
through, owing to the want of funds, an ironmonger's 
shop is to be erected on the site. 

In the excavations going on at the Pantheon, 
Rome, an earthenware vessel has been discovered, 
containing more than a hundred pieces of ancient 
provincialmoney of the fourteenth century, the period 
when the Popes were resident at Avignon. It is 
supposed that the vessel and its contents must have 
bMn hidden for safeW by one of the ecclesiastics 
connected with the BasUica of Santa Maria ad 
Martyras. 

A considerable alteration has been effected in 
Colchester Castle by the recent demolition of the old 
gabled house standing in the inner court. This house, 
occupied by the keeper of the castle, concealed a 
good part of the walls, and now that it has been taken 
down by order of the proprietor of the castle (Mr. 
Round, M.P.) this portion of the original building 
becomes visible for the first time. 

A magnificent " find " on the banks of the Loire 
is reported. A fisherman, while seeking bait, found in 
a round hole excavated in the clay of the shore, a num- 
ber of weapons and " bijoux." Some of these articles 
have, it is said an exceptional ^ue, being like those 
discovered in Swiss lake dwellings. The " find " com- 
prised axes, hanmiers, gouc[es, pendants, bracelets, 
rings, parts of necklaces and javelins, and fragments 
of swords and daggers. 

Dr. Taylor, Curator of the Ipswich Museum, has 
made known a curious and interesting phenomenon 
in connection with the sewage excavations on the 
Comhill, situated in the centre of Ipswich. At a depth 
of 5ft. from the surface, there may be seen a continuous 
band of black earth, about a foot in thickness, which 
he announced to be the original virgin soil, that formed 
the upper surface when tms part of SuffoUc was first 
inhabited. A few interesting relics have also been dis- 
covered, chiefly Roman and Saxon, 



ANTIQUARIAN NE WS. 



^11 



Messrs. R. Hill & Co., of Bedford, announce that 
they will publish, under the direction of the Rev. 
Basil Rc^nald Airy, M.A. (who will contribute 
an Introductory Letter), the vsduable digest and ex- 
tension of the Domesday of Bedfordshire^ prepared 
by his father, the Rev. W. Airy, M.A. The Intro- 
duction is particularly interesting. The work will be 
issued when one hundred copies have been sub- 
scribed for. The book is being prepared on extra 
crown folio toned paper, to match the facsimile 
in every way, in order that it may be bound up with 
it in one volume. 

A notion which has long prevailed in Lincoln*s 
Inn has been rudely dispelled in the course of the 
demolitions now in progress. In a secluded comer of 
the chambers which are being removed to enlarge the 
chapel, there was a tablet recording the merits of an 
anaent member of the inn, whose mortal remains, 
according to tradition, were built into the thick brick- 
work. So strong was the belief in this story, that 
before the buildin? was pulled down a hole was 
driven into the wall, in order to extricate whatever 
remained of the venerable conveyancer. All that was 
found was a sooty chimney flue. 

More of the national records of the country have 
perished by fire. The parish church of Carleton, 
m Cleveland, has been destroyed, and with it have 
gone the roisters of the parish. By this misfortune, 
which is believed to have been the work of a mis- 
creant who cherished some real or fimcied wrong 
against the vicar, there has been lost for ever all 
traces of the baptisms, marriages, and deaths of the 
inhabitants of the parish for many generations, and a 
break has been made in the family history of the * 
district of Cleveland which can never be restored. 
How long will such records be allowed to remain 
without proper care and supervision ? 

Our readers will learn with great pleasure that the 
Mayor of Manchester, writing to the Manchester 
City NewSf says that one of the two missing volumes 
of the Manchester Court Leet Records — the earliest, 
dating from 1552 to 1586 — has within the last two 
days been restored to the Corporation. This is the 
volume which was for a while in the hands of the late 
John Harland, F.S.A., and from which he extracted 
the passages printed in one of the Chetham Society's 
books. It is to be hoped that the fortunate and speedy 
recovery of this precious record of the eariy history of 
Manchester is an augury for the success of the search 
for the other missing volume—that dating from 1687 
to 1731. 

The reopening of St. Bartholomew's Church, 
Wiggington, after a thorough restoration, took place 
recently. The date of the building of the church is 
about 1370. In the restoration two old windows 
were opened out, one in the south side of the chancel, 
and another in the south side of the Western Chapel. 
The latter has been filled with stained glass. The 
chancel arch has been enlarged. The organ, also, 
has been enlai^ed, and removed to the chancel, an 
arch having been opened out into the vestry so as to 
form an organ chamber for it. The roofs of the 
chancel, nave, and vestry are all new, the timbers 
being too decayed to admit of restoration, and raised 



to the ori^al pitch. The roof of the Western 
Chapel has been restored. 

The curious old civic ceremony, which takes place 
every year, has just been enacted again at the office 
of the Queen's Remembrancer. PrtKlamation was 
made according to custom in these terms : — ** Tenants 
and occupiers of a piece of waste ground called the 
Moors, in the county of Salop, come forth and do 
your service." The City Solicitor then presented 
himself, and cut one fagot with a hatchet and another 
with a bill-hook. Proclamation was then further 
made: — "Tenants and occupiers of a certain tene- 
ment called the Forge, in the parish of St. Clement 
Danes, in the county of Middlesex, come forth and 
do your service." The City Solicitor, in answer to 
that, counted six horse-shoes and sixty- one nails, the 
Queen's Remembrancer saying, " Good number.*' 

The researches of Mr. Hipkins, in the Palace at 
Potsdam, with the sanction of the Crown Princess of 
Germany, have resulted in the discovery of three early 
Silbermann pianos, which are identified with those 
on which John Sebastian Bach improvised before 
Frederick the Great. These are, it is believed, all 
copies of the action invented by the Italian maker 
Christofori — a circumstance which is considered to 
dispose of Silbermann's claims to the invention of the 

Eiano. A piano has also been discovered which is 
elieved to be by Mozart's friend Stein, of Augsburg, 
besides two Schudi harpsichords — one dated 1766, 
and having solid silver keys. The bearing of these 
discoveries on the history of our musical instruments 
will be discussed by Mr. Hipkins in essays to be 
contributed by him to the Encyclopedia Britannica 
and Dr. Groves's Dictionary ofAfusie. 

Information is reported in the daily papers of 
November 1 1 of a startling and sensational nature, 
to the effect that the King qf Ashantee had put to 
death 200 young girls. The sole purpose of this 
horrible massacre was to use the blood of the victims 
for mixing up the ** swish" intended to be used in 
the repair of one of the King's State buildings. 
The report has been received from a refugee, who 
is stated to have been included among the victims, 
but who happily made good her escape in time. 
This inhuman custom is that treated of by Mr. 
Gomme, in our January issue of this year. It is re- 
corded by Skertchly, in his Dahomey as it Is, pub- 
lished in 1874, where it is said that "the king was 
building the palace of Coomassie, and sacrificed 
several slaves upon the occasion, the blood of the 
poor victims bemg mingled with the swish of the 
walls." 

Professor Geikie described in Nature for the ah of 
November a " find" of fossils, only to be paralleled in 
the American Far West, and is certainly the most re- 
markable ever made in Scotland. For some years 
past the Geological Survey has been engaged in the 
detailed investi^tion of the carboniferous rocks be- 
tween the Silunan uplands and the English border. 
In the course of the work, one particular zone of 
shale, on the banks of the river £sk, has been found 
to possess extraordinary palaeontological value. From 
this stratum, exposed for a few square yards by the 
edge of the river, a larger number of new organ* 



274 



ANTIQ UARIAN NR WS. 



isms has b«en ezhuncd by the Sorvey thwi has been 
obtained from the entire carboniferous system of 
Scotland for Tears past. As a whole, the remains 
are in an excellent state of preservation. Indeed, in 
some instances they have been so admirably wrapped 
up in their matrix of fine day as to retain structures 
wnich have never before been recognized in a fossil 
state. 

During October, the members of the Italian 
Academy of Sciences and Arts visited Pompeii, 
and new excavations were made in their presence, 
which yielded many interesting things. Among the 
best were several amphorae, on some of the Isu'gest 
of which was written the exact date of the extrac- 
tion of the wine contained within, and on smaller 
ones the names of the wine. Among these names, 
two were very curious — that of ** Muscatel Nut" and 
that of ** Pepper," written in the Latin language. In 
a room was found an erotic inscription traced with 
carbon, and a very rudelv executed painting. There 
were also found a o^nze r>asin with two handles; three 
bronze vases, one with a handle, and ornamented with 
a beautiful bas-relief inlaid with silver, representing a 
Bacchus pouring wine from a pitcher into the mouth 
of a pantner lying at his feet ; a mattock, and a well- 
preserved iron axe ; an iron grating, probably belong- 
mg to a little window ; and an earUien jar, containing 
stucco. 

The municipality of the small township of Alfe- 
dena, in the Abruzzi, assisted by provincial funds, 
has been (sajrs the Building News) excavating a piece 
of ground with surprising results. Ninety-one tombs 
have been discovered, and these contained objects of 
art of the highest interest Those of bronze, of iron, 
and of amber are very numerous and noteworthy. Of 
iron there are fibulas, lances, swords, and axes ; of 
bronze there are also fibulae, bracelets of several circles, 
of semi-cvlindrical and riband form ; and some are 
gilded. Of the same material there are, too, chains, 
patine, and cup, with the remains of food, and smaller 
chains of double links, with ornaments of gilded grape 
berries and of enamelled glass. In amber there are 
grape berries, beautifully enamelled and well pre- 
served. The most singular and important part of 
the discoveries consists of a vast number of vases of 
creta, and of a form not contained in any museum. 
As yet the works are not completed, and only ten 
men have been employed. 

The restoration of Elkstone Church, one of the 
most curious and valuable specimens of Norman 
architecture in the neighbourhood, is contemplated. 
It is stated that care will be taken to confine the work 
to actual restoration, and not to obliterate or interfere 
with the architectural features of the building, some 
of which have originated interesting controversy 
among archaeologists. The existence of a chamber 
over the chancel, originally used as a columbarium^ 
or pigeon's house, is one of*^ the most novel features ; 
and visitors to the churcli who may overlook this, 
will scarcely fail to be struck by the singular design 
at the intersection of the ribs of the sanctuary vault, 
— four heads with hair interlaced, and having the 
appearance of Danish or Pagan origin. It is thought 
that this emblem and other portions of the church 
were parts of an older stroeture ; but that much of it 



is early Noncnan, if not pre^Norraan work, cannot be 
questioned. It appears that this interesting memorial 
must be restored it its preservation is to be looked for, 
and we can only hope that the work will be carried 
on with due reverence for the ancient building. 

Excavations in connection with a recent arch»o- 
logical discovery at Middleham, have been carried on 
durinjg last month, and have ^brought to light, not 
the discovery of a subterraneous passage, but that of 
a flue three feet below the surface of the earth. The 
flue is built of stone, and is three feet deep and two 
feet wide. There are also the outer walls of a house, 
apparently of Roman origin. The flue nms round 
these walls, and was evidently the heating process. 
A fire-place has also been found, with remains of 
charcoal or charred wood. The dimensions of the 
walls, so far as can at present be ascertained, are 
15 ft. by about 12 ft. There is a portion of what is 
supposeid to have been a floor over the flues, which 
gives the idea of a venr beautiful piece of work, 
nearly white, as hard as flint, and with a polished sur- 
face. It is conjectured that this has been a bath- 
room. An entrance has been found at the east side, 
and also a lai^e rough sandstone, measuring eight or 
nine feet in length, about fifteen inches mick, and 
eighteen inches wide. Some curious marks are cut 
in it, so as to show clearly the particular way the door 
had been hung. Part of an earthen vessel has also 
been found. 

In the course of the partial demolition of the masonry 
of the parish church of Monmouth, previous to the work 
of restoration, a number of relics of great interest to the 
antiquary have been found. Amongst those are a 
quantity of encaustic tiles, of the best workmanship, 
and bearing various sjrmbolic devices. Mr. Creed, the 
clerk of the works, who is superintending the restora- 
tion, has received a letter from a gentleman at Salis- 
burv, gi\'ing a portion of a legend which has been 
deciphered on a tile let hito one of the pillars of 
Malvern Priory Church. This self-same legend is 
also to be found on one of the tiles now m Mr. 
Creed's possession, whilst on others are sacred 
monograms, emblems of the Passion, the arms of 
England and France when these two countries were 
ruled by one sovereign, and other designs, all having 
a meaning; of their own. More interesting still is 
what is known as a "cresset'* stone, discovered 
underneath the flooring of the western part of the 
church. Mr. Waugh, of Chtbrch Street, has had 
some photographs taken of it. The stone has seven 
cressets or holes, but is evidently only a part of the 
original. Sir Henry Dryden is taking a lively in- 
terest in its origin. 

Nowhere throughout Scotland was the old Scottish 
festival of Halloween more heartilv celebrated than 
at Balmoral Castle. Preparations ror its due observ- 
ance had been going on for days beforehand, and the 
whole arrangements were carried out with true High- 
land fervour, in presence of Her Majesty the Queen, 
Princess Beatrice, and the members of the Royal 
Household, the whole of whom remained till the 
close of the sports. The proceedings began shortly 
after sunset, when a procession of torchbearers, 
numbering upwards of two hundred, paraded on the 
lawn in mmt of the Castle, and maiihed towaidt % 



ANTIQUARIAN NR WS. 



a7S 



hoce bonfirt^ tbt materials for which had been care* 
fnUy bailt up, and formed a pile of imposinf^ appear- 
ance. When all was ready, the combustibles were 
lighted l)y Princess Beatrice. At a given signal, a 
band of figures, wearing masks, and dressed in the 
moct grotesque costumes, issued from the mews of the 
Castle, and was followed by a cart containing the 
effigy of a witch. A mock trial was held, and the 
witch was sentenced with the forms of ancient custom. 
The effigy was burned amidst the howls of the 
assembl^ spectators, from three to four hundred. A 
witch-hunt followed, and was the cause of much 
merrimoit. 

The parish church at St. Ewe, in Western Corn- 
wall, has recently been re-opened, after restoration. 
The building consists of a nave, south aisle, north 
transept, chancel, western tower^ and spire. This' 
latter is a feature rarely met with m Cornwall, where 
square embattled towers are the usual feature. The 
roofs are, in a great measure, new. They take the 
local **'wa^on" form. The chancel floor and the 
jusles are liua with encaustic tiles. The new parclose 
screen, the stalls, and the open benches generally, 
are of pitch pine, llie altar plate, which is of a 
massive and interesting character, was the bequest of 
one Jacob Robins, of Tr^enna, and bears the date of 
1695. There are some nne old monuments in the 
church. The principal feature in the building, how- 
ever, is the ancient rood screen. This dates from the 
time of Henf^ VIIL, and is of carved oak, in a 
capital state of*^ preservation. Rood screens, or even 
the indications of them, are very seldom met with in 
Cornwall, and the one at St. Ewe is by far the finest 
example in the country. For many years it stood in 
the transept. It has now been put in its original 
place between the nave and the chancel, upon a new 
base, and it has also been lengthened. The deficient 
parts generally have been made good, and the 
paint removed from its surface. This screen is 
groined upon its eastern and western faces, and its 
detail is very rich. The work of restoring it was 
entrusted to Mr. Harry Hems, carver, of Exeter. 

The recent excavations made by order of the Athens 
Archaeological Society, at Tanagra, the well-known 
place in Boeotia, whence come the charming terra- 
cotta figures, have yielded, we hear, important results. 
On the northern side of the town, in front of the prin- 
cipal gate, fifteen tombs weie discovered, which wero 
completely untouched. They contained some sixty 
clay figures, most of them perfect, and measuring be- 
tween ten and thirty-five centimetres in height. They 
represent satyrs and women, standing and sitting; and 
one is a group of two figures. Besides these, many 
vessels were found, amongst which were some twenty 
lekythoi (paint and oil pnials) with antique painted 
omaments. Unfortunately, most of these were broken. 
One vase, which was found in a stone case, shows an 
artistic inscription, which designates it as a work of 
Teisias. It is also stated that fourteen scraping-irons 
were found, and that in two of the tombs some fifty 
small terra-cotta omaments were discovered, most of 
which were brightly coloured, and some covered with 
thin gold. The excavations became even more im- 
portant after April i. The publish^ report men- 
tUMis twenty vessels, tome broken, ten of whieh are 



ornamented with paintines. Two of these are said to 
be particularlv fine. Oi the numeroos clay figures, 
only eight could be got out in a tolerably perfect con- 
dition. Of these, two are reported to be the most 
perfect figures ever found at Tanagra. One represents 
a winged youth, who is about to raise himself mto the 
air. Before him is a maiden on her knees, her dress 
forming an arc above her ; the youth holds her bv 
the arms, as if he wished to take her along witn 
him in his flight. The other masterpiece is an 
Aphrodite rising from the sea, diving up out of a shell, 
as it were. 

The excavations which have been carried on for 
some time near Bonn, at the expense of the Provincial 
Museum of that town, and under the direction of Dr. 
E. ans'm Weerth, and which had the object of laying 
bare the Roman camp of Bonna, established a snort 
time before the beginning of our era, have been crowned 
at last with well-merited success. Full light has now 
been thrown upon the position, camp form, and ar- 
rangement of tnis great military station. It formed 
a square, with sides 1,706 feet long, and rounded-ofT 
comers, and was surrounded by a wall 6 feet thick, 
a ditch 56 feet wide, and an outer rampart of a width 
of 29 feet 6 inches. A rampart, 39 feet 6 inches 
thick, abutted on the inner flantc of the enclosure wall, 
along which, for the whole circumference of the camp, 
the Via angularisy 18 feet wide, could be traced. Be- 
sides this road there were three others, the l^pratotia^ 
the Via principalis^ and the Via quirUana, Each 01 * 
them terminated at either end in a corresponding gate. 
These gates were — the Porta pratoria^ which lay close 
to the Rheindorferweg, close to the south-east comer 
of the Jewish Cemetery; the Porta dtcumanay found in 
the same line, south of the road An der Esche (north 
of the Rosenthal) ; the Porta principalis dextra^ which 
was laid bare on the Viehweg, in front of the Wichel- 
shof ; the Porta principalis jinw/ra, discovered in the 
same road, east of the Rneindorferstrasse ; and, finally, 
the remains of foundation, probably of a northern 
tower, forming the termination of the Via guintana^ 
on the road leading to the Rhine, between the Vieh- 
weg and the Rosenthal. The vice of the castrum are 
bordered by large buildings, of which several have 
already been disclosed, as well as a complete system 
of canals. The arrangements of the various parts of 
the camps show that it was a military station of the 
first rank. 

A good deal of local interest has been evinced in 
the restoration of Chesham Bois Church, which had 
fallen, through age, into a very dangerous condition. 
The little church, nestling among tne beech woods 
of the Chiltem Hills, was probably a chapel to 
the mansion which formerly stood in the adjoining 
meadow. The family of De Bosco, or De Bois, 
taking its name, it would seem, from the great 
wood which crowned the hill on which the church 
stsnds, is the first to which the manor can be dis- 
tinctly traced. William de Bosco was lord of the 
parish, A.D. 1246. The church consisted of a chancel 
and nave, with a modem structure erected on the 
west end walls, apparently about the banning of 
1700, to accommoaate two new bells, as well as 
an old pre-Reformation one, which was probably 
found hung in a campanile. The east side of this 



276 



ANTIQUARIAN NEWS. 



structure rested entirely on a weak wooden girder, 
and was very dangerous. This sham tower has been 
taken down, as well as the walls on which it rested, 
the whole being found to have been built without a 
foundation, which accounts for the dangerous state 
into which that part of the church had fallen. The 
church has an early triplet window at the east end, 
and some good windows in the south wall. The 
upper part of a small, handsome Gothic window of 
three lights, concealed by plaster, was discovered 
when the modem dilapidated door was removed, and 
is now restored. A new tower is to be built at the 
south-west end, close to the ancient doorway, and the 
entrance to the church will be through its porch. 
Lysons, in hb history of the county, says : — ** In the 
church of Chesham Bois are some small windows in 
the style of the fourteenth century, filled with stained 
glass, consisting of tracery of foliage and coats of 
arms.*' And one of the windows in the north side of 
the nave is well figured in this work, portions of the 
glass of which are now in the east window. There 
IS a curious carved oak pulpit, and the iron stand 
of the hour-elass used in Puritan times remains. 
In the chancel are brass effigies of Robert Cheyne, 
Esq., who died in 1552, and Elizabeth his wife, who 
died in 15 16. The former is represented in complete 
armour. There is a rare brass also of a " Chrysome 
ChUd"--that is, a child who died while stUl clad in 
the chrysome, or baptismal robe, which is repre- 
sented in the brass. The new benches are made of pitch 
pine. The old stained glass window at the east end 
has been re-leaded and replaced in its old position. 
The old sounding-board has been removed, and now 
forms an ornament at the base of the pulpit. It is 
intended to provide an hour-glass suitable for the old 
stand. The gallery-rails have been used to complete 
the communion-rails, and for rails to the reading desk. 
The ancient chair, now placed at the reading desk, was 
formerly in the pulpit; and other relics of bygone times 
are allowed to remain. 



{*<<!^/Vs 



Corre0ponbence« 



THE EARLY COINAGE OF THE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA. 

It is more than forty years since I ** picked up" 
ray first American cent in my native county, North- 
ampton, and I not only have that cent now, but I 
have gone on ** picking up" specimens from that time 
to this. The results are not considerable, and include 
several duplicates of No. i and of some otheis. I 
now write m the hope that one of your correspondents 
will refer me to some book iq which I shafi find an 
account of the Coinage of North America, and espe- 
cially of that of the States. Hitherto I have seen 
only a rather unsatisfactory Article in the ** American 
Cyclopaedia," under the head of Coins; and I call it 
unsatisfactory because it describes merely a few, and 
of these some are not exactly in accordance with one 
or two specimens of them in my possession. 

My oldest American coin is the " Rosa Americana" 



penny of George I., dated 1723. My cent No. i. 
has on the obverse the head of Washington, and the 
inscription "Washington and Independence, 1723." 
The reverse bears the words ** United States," and a 
female seated, holding in one hand a cap of Liberty 
on a staff, and in the other a branch. Of this I have 
three, one absolutely perfect. Another very similar 
coin of the same date is fix>m a different die. A fifth, 
of apparently the same date, also has a head of a 
different tvpe, and on the reverse, ** United States of 
America,'^ with the words "One Cent " in a wreath. 
Another has a head of Washington, and no inscription 
on one side, and on the other also the head of Wa^- 
ington, and the words ** One Cent," but no date. I 
may perhaps regard as curious, and worth a place 
among the rest, one inscribed "Washington, Presi- 
dent, 1 791," round a venerable head. On the reverse 
is a ship with a cap of Liberty at the masthead, and 
the words "Liverpool Hal^)enny." The edge is 
inscribed " Payable in Anglesey, London, and Liver- 
pool." This reverse I have found exactly as I have 
described it upon a Liverpool halfpenny, with a 
different obverse. Other Liverpool tokens have a 
ship ; but only these, so far as I know, surmount it 
with the cap of Liberty. 

New Jersey cents of 1786, 1787, are inscribed 
"Nova Csesarea," and date, with a horse's head 
and a plough on one side, and "Epluribus unum" 
above a shield on the other side. The Connecticut 
cents of 1787 are poorly executed, with a head on the 
obverse, and " Auctori. Connec." There is a seated 
female on the reverse, the words " et " and " Lib." 
being separated by points. These coins bear a 
remarkable resemblance to some halfpennies of 
George II., and to a doubtful piece inscribed ** George 
rules" on the obverse, and the words " Britannia" and 
** Isles" on the reverse. Of this last I have one the 
size of a farthing. The Vermont cent has on one side 
"Vermonts. Res. Publica," with a landscape over a 
plough, and date apparently 1785. The reverse has 
thirteen stars round a radiating centre, in which is an 
eye, "Stella quarta decima." A New Haven cent 
has thirteen links round a ring, inscribed " United 
States," and within the ring "We are one." The 
reverse shows the sun above a sun-dial, with " Fugio, 
1787," in the margin, and "Mind your business" at 
the bottom. What is the next ? It has the " U.S." in 
a wreath, and the words " Libertas et Justitia, 1785," 
on one side, and on the reverse thirteen stars between 
the rays from a central eye, all surrounded by " Nova 
Constellatio." On cents of 1794 I find a head of 
Liberty, wirh a cap behind, and date below. The 
reverse has " One cent" within a wreath, and round 
all "United Stotes of America." In 1800, 
&c., the head of Liberty has the hair adorned 
behind with ribbons ; the word " Liberty " is 
above, and the date below. In 1816 I first 
meet with the long series having thirteen stars round 
the head, and the word " Liberty" on the head-band; 
the reverse resembling the preceding. In 1832 I 
find a half-cent with obverse of the same type as a 
handsome fifty cent piece of 181 a, but the reverse is 
the common one. The head of Liberty in these 
wears a cap, and has " Liberty*' on the head-band. 
Let me also, in passing, refer to a beautiful silver 
piece for five cents, struck in 1797, having the same 



CORRESPONDENCE. 



277 



tjrpe of obverse as the cents for iSopi &c., and on the 
reverse an eagle within a wreatfi, and the words 
* ' United States of America." 

There are still two cents which are worthy of notice. 
One, which I tdce to be Kentucky of 1791, has fifteen 
stars, forming a triangle, each star bearing initials, 
and surroimded by me motto, E pluribus unum. 
The reverse bears a hand holding a scroll, inscribed 
"Our cause b just," and round all, "Unanimity is 
the strength of society." The other is a tradesman's 
token, having on one side a standing figure upholding 
a cap of Liberty, and above " Liberty and Commerce. 
On the edge, are the words, "We promise to pay 
the bearer one cent;" continued upon the reverse, 
"At the stores of Talbot, Allum and Lee, New 
York," round a ship. The date is on the obverse. 

The foregoing may be instructive to some, and it 
will, I trust, induce some kind friend to tell me how 
to ^t information about American coinage in general, 
and the copper in particular. 

B. H. COWPER. 



«cs5^^Jt:3^ 



HEI^ALDIC. 

A marries B, an heiress, and dies, leaving a son C, 
and a daughter D (who marries and has Issue). Now, 
of course, if C dies sim prole, D, as daughter and 
heiress, quarters the arms of A and B. If, however, 
C has issue E and F, and both E and F. die s.p., 
does D quarter the arms of A and B just as though 
C had died s.p. ? Again, suppose that C and D both 
die leaving issue, and afterwards the children of C die 
stTte prole, do the children and descendants of D 
quarter the arms of A and B just as thev would have 
done had their mother been the only child and heiress 
of A and B ? I have made this last case clearer by 
giving a pedigree. 

A=B, heiress 

I 



I 



c 

Son & heir 


-Q 




1 
E 

Ob. s.p. 


Ob, 


1 

F 

s.p. 



I 

D-R 



L 



I 

&c. 

Does G quarter the arms qf A and B ? 

John Parker, 

Lieut. 19th Foot. 
Aldershot. ' 



CIIURCHWARDEN.S* ACCOUNTS. 
(iT. 231.) 

In a late number of The Axtiquary was a 
query respecting Churchwardens' accounts, as to the 
meaning of a ** Kidcote— which required mending— 
a tub, and some straw." 

In this parish, goats must have been kept as 
" chorch bcuts," as cows and sheep are to be totmd 
in other registers. Cows and oxen appear to have 
been let oot for agricaltnial lalxMr^at is. per amnitn 
in Ilertfofdshire ; at 2/. 4//. at Brifj^stone (Mxton, 
in the Isle of WigM), A.l>. I $60-1 $99. 



Sheep were farmed in the same way in both places; 
also at Bath, in the Parish of St. Michael-without- 
Northgate. Thus. 



A RAPIER. 
(iv. 231.) 

" R. B. W., Manchester,** asks if any one can give 
the date of a rapier in his possession. It is impossible 
to do this without seeing it, or a drawing of it ; but 
from what I can gather, I think it is probably nn early 
seventeenth-century weapon. 

I have in my collection of armn a two-edged blade 
(now set in a Highland sword-hilt), which haa the 
same name, on either side, which " R. B. W." men- 
tions : — 

" :: J. J. RuNKKL, Solingen. ::" 

If *' R. B. W." is a collector of swords, or In- 
terested in such matters, I should be glad to hear 
from him. 

W. B. Rkdparn. 

Inveruglas House, Cambridge. 



BOOKS ADVERTISED IN 17TH CENTURY. 

A curious bookseller's advertisement-sheet, a copy 
of which is now preserved among our National 
State Papers, may prove interesting to vour readers. 
This stray leaf of paper notices four " newly pub- 
lished pleasant and necessary books, sold by Natb. 
Crouch at the Bell, in the Poultry, near Cheapside, 
1686." The following are selections from the con* 
tents of the volumes in question : — 

I. A view of the English acquisitions in Guinea 
and the East Indies, with an account of stranffe 
customs, beasts, serpents, monsters, and other ob« 
servables in those countries. And, among otberSf 
"The Life and Death of Mahomet the Grand Im- 
postor." "Two Letters," one written bv the great 
Mogol, and the other bv the King of Sumatra, in 
the East Indies, to our King James the First, of an 
unusual and extravagant stile. A description of the 
Bay of Souldania, where the English usoally refresh 
in their voyages to the Indies, — R. B. Price, one 
shilling. 

II. The Second Edition of "Two Joamies to 
Jerusalem, enlarged, containing :— The wonderfbl 
manner of hatching many thoosimd chickens at once 
in ovens. The travels of fourteen Englishmen, in 
1669, from Scanderoon to Tripoly, &c. A relation 
of the great Council of the Jews aMMrmbletl in the 
Plains of Ajayday, in Hungary, 1680, to examine the 
Scriptures concerning Christ, by S. B^ an English' 
man there present ; with the notorious delusion of 
the Jews by a counterfeit Messiah, or ialM Christ, 
at Smyrna, in 1666, and the event thereof, &c. PricCt 
one shJUUng. 

III. " Delists for the fi^^enioas," in above fifty 
select and choice emblems, divine and moral, ancient 
and modem, cnrioosly engraven on copper plates ; 
with fift^ deligbtfol poems and lots, for the more lively 
illustration oteach emblem, whereby instmction and 
good coansel may be promoted and fiuthered by an 
honest and pleasant recreation. To which is prenxed 
an incomparable poem, mtHttled "Majesty tn 



27^ 



CORRESPONDBNCE. 



MiMry \ or Ati ImplofAtion to tho King of Kings, 
written hf his late Majesty King Charles the Pint, 
with his own hand, during his captivity in Carts* 
brook Castle, in the Isle of Wight, 1648, with a 
curious emblem." Collected by R. B. Price, half-a- 
cro¥m. S. D. W. 



, VK^Jt^J, 



RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION. 

(iv. 89) 126.) 

Mr. Conneirs account of the modern form of 
pre'^emption in India is % Taliuble addition to Our 
knowledge of the Hindu Tillage community } but I 
fear I must d^mur to his doctrine of the rise of 
pre-emption from the theoretical descent from a 
common ancestor. In modem villages, which have 
been founded by persons who had the developed 
village community before them as a model, pre* 
emption and common ancestry may very probablV 
have been connected as effect and cause ; but I think 
it was otherwise in the primitive communities* In 
Germany, pre-emption existed not merely with r^[ard 
to the sale of land, but of cattle, fruit, grain, and all 
village produce (Von Maurer, Dorfverfeusung^ i. 3i6)« 

We can hardly sever this form of tne right from the 
Hindu, especially as the Germans have generally pre- 
served the archaic form of the community. But it so, 
it leads us away from the idea of common ancestry to 
that of common welfare, as we find it exemplified 
among the Greenlanders* where the boat, the tent| 
and the winter provisions are the !eommon property 
of the family, and the flesh and skin of whales and 
large fishes are common property of the entire hamlet 
(Rmk, Talei and Trad, 0/ the Eskimo^ 30). Here 
the eommunal control is exercised, not from any feeling 
of common descent, but from the dependence of each 
one upon his fellows, and the consequent necessity 
that each should contribute to the common stock. 
But this control is by no means confined to agricul* 
tural tribes. It is a very common feature of pastoral 
nnd nomad life where the general sharing, either 
voluntarily or by compulsion, of the spoi^ of the 
chase, or of members of the herd, is almost universal 
{e.g.f the Chipewayan and Hare Indians in Bancroft's 
Native Races of ihe Pacific States, i. 118, I2l). This 
is a very bare outline, but it will serve to show how 
pre*emption gradually merges into the general prin« 
ciple ot reciprocal interest among the members of a 
group. Instead, therefore, of tracing pre-emption to 
tneoretical ancestry, I should rather trace both to the 
eflects of progress from nomad to pastoral life (see 
my Early Hebrew Life^ ii, 13). With respedt to 
ancestry, indeed, I confess that I doubt tery mtich 
whether ancestry, in our sense of the word, was really 
developed when the primitive village communities 
were formed. I do not mean to deny that the primi* 
tive villagers were related to each other, but I doubt 
exceedin^y whether those relationships were so 
systematued and defined as to form an efficient bond 
of union. Far greater effect must, I think, be attri- 
buted to each generation's instinctive perception of 
the fact, that nnless they stuck together, they cottld 
not exist or defend themselves. 

John FiftTON. 

20, John Street, Adelphi. 



SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, 
(iv. «3i.) 

Replying to Mr. £. S. Dodgson's query as to the 
meamng of the incised floriated crosses, &c., inserted 
at intervals in the wall of Salisbury Cathedral, there 
are similar tokens — cnicifixe^, if I remember right — 
placed in like manner at Ottery St Mary, Devon, 
and, no doubt, existed at one time on all pre-Reforma« 
tion churches, as the following from Durandus would 
show (cap. vi, p. 11^; A, 1843): — "Fourthly, 
We have to speiik of the manner in which a church is 
consecrated. All being excluded from the church, a 
single deacon remaining shut up within, the bishop, 
with his clergy before the doors of the church, pro- 
ceedeth to bless water mixed with salt. In the mean- 
while within the building twelve lamps be burning be- 
fore the twelve crosses, which be depicted on the walls 
of the church. Next, the bishop, the clergy, and 
people following him and performing the circuit of 
the church, sprmkling from a rod of hjrssopp the 
external walls with Holy water, and as he arriveth 
each tinie at the door of the church, he striketh the 
threshold with his pastoral staff, saying, ' Lift up your 
heads, O ye gates, &c. *' To note or commemorate 
each sprinkling on the'^extemal walls — for of course 
the bishop did not brush the walls along with his 
" lod of hyssopp," — a stone had evidently been 
inserted at the time of buildingi on which the 
"rod" was to be struck^ and so became carved 
afterwards as a floriated cross, or a crucifix. The 
floriated cross was an emblem of the Trinity* The 
circuit of the church made three times was another 
emblem. The bishop represented Christ, the "rod" 
His power* Smiting the door three times is the in- 
vocation of the Trimty, without which there can be 
no sacraments in the church* Some thirty pages of 
Durandus are occupied with this symbolism, endless, 
of course, to extract. 

Halstock, Dorset. R. F. Meredith. 



LAYER'S CAMBRIDGESHIRE. 

Could any one inform me whether a History of 
Cambridgeshire^ commenced in the early part of the 
seventeenth century by a Mr. Layer, has ever been 
published ? 

In Fairlie's Illustrations of Cheverley Churchy 
Cambridgeshire, I find that ** the MS., or a part of 
it, was discovered by Mr. Cole in a butcher's ^op as 
waste paper, and by him added to his collection now in 
the British Museum. It is full of accounts of village 
churches and other edifices, giving the most minute 
details of many monuments of our forefathers." The 
manuscript would seem to be of considerable interest. 
I should be glad to know whether any portions of it 
have been printed, and if so^ in what works did they 
appear. 

Charles L. Bell. 

Chesterton Road, Cambridge. 



SLOPING OF CHURCH NAVES. 
(iii. 189, 839, 287 ; iv* 13$* 828*) 
To the list of sloping floors in church navee may be 
added instances at Cliirc-at*Hoo» III Kcnt^ and at St. 



CORRESPONDBNCB. 



a 79 



David's Cathedral. The floor of the nave of the 
former church has a considerable slope from south to 
north, which has become more evident than ever now 
that open benches have taken the place of the old 
high pews. 

At St. David's the slope is from the west door to the 
choir screen. In both cases the declivity is the result 
of the natural Call in the ground. But what in one 
case is a disfigurement, in the other adds dignity to 
the building. 

I. Grey Lloyd, M.A., F.S.A. 

Hersham Vicarage, Walton-on-Thames. 



TRADITIONS CONNECTED WITH 

BUILDINGS. 

(iii. 8, i88 ; iv. 33, 85, 133.) 

I have recently met with so remarkable a variant of 
the widespread legend, analysed by Mr. Gomme, that 
I think it deserves to be recorded. In the parish of 
ToUeshunt Knights, on the edge of the Essex marshes, 
there is still shown in the middle of a field an enclosed 
uncultivated space. (Cf. The Church Fields vol. iii. 
p. 9. ) On the slope of a hill at some little distance 
there stands an ancient manor-house, commonly 
known as Bam HalL The legend relates that it was 
originally attempted to erect this hall on the above* 
enclosed spot, but that the devil came bv night and 
destroyed tne work of the day. ** A knight, attended, 
by two dogs," was set to watch for the intruder ; a 
tussle ensued, and the Prince of Darkness snatchii^ up 
a beam from the building, hurled it to the site of the 
present hall, exclaiming as he did so — 

** Wheresoe'er this beam shall fall 
There shall stand Bam Hall." 

The original beam was believed to remain in a cellar 
of the present house, and no one, it was said, could 
cut it \vithout wounding themselves. But the point 
of the tale is yet to be told. The devil, enraged at 
the knight's interference, vowed that he would have 
him at his death, whether he were buried in the 
church or out of it. Now thb doom was ingeniouslv 
averted by burying him in the wall, half in, and half 
out of the church. In the unique form of this version 
we find a striking confirmation of the solution sug- 
gested by Mr. Gomme,* and the more so, as that 
solution is evidently unsuspected in the tale. I should 
add that the legend was related to me by a person 
well acquainted with the locality. The part originally 
played by the two dogs would seem to have been lost, 
but they may represent the animal element. 

Might we not go a step further than Mr. Gomme 
has done, and connect the prototype of this legend 
with the story of the sla3ring of Remus to forward the 
building of the walls of Rome, and, if so, with the 
cycle to which that tale belongs? (Cf. Lenormant, 
On the First Murder and the Budding of the First 
Cify.) 

J. H. Round. 

♦ Cf. The Walls of Zona, vol. iii. p. 1 1. 



3r-« ^ •-•'_:: 



FR£NCH KOBLfiSS£. 

Anybody who looks at a list of the names of the 
upper and richer ranks of the French bourgeoisie-^ 
such for instance as a Division list in the Assembly — 
will be sure to see several persons with double names, 
and territorial appendages, the latter introduced by a 
**de,*' though their bearers do not own a manor, or 
even an apre. That such should be the case in our 
day need not cause surprise ; but it is not a little singu- 
lar that the same process was going on in France even 
previous to the First Revolution. Witness the follow- 
mg extract from Montaigne, two centuries ago :— 

** A bad custom, and one which involves bad con- 
sequences, prevails with lis in France, that of calling 
persons by the name of their manor, or seigneurie, 
and its tendency is to confound pedigrees utterly. A 
younger brother of a good family, who has had be- 
queatned to him a manor by the name of which he 
has been known and respected, cannot well abandon 
the use of that name ; ten years or so af\er his death 
it passes to a stranger, who does just the same thing ; 
thmk, therefore, how we are to distmguish these 
individuals. So great a liberty is Uken in these 
changes that I have scarcely seen any one in my time 
raised to an extraordinary eminence, but he haa 
quickly had some genealogical title or other added to 
him, new and unknown to his father, and has been as it 
were engrafted into some illustrious stem. It happens 
by good luck that the most obscure families adopt 
such changes the most readily." 

The same thing happens very often in Scotland. 
Till within the last few vears there was, and there is 
still, a *' Dundas of Dundas ;" but Dundas Castle has 
been bought by a stranger, so now there ii also ft 
•* Russell of Dundas.'* llie late Mr. Stewart " of 
Belladrum*' was called after his territorial estate till 
his death ; but for the last fifteen or twenty years there 
has been also a '* Merry of Beiladrum." 

A Grnbalooist. 



••>'^9<v»K'- 



PATENS AND CHALICES IN COFFINS. 

(iii. 47.) 

I was present at the disinterment of ft priest {iirtu 
I3«>)> owing to restoration in the church of Ssftil- 
well, Cambt., in 1878. The cofhn wai built into the 
wall, Remftittft of chalice and paten found. I shall 
be glad to give account from my notes. 

Kenslm H. smith. Clerk. 

Ely, Cambs. 



CRUCIFIX ON TOMBSTONE. 

In the churchyard at Saham Tony, in Norfolk, at 
the end of a tomb of about one hundred years ago, 
there is a carven crucifix (basso-relievo) in white 
marble. The inscription implies that the person 
buried beneath was imbued with the doctrines of 
Wesley. Is not such a earring rare at that date in 
an Anglican cemetery? 

£. S« DODGSON. 

Pitney House, Yeovil. 



28o 



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INDEX. 



AbamcdMr^ Eariy Cchic Omitli, tso 

Abiafer Canreh History, z«4 

Aoooontk ICticeUaiMoas Kiclwautr, i6-' 

ax : of the RoiffBof Ridwrd II., 903- 

axo 
Acta of PaxiianMBt idatiM to Waloa, 95 
Addy, Rer. S. D., en liope Cliiircfa» 

Derbyshire, jz^a 
African, SouUi, Cnttoma of, 044^5 
Africaltaral Coatoma in Scotland. 99 
Amaworth, W. F., on tha Idaatiftcation of 

Esekiel's Tel Abib with the BursNimmd, 

** jia. Petriana," Meaninf of the tarm, azc 
Alf wir n a, Tomba and Objects diacoverad 

at,a74 
Alfred, Kinf of Northtimfada* oaB 
AUen, Cardinal, Letten of, zjo 
Almanacs, 160-163 




Althorp, Library at, 79 
Ambassadors' Ejcpoues, Z7>i8 
Amber Artidea found at Alfedena, 374 
America, aer " United States" 
Aflsefican Azchaolosy, Congreaa of 

Students of, Z77 ; ^iotes on, aoi-ao3 
Ancestor Worship, 344-245 
Andaman Island^ 34-7 z 
Anderson^ Josepn, Sc0tUmd in Early 

Ckrittum Times, Review of, 348^58 
Andenon, J. P., Tk* Beck 0/ British 

T0p0grafhy^ Review of, 167-168 
Andrews, Henry, Almanac Compiler. 160- 

z63 
Anecdotes of the Tower of London, 163 
Aagler, Shakespeaztt as an, 143-147, 193- 

Angfeaea, Caaam and Eirthworica in, t7z 
Anglo-Saixon Charters, s64-i65: Coini 



368 



ni. 



Animals, Prehiatoric, Bones of. Found in 

Moravia, Z77-180 
Anthropological Instititte* Meetings of, 

31, 70 

Antiquarian Literature, Northern, 64-66 
Antitpiariea, Socaoty of. Meetings of, 33-34, 

90 
Antiquanes, Scotland, Society of. Meet- 

inga of, 35-06, 73-7^ 
''AntMittary," described by Butler, 35a* 

Anttquairy, Wisiem, Review of. Part i,, 
zas; Part ii., a65-a66 

" Apology of Al-lCndi,** 367 

Azch in Roman Architecture, z ^7 ; Dis- 
covered in St. Giles's CadiednJ, z8o 

Archmology, American, Notes on, soz- 
303 ; Scottish, 348-353 

Archmological, British, Assodataon, Meet- 
ings ol^ 34, 170, 333 ; at York^ a«9 

ArclMBological Institute, Meetings of, 34, 

ArdimdogiaJ, London and Middkacx 
Sodety, M>>»iap of; a&-a< sm 

Archaeoloeical Sooeties. J. H. Iwcr on, 
3>3S : C. Roach Sadtji on, 83 

Azchitecture, Primitive Ancricao, aox* 
ao3 ; Chuxcb, xf 4 



Armour r s prmmied on Brasses zx6 ; Dis- 

covenr of, 130 ; in the Tower of London, 

Z63-ZO4 
Arms on China, 1*4; on Mooumeatai 

Brasses, ZJ1-Z53 
Armstrong. J h on Old English Cu8toma,z39 
Arnold, W. T., The Reman System 0/ 

Provincial Admimiiraticmt Review of 

Aahanlee, Human Sacrifices at, 373 
Ashboame Church, Restoration of, 176 
Ashbumham Church, DcKription of, 174 
Ashen Church, Brames in, z«i 
Asiatic Sodety, Meetings <a, 71, a67 
Assembly. General, in Virgima, 8-zo 
Assyria, Pre-emption in Vulage Conununi- 

Attainders, Forfeitures, &c., 19 

Austria, Remaina of Ancient Mines in, 

369-371 
Avenburv Church, Restoration of, 178 
Axon, W. E. A., on Early OmnuTuam in 

Paris, 105-106 
Ayhner,T. , Brass oi; in Harlow Church, 15a 
Aynhoe, Roman Remains at, 78 
Ayr and tViptcn^ ArcktnUrical and 

Historical CoUectioHs relaUng to the 

Cemnties 0/, voL ii.. Review of, 310-213 
Babel, Tower of. 56 
Backwell ChurcA, 319 




ed by Butler, Z40 

Barber, T. H., on "Scottish Colony in 

Wiltshire.- 39 
Bamards' Inn, Holboni, <-^ ' 
Barrow-builders, Slav and the Celt, z^-4 
Barrows, at Blandford, skdetons found in, 
33X : at Down Wood, openiqg ol^ S15 ; 
on the Yorkshire Wolds^ account of the, 
334-5 ; popular names of, 319 ; preserva- 
tion of, 139 
Barsham Chtuch, Brasses in, zi6 
Barton,H.CM.,on" Rushes in Chorchcs,'* 



Basihca. uaed for churches, 197, 198, Z99 : 

of Nola, z9o>Z93 
Batky Antiquarian Sodety, meeting, a8 
Bath, Roman diacoveries at, ai8 
Bats used as food, 56 
Beauvale Abbey, 36 
BedcdL St. ThoMaSL 5a.j4 
Bedfordshire, Domesday of, 373 
Bedstead, Shakeapcrian, 4a 
Beehive Churchea in Ireland, 850-353 ; 

houaea in Scotland, aoa 
Bell, C, on Layer's Cambridreskirtt 378 
Bell Family, Brasaea of, in Wnttle Church, 

BeUaira, C, on Bolton Priory, 377 
Benfey, Prof. T., obituary of, 75 
Bent, J. T., on Kinr Ricfaard'a Crusade, 
57-58 ; on Oliver <>omweU and Ganoa, 

T> *S3-'57 . 

Bentley Pnory, 79 

BeniardL Genoese Ambassador, account 

of O. CromwelTs foneral by, Z53-157 
Berners, Baroneas, 330 
Berwickshire NatuialitU' Oub, mcctiDgl 

of, 74, 169-170 



Betrothal Contracts, Bitaches of, 185-189 

Biblical Archmology, Society of, meetimt 
of, 35, a6 

Bintrv, S. (te, on Chronicles of Craven 
Dales, 330 

Birch, C. G. R„ on Essex Brasses, I4 

Birch, H. W., on Platens and ChaHcca in 
Coffins, 37 

Bird, S. K, on Some Early Breadi of 
Promise Cases, 185-189 

"Birds," of Aristophanes, Costume of 
Chorus in, 368 

Birs Nimrud. Identification of Ecdcicl's 
Tel Abib with, 55-57 

Bishops <d Man in Sixteenth Century, 8a 

Bitterley. Church of St. Mary at, 30 

Black, w. G., on Green Ribbooa, 339 

Black Gate, Newcastle, 369 

Black Mountain, Customs m the, 343-345 

Black Prince, Portrait of, 367 

Blandford, Opening of Barrow at, asi 

•* Bloia." Turner's Picture of, 87 

Blood Money, 134, 339 

Boger. C. G., Sautkwark and its Story, 
Review of, iax-133 

Bolton Priory, 377 

Bone Necklaces from Andaman Islands, 34 

Bones, of extinct animals found near Ant- 
werp, 177 ; in Moravia, 180 ; Human, at 
Hampton Wick, 181 ; near Sabburg, 
130; m Yorkshire Wolds Barrows, a35 

Bonn, Excavations near, 375 

Book-Plates, Last words on, zo6-zzz 

Books, curious, 87 ; Early Cookery, 96-98 ; 
History and Literature of America, 80^1 ; 
advertised in the seventeenth century, 
377-378 ; old Guide to London, 163 ; rare 
at Mayence City Library, 179 

Bottrell, W., Obituary of, 174 

Bowmen. Kentish. Society of, 61 

Bradford Historical and Antiquarian 
Sodety, meetinss of, 314 

Blading, Roman Villa at, 3>i 79 

Bradahaw. the Regidde, 76 

Brae, A. E., on Andent misconceptions of 
the Intervab of Time, 7-8 

Brand, Rev. John, A n Index to the History 
of NewcastU-on-TynOt compiled by 
William Dodd, Review o^ 967 

Brasses, Monumentid. in Che^ham Boia 
Church, 376; in Easex Churches, 84, 
i5i-<53 \ Hope Church, Derbyshnre, 31 ; 
of Huntingdonshire, 4j|-49f iz5*i3o; at 
Newcastle Art Exhibitioo, 333 ; in Shere 
Churdi, 135 : Rubbings, 134-1^ . 

Braunton Church building tradition, 34 \ 

Bray Family. 135 

Brechin, Early Celtic church, 350 

Bremeoium, Roman Altar and btatioo, 169 

Briefs, durch, 34-35 

Briscoe, J. P., N^ttiuiham Free Public 
Library, Catalogtier^ev'iew of, 168 

Bristol, House buUt by W. Canynge, J>e- 
stroyed, 373 

Bronse Group found at Cologne, 371 ; 
Implentenu and Ornaments found at 
Alfedena, 374: at Gknhice, 73: in 
Hallstatt Salt Mines, 370 ; at Pompeii, 
77, 374 : Vase found at IsUy, 73 

BreMic imflfmentft Wca/ons, and 



tccDoa of. M«bn£B of, 71 
, Old, in Snrrinbuiy, Dnwio 

, TnuUiioni about, jj-jfc f 

Bumihdy, Hiy;h, Duke of, Conlncti 5) 
Bunal Chimben, Caucombi and CeB 

uiiu a>, It Roma, 118 
BiirUU, Duconry «, U Doiumd, 73 
Burliw, Cooni cf, Scotland, loe 
Bnitoo, I. H., LL.D., Obiluur of, lit 
BuiTOQpi, C. on " ■■ 



Boibuiy Rmgi, Eaithwoib at, 11) 
l^Ttlkom Cfainvi, luoiptniu in, 119 
BjiaiUine Sa^rbiiS 
Oibbac. (ChHacJStoM, «« 
Cadburjr Cbrp, Dcacription of, »g 
Caar PetuutUvil, MeptilicarioB M, «i 
Canibfun AicbiMto|K*l AMoaation, 

Cambnlce, oll, a6>-i<j, 3)« 
Cambiidg* Antiquinu Sodctir, McetioBx 

of, ai; PhiMogjcal Soddy, 'fa 
Campa lod Dtba Pnmcnl F< 

170-1711 RoBHU, al BonD, 173; 11: 

Norwich, 996 
Canoe, Andcnl Scottilli, Duconry of^ 



in, iST'Tji; liacolmluic, dedicatjou of, 

367 : KS Tfamri cf Plata 
ChurdiwajdBu' AccouDtL ni, S67 
Cine CercmoDV, 973 ; \jln in bnooe 

ClapCcm-in-Cwdina Chmcb, Keuontiir 

rf.ijB 
CUA, P. , on Hacaulay*! lUrcbalia, 35 
Oin. SUodiDK (toDca al, Ba 
Qeeve Abbey, ji 
ClccTo Toot^ Deriiation of db 



Cbwc 



. "CccentliGColDu: 



Chaiicer. Cian ef, ■», 139 

Chealc, John, Book-pUie of, 

Chnbun Bui ChuTcn.Reito] 

Uiiffinch, William, i» 

Chiiuif AnnonJ, i-'4 

Chippuiff, Annual Custom at, flo 

Chiutmaa Anhaic Cuitoms, 145-145 

ChroBjcIes, Calendar of, 166 

Chinch Briefi, u-]j 1 al Gidding, ii8| 
Fnmilure at Newoutle An EihiUdOD, 
Iij; Good) at Abinicr, 1141 Nam, 

Shuwia ot. «s. ••». '?»-'.j» 

Qmrch and Churehyajd, City, Protection 



Quicdiea, CunMdgc, adj ; Enax, bi 



J of Church NavM, 135 
Cobham Chutch, Kent, Bnu ip, 48-49; 

Hall, ulfl of building material, if 
Cock-^htins, RuIb ai to, i6j-6 
Cock "fiiBm, DemoliliOD of, 177 
" Coffee Uao,' described by Builcr, 14a 
Coffer, Draoiog oTi, 70 
CofSni, Fiteni and ChilteH in, )i-S, 179 
Coinan, of Amcnca, United BtaLei, 176- 

177; Henry VI1.,3M 
Coins, UscQvery of, 95, 2f>, iB, 14, 177, 

17B, ai9-»o, a ,8 a68, 170, 773, 176-177 
Cotcheiler Cullc, DemoLlion at, 171 
Collar for Scoldins Women, i«i 
CollinMC, C. S., Armorial China of, 4 
Colshill, Sir J., Effigy of, in DulsB Cburcb, 

Co'nll Churth.^Woi 
Compui, HiriDcI*!, 6* 



CaHeton Church, 
Carriacei, Early, to5 
Cairingion, Eve^rn, d 

of Loven," 35-^ 
Catacombs, 13a; Antiquity of, IS^l5tl : 

of Na^a and Syncuie, i^fl-iSB 
Celtic Church, Structural Re^iai of, 

149, iji : Endenee of Sonivil in Dedi- 

caQona, 167 
^^^ Occupation of If orwich, lati 
Cells, Deicnmion of, 171 
CsmcMiiefc Andent Method of Conitiuc- 

tion, at Rome, ijB 
Cameterr, Roman and Smoo, Eicantioni 

C^uuic Remaini in Austrian Minn, 070 
Chadwell Church, Biu«> in, 131 
Chair, Carved Oik, 3. 
ChaDdDl,J.,Dukeo(, AimoTulOunaof, j 
Chariot, Enty tion Age, Diacotery of, 6s 
Oisrie* [. Itmf. Papen relating to, s6a -, 

Book by, 177>>78 
Chalks 11., ExpcBsei of, 16, iB ; Itmf., 

Saperatelaling to, If9->(1 \ Reitaraluin 

oC CtmmKinoTated, j9 
Charten, Aaglo-Suon, i64-i<] : at St, 

Banhdomesr'i Honr-' -^ '- 



Conington Chur^, Brasses of 45 
Coondl. C J., on Right of Pra-Emption, 
»6-7 

Conway, Sir EdwaA iti 
Conway, Moncurt D, J 



D, Tk* WmUrvl 



Conway Castle, 130 
COokeiV, an Early Book on, j6-9» 
Coopei'a Hill, Earthwoiks at, 113-IS4 
Co|Rier-mioe, Uitlerbsg. alSg-a7i 
Cort, John, Eari ot Bwk-f^ of 107 
Comiali Boi^Hrei, 70 \ Lc^oids and Super- 
Cornwall, Royal Instltntion, meeting, 



Co'^' jihn. Ill 

Cotteswold NaturaliHsTield Chib, u 

Coii'n '^I'et, Rtcords 

discovered njj ; inSoulhwark, 114 
Cowper, B. H., on Early Coinage of the 

United SlntM, 176-177 
Coa, Sir C. W., A« lxln>dmtm it tit 

SciitKi o/Cumfaro/hi JlMMgra-d 

FoOfUrr, Review of. 68-& 
Co«, Rev. H. O, Obituary of, 7S 
Cranbome Church, 3S 
Crauford Church, liorthamptomhiie, Bius 

Cnivfn Dale, Slnrics and Chronicles of, 

Crawford, Lanarkshire, Land Customs at, 

Cresset Stone, Use of, 171 ; at Hosmouth 

Pariih Church, 374 
Cricketervltcntish, Poem on, fit 
Ciicksea Chonzh, Btmsacsin, 171 
Cromwell, Family, B6 
Cromwell, Oliver. Lattats of, lo Genoa, 

Cromwelt.'Ridianl.DeaUiofriHi^dn'* 



Cross, Bronie, 70; at Egrenumt Church 
179 ; Gosforth Church. 17a \ Market, a 
Ewetby, 7s : Saxon, at St. Andiew' 
Church, Auckland, 181 

Cms and Dome in Greek and Gothic Art, 

Classes, Stone, Scotland, ■n, 7], ij6 

Crossing, W^ on Building TraditioDS, 33-34 

CruciSi on TonbalDne, 179 

Cruden, Alex.. 87, 134, 130 

Crusade, King Richard's, 37.58 

Crypt, Old, School, Gloocenershin, Ka- 

CuUoden, ^ttle of So 

gical SocietT, meedng of, 17a 
Cummins, Adlejt H., X CrunHr «/tt< 

Friaic L a m g iiaft Review tt, 1^9 
Cupid, BronEe,T7 

Culoms, ArctnE Onistmaa, *4r>4S 
„I*oi»l". •*, »9.3B, m8 
Danish uceratnra, 65 
Dartmouth Church, Brasses in, iiG 
Dc Cotdonnel Family, Armoriat Qiiiia, J 
Decoration of Early Churdiea in Rdoo, 

DcdicxliDna of lincolnshire Oiunjia^ 367 
De la Fnte, Residence of Family, an 
Denne, Dr. John, Effigy in St. Paul** 

Cathedral, 111 
Derby Chinji, J 
Deuu, Cologne, Roman Remains dis- 

mFlad^ 



Dial, Telegnjih, made wit 

Didects, Slavonic, 103 ; Welsh, iw 
Dinas DinoTwig, Earthwork at, lyr 
Dii, Jamei. Book-plate of, lot 
Dixon, J. H., Ckmticta mud Slariit f/ 

lit CravM Daii, Review of, » 
DobMHif Wiltiam, on ye Lq^d td y« 

Wtekm, aM 
DodgssD, £. S., on Crucitii on TombOone, 

»g : on Salisbury Cathednl, 131 ; db 

Dolgelly. Old H^'al'l73 

Domvile, Lady, on the Basilica of Holla 

Dorset Natural History and Reld dub, 

Meetinn of, 114-313 
Dawker, G., Reseaichei at the Wn^iaiB 

Roman Villa, 337-338 
Dowlutboltom Cave, Account of, 113 
Down Wood Barrow, Op^iing oi, B15 
Downham Church. Brasses in. 131 
Drake of Ashe, Book.plate of, ro7 
Drmne, R.. ou Chroniues of Craven Dalat, 



It Duloe, Connnll 11 



Druidical Circle 

Edifice at Pert ,, ,. 

Drammond. J,, Sculptured HonumaM of 

the West Highhmji, >3».s59 
Dryden,_Sir H., on SculpMted UoBU- 

Dutoe, Church ud DrsidlCBt Cirels al, »y 
Dumfries MaturmlHistory and J^itiqaarian 

Society, Meeting ofL 171 
DuoblUK, Scu^tnred Slaib at. 73 
Durham Atchasilagical ami AtcfnlBctuial 

Society, Meeting of, 74 
Duriiam Caibcdnl, Decay of, 74 
Dursley, TndiliniiofShakspanBl, 11 
Dwellings under Barrows in Yoruliir* 

Wolds, j>4-3 
Easlbounie, Roman Coins found at, aao 
Earthworks, DeacHption of, 170-171 : 

British, 171: at Buabury Rings, m; 

ai Cooper*. HUl, 113.4 . ' 

EbswonhJ.W.,onthcKeBtiiliGaHaDd, 1B1 
Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition at NawCHtk- 

EddaicMylhi^ 

Effigies, in Che _,_. 

In ConingtoB Chutch, 45 ; at lona, ajfc 



ylholiwy. 71 
n fT*"ffiim B 



II Duloc Churet 



ri Cilhednl, ii 



EfelMyfchii^Ejr'rrCeltic, .,. 
Epuooni Chuich, DucovEiiea u, iji 
Etneddfod, i8Si, FioduiutiDD or, iit-m 
Ellmane Diurcb, Rauralion of, >;« 
EUicombe, Rct. H. N., aa ShulceimrB 

Ew" ChSJTh, %'"' '*'"'" 
Elwe^ D. G. C, StJfird and iii A'fv*- 
^tttrk^ad. Review of^ lalS, 

EilSiynei J°hii, Pumlv of. Il6 
Enileficld. SiTFrancii, 41 
Euei, Earl of, Annsiul China of, 4 
.fiicri AnlUrohr.Sx., TraHiactieia t/, 
voL ii. pilt ii., RcTieWpin 

Elilltr, Tki. iteview otf i66- i6f 
Btckivt, Enriith, Roic of, ii6 
Emu, John. T/t Aneutl Br«at tmHt- 
rninb, IVtaUta, <vtd OrHOKanU of 
Gnat Britain aiid Irrlamt, Rslieir of, 

ETcfyn, John, Rsidence of, 114 

Eril £ye SupcmiliDii, 34 

Evuncioni, DiBcofefiai during, 93, 14, 

lai, 169, *i7j, 1J3, iTj-ili. iGj, ill, iij,' 
iiS, m-nt, aj7, 138, IJo, »Ii-J75 
EichaBH, Ajibquary^ 4b, 88, 136, 1B4, 

EidiBnuer AccDunU, MiACellueoot, &DD1 
the ''Pipe" ud "Audit," i^'i 



J, Newcastle, Cuitom of Prodainung, 
■irbuik. Dr. F. R., on Patau asd Oia- 



Fans, Ucnu of, E 



FcUcT aod Beauralc Abtm^ jA 
FcUon, loho, Anienal Chiu <A i 
Feman. J. ob the Riffat of Pre^oplKid in 

VQlazc Cmanuuide*, Smi, ijt 
Fenar/M.,Family and FBdifiK of, iiB-iif 
Fiald.Name>, 3j, 8^84. i,j 
Fiaco, CcDoac AmIsiKvlor, Postport to, 

FiouR*, Aiabuter, found at hotov 
Chutih, It ; Otj. u Tanura, 973 

Fianikh Lhcfature, 64 

Flre-plaoc. Arched, Duorml al HiiD, -fi 

Fin, hDUK, Ets HunuDf , 144 ; Pcteatide, 

f^ih^, ShjJceipfan^t Koowledse dC 

Fb«!'L', ^'S^tt, A. W, KamiUm 
tmd K-ntai, Kerim of, 164-163 

rm-Adcn, Rgbcit, 131 

Flaccm. Heialdic, 134 

Fletcher, ltx^.li.,Hal*ricalftamJi*rk 
It LtMtUarvufk, Rericv of, 16; 

FHnl l iapkanji i^ ;o ; at Dcrvkerfaottaa 
Cave, Cmeo, « ^ is YvkihiR Wotdi, 

Folk-Ion Sooety, Heetiatt t 
FiKta, Nofmaa, Db co i nm l 

U Vanoo'chliRh. a"V>°> 
Food Vuc* Foond in Ihc VsUiin Wold* 



f oaaili, D imi i u^ ai, 139 ; is tb* Ejk 



.ni, 



[kbd' 



Foundiiiioii Sacriftoei, 073 

Fowlef, J.T., on tha TenuuaiioB " Hop*," 

FraDcc (tm^. 171)1), Fn>c«diDgi at Leedi, 

Fn£cb,''Rev. Dr. Valpy, do Bruxi La 
HuDCiiigdoaihire, 44-40, iij'iao 

French Koblew, 179 

Freuoet, DiKonry of. ia Aihbounui 
Church, 1)8 

FricK-mric, PbutcT, Diiconred, il 

Fuoenl Unu, Diacoveral at Cologne, 97' 
Furneu Ahbcy, Datnidion by Eacur- 

Furoilun, dhuich, lea ' ' Church" 
Gaelic Intcriptioiu at looa, >33-icg 
Galleyhill Camp, ITS 
Cardner'i, S. R,, I*lndtietaHlBl3aSltidj 

afEnfliak Halary, Reriew of, 68 
Garmy Chuich, Deicription of, 170 
GsiHlcr'i HiU, Somenetihire, 11; 
Genera, Lake, l>ucoTcrT of Ciry under 

Goioa, CromwcU'i Comecl^aa with, 113- 
157; En^iihmeab, te»^. Richard I., 
Si ; ArthiVEi of^Lcnerof Rkhardl, ia. 



>«3 



X' Royal, 06, 07 Golf, Ai 

^. W., on Palena Conime, 



Geological Specimsu, ai4- 115 

Glaagow Aruizologkal Society, Moetingi 

GUstoabury, Roman Road at, ai8 
Glau, Sduned, at Chwham BoU Ctaurdi, 
a]6 1 Veiieli Found ia Tonbi, Ruwi, 

Glenluce, Slone ImpIemenU and Onia- 

GbMcnlrriiin N»ta and Qmriti, Ra- 

GedaiancEieiUi Chiuth. Biaiaea in, 117 

Godolpbin Uoiue, ti? 

Godr^nh Church, Building Traditiod, 

Golf Plalc Found in Tomb. Ruiaii, 111 

G. C OB Coalomi at Chriitniai 



GMfy Tm Skta, ■ PKtimiU EdUltK 

p/1766, Revieir of, i6£ 

Gdifonh, North. RoDan Building al, i<9 

Goihic Art al Rome, 153-160, 1^-101; 

Biidge at Godorth, a^; rigiuw Du- 

covered, 1 jj ; Window at Choham Boia 

ChuTtfa, 176 

Gough, Hairy, Amotial China ol, t 
Cowan Mill, Stiiiinf , Dotruetioa of, ija 
Crave a[ Market Dnytoo Chuidi, m 
Grave Com, Ibnnd al St. Andiew'i 

"Gnen the Colovr of Laren," 35-36 
Green Rlbbodl, aag 
Gnnt- or GriingiCa Evil Spnit called, 71 
CuiktRoIlLijj 
GwyiH, HeD. EnKSKi of. 16 
Wtiet.}. W., OD Kihop KalL ,ta-iat: 
on l&e Site of Kia^ Calfa«i, 6na 



Huveii Feitival among the LhooiaiTrib 

Hathaway, Anne, identified with chtntcMr. 

of " Anne Page," 833.117 
Hay, M. Bevao, on "^fteli Name.," jj 
Head-dreuei, on BruKi, 47, i|i; 

Hearth Wonhip, 344-14 1 

Heckiudon Church of St. Andraw*!, » 

Hellenic Sludioi, Society for the Vtlmf 

tion of. Meetingi of, 71, 168 
Heloiel, Tilriog, on Bniuei, 45 
Henry VIII^ Medal of, 168 
Hcnjion.T.*.. onAlHinder Crudao, lu 
Heniy, William, on Shaknpeara'i Dw 

Adventure, 41-^; on ShakeipeaR*! 

Autobiography la Mtrry ffivti ^f 

Heraldic f^gon, 134, iii 

Hcrben of Cherbury (Lord), Pnim (/; 

HerrU, Sir A., Bmu of, Criduct Cfamth, 

Hcrmei Column, diacovery of a, at 
Strad. Campagoa, ,7g ^ 

Hendotu.. sj, j6 

Hoham ChoFGh, Roman Stone »l. iij-lit 

Hmorical MS3. Cool Report, m 

al Society, Meellnn of, 71, ini 
»«(i™ J/, vol i.. , T(e«ew of. ity 
I. Thonut, of Malmeabury, Lttla- 

\. ¥., 00 PafOchial Regfiten, 8M7 
<f J.f Collection ofAntiquitv*, lu 
.... .liiireIi.Dentiigh>hire,Ituiheiln,np 
Holy Sepulchte Uiurdi, Cambridge, ift 

Ho|M Churr^, oTr^iM^, iVii 
Hor« or M.„, Till, 7i 

H.,r.-J,...-, „,.i N,„l-, c,v.. Ctru^r 

HouK BuildingTPnmitive American, m 

Hcnir.glaH al Cheiham BoU Chnreh, tjt 
Household Eipeoditun of Richard II .aaa 
Hmliirat, Papcn coonected wiih, ««J 
Additioni to, I II 
L Ardwl Kvplaca JiieovenJ m 
liite Hart Inn, vt : Beiideace of tk* 
I la Pidea at. III ; Inn Boa of FIT- 
catfa Ctfltiiry, fbond at, aai 
nan Rfm a in e diacovcred at fw— t** 
17; in the YorUnWoldi iCm 



Hall, Hubert, 



'^•S, 



IdBBoath aa a Shire 



Marcher. 91-96 ; on ShakeafKBe'a Sirat- 

HiU. jo^'n Gawler*! HiU, 13) 
MaOcrwe'ea al Bdmonl Caitle, 174-173 
HallHaH Salt Mine, 169-171 
Hanmioa Wck, Pottery diKtfreied at, 1I1 
Hamagfidil, Umn^ Bnaaca in, iti-iii 
Hardy, W, J., <>■ Ldcd Hiowc^ted of 

»!Sam Ch , _.__„ -^ ., 

Harrii, William BcM ofTuS 



HuDgerford, Lord, of Heyuthury, 40.11, 
109M13, ng: S^ Wak«, .f Fa^T^ 

Hunt, A. L., OB Ronaioa u Nonrkk, «■• 
Huatugdonafam, Braaaaac^, 44-49,1 if -t^ 

MykW^ Pamfly, Brawn of, is "tinwi 

"Itiou," l^iLfr«rHk,n3 

lndea Society, HeeiJnA cC \r% 
ladia, Pn-eBpiigD in Lud ia. rft 
Indian Triba of Aiacnca, *--^-Hf ^ 
Inn^^, o 



iptiou at iba Bwbea of Mob, tm. 
■- B Cbarchea, iit-iio, iii-iti rta 
•~< 'he We« HuUud., i£itt 
gin Boil a^lT ri i ^ a S aU 



I pewicb. Virgin 

IrelaKl, Beehive C^uchea ia, rani* 

fifteealb cealani, iaa^u 0M 



'U 



»,John'* 



biluary of, it4 

, .. :ouu(bundBt.ii« 

"Juror," dcKribed by Buller, 141 
Joitioe, AdniinislratiDO of, ia WjiIh. 94 
Eaduh, Gtf oT, discovered, Si : [or- 

tni, potiDon of. ifiB 
Kdkr, J. Fy OMtuary of, iB^-iM 
^tibinu IqscnpiiDD, >6 
Kcnnet, Bishop white, Booli-plaic of, nfl 
Kan AidunlBBical Socieiy, MmiDgs of. 



; Old aonp n, sg 
iih GhIuuI, Uia 5ft^, 1: 
H. B., Bo^-pUU at, 107 
CbirtBT of Ini 



1 183. 13» 



Ki^, John, Bnu of, m Souduamutcr 
Kinc'i CoQ^e, London, the Bile of, bom 
K^dilc Church, ID 
Kyme, SouUi, Priorj, j^-K 
Luh-Siyinu, Rev. W. si, OD Populu 
CiLUDmi, aiS ; on ihe SUv and the Celt, 

I^ndoD Chutdi. Bruiei b, iji 
" lampooner," daaibcd by Boiler, 141 
land. Civic Ccremani Ibr Holding, a/] : 
Ardiiic dutDmi in Scodand, loi ; Siglit 
of Fn-ein(^don in, S9-91 1 niS-MTi 17S 
landet Family; 33a 

Laiuler, AnJiuc landdutORUS^K-ioi 
lays'i Camhridgshiic, btB 
Leeds, CorpoTxIuni Refsrds of, 147-151 
Le UoisBe Taaiily , Biaue) o^ 44 
Lettcn of Lady Anne HoBsanaid, )j^ 

31 ; of Waller, Lmd Hunsutlrd. 51 1 
Oliver CioDiwell, ih-imi of 
Sichanl I., sy 
" Lkr," dcKnbed by Butler, 141 
libwr. Iba, *MB 

I.arary Tumuil, Of, Review of, lU 
lincoln DincHBD Aldulectuial Sodaty, 

I^^Tlnn, Tndilioai ti, >13 ; Vaodal- 



IJl£bui7 ChOTch, Braus ia 
LitOt, H. P. E., OUtuaiy ni, 

Uaodirrtff, Earlhwatki u, 171 
Llaaai Cauidi. BuUdinsTnidition, S5 
Uoy9,Ra>.T.Grer, on Slapmi of Church 

Lloyd, J-,onSeventeailb Century Tokena, 

Lonj, Rev. J,, Eailm Fraatrit mnd 

Emtlnu, Keview of. 11 
LoDf Aihton Chiiich, iiS 



" l^ck cf MmicaWer." in 
I-udgmfHiU, Review of; >6fi 
LoUb, W. C, od SlODehence, 111-93S 
Hacclnfield, Bail of, Annonal Uuna of, 3 
Bbcauky'i Harginalia, 3! 
Uacct, Civic, nq 

UcLennaiLjohn F., Ontuary of, 75-76 
Hudalen Stidce. O: '"' " 
Halve^^ Inli ■■— 



uiDiTaiu 



-, " «1, 70 

J Chuich, Glau IX 
Legend Deciphered at, 17 
Man, lilcof, Natural Hiii 
quarian Society, Heetini 






UjuuucHptvBibfinC ty* ! TJnpabliihed, 

oTSannidBBlkr, 'Tft'Vh ■5f>->54 
M a r a ii op, Hnnidpal COfpoiatioD of, 17V 
Hncbn otWale*, ai-<« 
HarnreuiBg Chnrca, BtiMet 
HaiEet Diayton "^ — *- "- 



,. : Diiormy doiiu^cavatio—. ,— 
Uarciage, Breadiet of Ciiiilraa ct, 1I5-1I9 
Uanh, F. L, on FeUar *^ Beninit 

UaDhaU, G.'Vl., es AnwaialXhiDai i-^ 
Maitbi, lAwreuce, FiMily, 117 
Harrell, Aadraw, Autograph Lenei of, 

Maiie^.Genld, A Stat tflh Bipiaiiini, 

Review of, 6^ 
Haule, Family and Anni at. 



Review of, 6^ 

'---'- "unily andAniiof, J0 

City Library, USSTaad £ailr 



Mayta 

Flinled Booki 1 , 

Melktbapi C h u r c h , RaAocatiaa of, ir? 
HelroK Abbey, 11-15 
" Merchant," deiciibed by Bntler, 141 
Meredith, R. F. , on Tialil Nanei, 133 : on 
' Salisbury Cithednt, irB 
Mnrj Wim ^ mnditr, Shakapaan'a 

HicheMever Cburdi, Remauu of, 173 
MiddlEhaiD, EicavUionlal, 174 
HidihipinaD^e Liola, ly«fi 

Miller, J. L., //uto-r t/'st'ctartl Hu 
Mariyr, Hoifvnt. Review o£ oro 

MUlikeo, W. E., DO Banard-i Iwi, Hot- 
bom, 5-7 ; on the Little MidatupiBBn, ' 



Mitterburg Copper hfinca, tba-ijt 
MLUon Church, ^oikihiie, Sloinng Nave 



I ai a Shiie Matcher, 01-96 
I Choi^ RoHca found at, 174 
Bamiacuic Church, Query on, 931 

Manumenti, Engliih, ui a GcDoa Church,' 
(B: Sculptured, in lona, iii-icg 

Moon, G. V, on Tun^i Knurt ot 
" Bicai," 87 

Mfltavia, Diicovcriu durio^ Excavatvm 

MoniLRev, R., T*t BiicUvtr fftmiiiti 
r//»r TtxIA Crmturr, Edited, lUnew 
.« — :_ rt ^t^,: — :_ Qmjciiea in 




Neolon Church, Korfolk, Bi 
Nctley Abbey, R; 
- -"---dlCfn 



-^ wa ,*?,«, 

Netj^ell Church, Branei in, 151 
Nevell, Anhl^ihop of York, Feait at hit 



a Family, 

Newbcrrv, John, Bookipubliihed by, it> 
Newcaale-on-Tyue, Ecdoiailical Ajt 
Eihitnlioa at, 113 ; CuAomof Plodaia- 
ing Fair al, iSe; DiiCDVeiy oT Tvn 
Wai, 7>73 



Nicolw lalaadL (4 ^ 

Nind, Rer. P. It, oB Pkiiili RagiMM ^ 

Nola. the ^^^ m T^ 

Church, 3)8 
Keith Chtucb SL Haiy, Bokha^riMd, 



NoiwqnanLi 

Notwii, Roi , „ 

t'^^^nholae, yoiLhinrKaMa CaM 

Oak Soean at Avenbuiy Ourdl. ill 
Oath, ■ Corporal. 39 
Obituary Koticea, it, 75-4, iu-( 
"Offii't Ditch," BouJafysfEngUBdul 

VilUge, of Tondjjj^andalom, itT-iai 
OffordD'Arqy Church, Braoci in, llj: 

Oplvie, John, LL-b., 7%e Imtmriat Die- 
fumtr, cf I*. Eirliik Laarumri, new 
edition, ftcvicw of lU-^ 
'• Old Morullly," Grave of, 173 
Omnibuiei, Early, in Parii, to^ioi 
OiMinerlj found al DowVerbouooi Cav^ 
iij; ui Halktatl Salt Mioei, ilo 
Sionc, Peisonal, 73 ; diacorered at 
laoagn, 17' 
Othotne d H 
Ovetton \l 

Oi.'Svmbol of Saoifice, 117 

PabenJuin, Sir 1> Braai <d^ iij; t w. 

la/Aiibquity of, 159 
u at, 100 

PaUavicini, Famil^'oiiver CisBwcU'a 

Pahner, Al&ul N.', on Buildil« Tradiliau, 

_ 34, »S. I33-»M 

Palme), C N.,on Bailding Tiad 



Palitav^ Cenvi ,.,. 

Pariih Regiilen of South SnJw, Walliiu- 

(bid, Enracta ftoig, i7(-i7y 
7u\ca,l.H.,ABCa/^CtlkuAnlliltt- 

(iinr. Renew ef,>i3-ai4; on Andicokr. 

gicnl Sociotiei, 39-33 
Fanichial Regiiloi, ti64> 
Pamdin, Great, Chiodi, Bnunt in, lu 
Panoni, HumiAiy, Aiuirial Chn (J7t 
Paten* and auKcaa in Cottna,jfr4L B7i> 
Pavement, Ronua Hoiai«MSBinM, ifi 
Payn, Honrd, ea Faintiac, aji 
Payne, E.J., P^xuaV Mi £ffia>fcM« 

Stamtit to ^Mfnoi, Review ot *i 
Payne, John, Tit Paimt ^ Mtltr 

Prmat VOlat tf Pari,, Review oC It 
Peaite, E. R., Tit ludix U Ot Paftr 

andPnttuvTrmaaJiUTMal, Renew 

Peaocli, Edward, on Field Namei, a3-S« 
Pedit«ei of Feriar Family, itl" *^ 
Fengenic CAtle, AnJutectnial aad 

Legendary Hiitoiy of, 11 fi 
Penn, W., Orifiiuii PnpBiai amd Pbm 
Jffr tlu PtundiKF and SMitdiMt tf 

PkibMfUa, i- i!B3, Review oT^o 
Penny of fiofy VH. ; rf AleiiSder II. 

ofScolhind/lM 
PeniilU CuBhierlUHl, OM Dcadi of, 111 
Penance, HnniciFal Cotinnitian li, in 
— -^^^ Naiuial HuusT and AMiqiM> 

tian Society, Meetii^i of, ii6-ItT * 
peieruda Fun, 67 ' 



INDEX. 



*H 



Pevenscy Castle, 173 

PhflUmore, W. P. W., on Shakespeare and 

Gloucestershire, xo*xt 
Phillipps^ Monro, on PoHsh Peerage, 135 
Philological Society, Meetings of, 15, 71 
Photographs of Rome, Parker, aoo 
" Picts' Castle" ruin, Shetland Islands, 80 
Kcts' Houses, atg 
Pitsea Church, Inscnption in, 153 
Pitt, Frands, Smithneld Executions, Re- 
print of, 167 
Pitt, T., on Traditions about Buildings, 134 
Pitt, Thomas, Armorial China of, 3 
" Pbgiaxy," described by Butler, x^x 
Plate, Communion, Gostorth Church, 172 
Plympton, St. Mary Church* Building 

Tradition, 31 
Poets'Comer, Westminster Abbey, 137-139 
Poland, Barrows in, X03 
Polish Peerage, 135, 337 
" Pompadour Plate" China, 4 
Pompeii, Bronzes found at, 77 ; Excava* 

tions at, 374 
Poole, Henry, on Poets* Corner, X37-X39 
" Posye of Flowred Praiers," 135 
Pottery, Grey, Discovery of, at Cologne, 

371 ; at Hampton Wick. x8x 
Pre-emption, Right of in land, 89-91, 336* 

337, 378 
Preston Parish Church, Discovery at, 8x ; 

Maces belonging to Corporation of, 339 
Prestwich Church Tower, 38; Proposed 

Restoration of, x8o 
Prosser, R. B., on Church Briefs. 34-^5 
Proverbs, 338 : on Angling ana Fishing, 

144 X45 ; Committee of the Folk Lore 

Society, 7X 
Provisions. Prices of. x7-x8 
Pulpit, Oak, at Chesnam Bois Church, 976 
Pye-Book, Derivation of, xa8 
Quakers, Persecution of, X94; Um^. 

James II. 337 
Rameses II., discovery of Mummy of, 178; 

Campaign of, 368 
Ramsay, Sir J. H., on Accounts of the 

Reign of Richard II., 303-3x0 
Rapier, Quer^ on a, 33X 
Raven^lass, Excavations at, X73 
Rebellion of^ X745, Review ofl i33 
Record Society, Meetings of, X35 
Records, Office of, in the Tower of Lon- 
don, i6a 

Public, X64-X66; Rochester, 

328 
Records of the Past, Review of, X3X 
Reculver, Romail Wall discovered, X35 
Recusants, Directions for Collectmg Re- 
venues of, 90 
Redfam, W. B., Ancient Wood and Iron 

Work inCamMdget Review of, X3i 
Re^ia, CiviC) of London, 35 
Registers, Parish, 36-37, 135, X7<-X77, 373 
ReHqiiary, Ancient, exhibitea at New- 
castle Alt Exhibition, 323 
Reredo^ in Qapton-in-Gordxmo Church ; 

178 : Stone, Remains of a, discovered at 

Micheldever Church, 170 
" Restoration".of Cathedrah and Churches, 

170 
Rettenden Church, Brasses in, 153 
Ribbesford Chureh, Sculptures at, X70; 

Parish Registers and Accounts at, X70 
Richard's^ King, Crusade, 57-58 
Richard II., Accounts of the Reign of, 

303-3x0 
Rievaulx Abbey, Description of, 174 
Rix, Joseph, Book-plate of, 107 
Roberts^ Aikew, on ye Legend of ye 

Wrekin, X35 
Rochester Records. 3a8 
Rogers, J. E. Tnorol(L i^«n e Libra 

Veritaiemf Review of^ iio 
Rogers, W., on the Kentish Garland, 134, 

330 



RoUeston, George, Obituary notice of, 37 
Rolls, Patent, Edward I., X65 
Roman Altar di s co v ered, a8, 70; at 
Brenenium, X69 ; Antiquities, 99 ; Col- 
lection of, 3x^-3X5 iAmcIes at Canter- 
bury, a^; BaUuat Bath, 3x8; Bricks as 
Historical Documents, aoo : Building at 
Gosforth. 369; Camp at Bonn, 3;r5; 
Catacombs, xdS; Cemetery, a6; Corns 
in Gaul and Britain, 3x9-390 ; in Pied- 
mont, X77; in Roman Wall, sao; 
Foundations at Canterbury, X36 ; Pave- 
ments. Tessellated. 34, 70 ; Masonry, 
135 ; Relics in Ipswich, tyzx Remains, 
36 : at Aynhoe, 78 ; at Cologne, 37X ; 
atMiddleham, 374; at Norwichl 336; 
at Walls Castle, X73 ; Ring, 3a; Road, 
318; Stations. Bremenium, X69; South 
Shields, 34; Stone, Carved, 3xs-ax6; 
Vases, 36, 78; Villas, 70, ax8; at 
Brading, 70, X89-X83 ; at V^ngham* 337- 
338; Waul, 136; in Germany, 369; 
at Newcasde, 73 
Rome, Greek axuf Gothic Art aL x57-x6o, 
I97-30X ; Porta del Popula, (uacoYeries 
at, X79 
Rood Screen, Carved, at Backwell Church, 
49; at Long Ashtoo, 3x8; at Vatton 
Church, 3X7-3x8 
Round, J. H., on the Webster Papers, 

359-363; on Building Traditions, 379 
Rotmd Tower, Churclu Scotland, 350 
Rousseau, Ane^ote of, 67 
Roxburghshire, Land Customs in, xox 
Run-rig System of Cultivation, xox 
Rushes in Churches, 39, 339 
Russia, Barrows in, X03 
Saham Tony Churaiyard, Norfolk, Cruci- 
fix in, 370 
Sainsbury^W. N., on the First Pariiament 

in America, x6x9, 8-xo 
St. Alban's Abbey, Restoration of, 30, X73 
St. Alkmund's Church, X73 
St Andrew's Church, Auckland. x8x 
St. Bartholomew's Church, Wiggington, 

Restoration of, 373 
St Bartholomew's Hospital Charters, ssa 
St Botolph's Burial Ground, 79 
St. Clement's, Qiurch, Rome, X59-X60 
St David's Church, Denbigh, Building 

Tradition about. 8< 
St Ewe, Corawall, Restoration of, 375 
St. Frideswide, Shrine of, at Oxford, 177 
St Giles's Cathedral, discovery at, x8o 
St John's Church Tower, Chester. 73 
St Tohn's Church, Newcastle^ Norman 

Work in, 369 
St Lawrence, 87 

St Lawrence Church, Frodsham, 179 
St Lorenza Church, at Rome, 199 
St Margaret's Church, Leicester, 130 
St. Max^aretls. Old, Church, Relics of, 83 
St Martm's Church, at Rome, X97-198 
St Martin's Church^ Kent, X35-X36 
St. Martin's Day, Irish Customs on, 344 
St Mary Wedmore Church, 79 
St Matthew's Church. Foster Lane, X3X 
St Regulus Church, Early Celtic, 340 
St Neot's Church, Inscriptions in, xso 
St. Paul's Cathedral, 333 
St Paul's Ecclesiological Society, Meet- 
ings of, 35 
St. Peter's Eve, Bonfires on, 76 
St. Silvester Church at Rome, X97-8 
St. Thomas of Canterbury, Relic of, 3x7 
Salisbury Cathedral, Ouery on, 331, 378 
Salop, Ceremony for Holding Land, 373 
Samuel, R. T., on Landeg Family, 330 
Sancreed Church, ComwalL 333 
Savage, R., on Posye of Flowred Praiers, 

Sawtry, All Saints* Church, Brasses, 44-45 

Saxon Antiquities, 8x4-3x5 ; Cemetery, 36; 

Cron diieoTered at Auckland, i8a; 



Gravestone in Tamworth Chnrch, aai ; 
Relics at Ipswich, sra : Remams^ 16 1 
Church Tower, Cambridge, 363 

Scotland, Land Customs in, 99-103 ; StoM 
Implements and Ornaments discovered 
in, 71; ArdueolcMry of. 348-353 

Scottish Colony in Wiltshire, 39 

Scottish, Early, Literature Society for, 79 

Sea Water Cures, Naples, 334 

Seaborne, the Surname, 39, 87 

§*^.73,.75.'78.367 

Selkixkshire, Land Customs m, lox 

Sepulchral Chests, discovery 0^78 

Seputehre, Easter, in Preston Church, 8x 

Shakespeare, Ancestors oC X3x; as an 
Angler, 143-X47, X93-i97 : Autobiography 
of, 333-337 ; Deer Adventure, 4X-44, 333; 
Ident&ed with "William Fenton," 
333 ; and Glouestershir& xo*xx ; Spelling 
of Name. 177 : Stratford 0^ X3a-i33 

Shells, Collection o^ 315 

Shere Church Architecture, 134 ; PtfO- 
chial History, 12$ 

Shields in Lonp; Melford Church, X17 

Ship, ATikiog, found at Gcgstad, 354-356 

Shrewsbury, Drawings of Okl Streets and 
Buildings in, 179; Castle, X7x; Oak 
Window Frame discovered at 333-334 

Sidbury Church, Restoration of, x8o 

Sidebotham, Joseph, on Field Names, xji 

Signboards, 85-6 

Siioam, Pool of. Inscriptions at, 8x 

Sleafoid Castle and St. Denis Churdx, 74 

Skeletons, discovery of, 3ii78 • Animaky 
near Antwerp, X77 ; at Cfevedon, 317 ; 
at Donnan, 73 ; at Market Drayton, 
333 ; West Tump Barrow, X33-x34 ; at 
Rome, XTQ ; in Yorkshire Wolds Bazxowa, 
335 ; of Horses' Heads, 169 

Skottowe, B. C, Outluut of Ewjfiith 
Constitutional History , Review of; 3x3 

Skulls, Human, 169 

Slav and the Celt, X03-X05 

Smart, T. W. W., on Tewkesbury Abbey 
and Cranbome, 38-39 

Smith, C. Roach, on Archaeological 
Soaeties, 83 ; on Roman Villa at Bra- 
ding. 183-183 ; on Proposed Memorial 
to Mr. Albert Way, X83 ; on the Roman 
Villa at Wingham, Kent, 337-338 

Smith, J., Book-pbte of, xo6 

Smith, K. H., on Patens and Chalices in 
Coffins, 379 

Somersetshire Archaeological Sodety, 
Meetings of. 3x7-318 

Somersham Cnurch, Brass in, xx6 

Songs, Old Kentish, 59 

Souuiminster Church, Brasses in, 153 

Southev, Robert. Book-plate of, xo7 

Sparvel-Bayly,J. A., on Essex Brasses, 
X5X-153 

Spenser, Edmund, Grave of, 137 

Spindle, Whorls of Lead, 73 

Staines, Roman Occupation of, x8x 

StangTound Church, Inscriptions in, X19 

State Papers, Calendars of, 166 

Statue, discovery of an Old, 38 

Stephens, Professor G., on Northern 
Antiquarian Literature, 64-66 ; on the 
Surname '* Seaborn^" 87 

Stilton Church, Brass in, 1x7 

Stoke, South, Wallingford, Parish Re- 
gisters of, 175-177 

Stone : Axe discovered, 369 ; Carving, a8, 
315-3x6, 369 ; Circles in Scotland^ X3 ; 
Popular Names for, 77, sxo ; Coffin at 
Clevedon, 317 ; Cup-marked, 35-36 ; at 
Kilbride, 73 ; Defences to LarUiwcuks, 
171 ; Effigies at Calder Abbey, 173 , 
Implements, to ; at Glenluce, 73 ; Slabs, 
356-359 : Sculotured, 73 ; Auckland 
x8x ; Tools in Moravia, x8o 

Stonehexage, 86, xa6, 335-336 

Stourbridge Chapel, Ombrirife, 165 



886 



INDEX. 



Stourton Familv, Brasses of, 4^-4 j 
Stow Maries Church, Brasses in, 153 
Strada Campagna, Excavation at, X98 
Surrey Archaeok^ical Society, Meetings 

of, 173 
Sussex Archaeological Society, Meetings 

of. X73 
Swansea China, 3 
Swedish laterature, 64 
Swords, Non»e Viking, 6$ 
Swynnerton, C, on Robert de Swinnerton, 

331 ; on Robert Fiu iElen, 33X 
Symbolism, Christian, 159 
'uiblet, Roman, fotud at Bath, 9x8 
Tallauid Church, Description of, 317 
Tamworth Church,Saxon Gravestone foimd 

at, aax 
Tanagraj Excavations at, 375 
TankerviUe, Earl of, Arroonal China of, 3 
Tapestry, from Melrose Abbey, 15 
Tau, the Vivified, 83 
Tavlard Family^ Brasses of, 47, xi j 
Telegraph, the Sympathetic, os>64 
Templer, J. L., Book-plate of, 108 
Terry, F. C. B., on the Surname " Sea- 
borne," 39 
Tew, Great, Church Brasses in, 116 
Tewkesbury Abbey and Cranbome, 38 
Thebes, discovery of Mummies near, 178 
ThennsB, Subterranean Chambers of, i<)8 
Thetford Grammar School, Building Ira- 

dition about, 85 
Thomson, D. C, on Melrose Abbey, ii-xs 
Thome, fames. Obituary of, 175 
ThomhiU Church, 36 
Thorp, John, on Roman Villa at Brading, 

x83 
Thuming Church. Inscriptions in, lao 
Tickenham Church and Court, sx8 
Tlckhill Church, Restoration of, aao 
Timbered Mansions, X70, 173 
Time, Ancient Misconceptions of he 

Intervals of. 7-8 
Tissington, Well-Dresstng at, a8 
Tokens, Seventeenth Century, X35 
Tombs discovered at Alfedena, 374; at the 

Site of the Crucifixion, 8x ; at Tanagra, 

a75 
Tools, Stone and Bone, found in Moravia, 

x8o 
Toothills, at Clevedon, Somersetshire, 3x7 
Topographical Society, Proposed Work, 

aax 



Tower of London in the Eighteenth Cen- 

ttuy, x63, 164 
Traditions about Buildings^ x^yxiA. 379 
Trelawne, Cornwall, Description of, 3x7 
Tumuli, Discovery of, X31 ; at Cooi>ex^s 

Hill, X33-4 ; Popular Names of, 77, 9x9 ; 

at Salxburg, X30 ; of Slavonic and Celtic 

Nations, X03-X05 
United States, Virginia, Early Coinage of, 

376*377; First Pariiament in, x6x9, 8-xo 
Ummnster Church, Brasses in, 153 
'* Usurer," described by Butler, X4x 
Vase, Creta, found at Alfedena, 374 
Venables. Rev. Canon, on CataconUss, 330 
Viking Ship at Christiania, 354-356 
Village Communities, 89-9x, 99-103, X04, 

336-337, 378 
inilage Officers of Tondamandalaxn, X37-X38 
Vine Ornamentation in Churches and 

Catacombs, xoo 
Volant, H., on Polish Peerage, 337 
Volunteer Movement, Songs on the, 60 
Votive Stone, Roman, discovery of, 371 
Wade, W. C, on Alfred, King of North- 

umbria, 338 
Wale^ Conquest of, 93-93 
Walford, Cornelius, An Outline Hisiory- 

of the Hanuatic LearuJit Review of, 69 
Wall Paintings in Grendon Church, 967 
Waltham Abbey and Church, Brasses in, 

Walton (West) Church, Norfolk, Bmlding 

Tradition, 34 
Walwyn, James. Book-plate of, X07 
Wantage Churcn^ Brasses in, 1x6 
War Oimnts in reign Riduuxi 11.^ 304-905 
Wafky, Little, Church, Inscription in, 153 
Warduu Camp. Description or, xto 
Way, Albert, Froposea Memorial to, X83 
Way. G. L., Book-plate of, X09 
Weald (South) Church, Biasses in, X53 
Weapons and Armour, Old, discovery of, 

130 : found in the Lob^ 37a 
Webster Papon* the, 350^63 
Wedmore, Parish Cfaurcn, 89 
Wedgwood China, 3 
Wells, W. H., on Heraldic Query, X35 
Wells Cathedral, DocumenU of, X78-X79 
Welsh, C, on the Tower of London in the 

Eighteenth Century, 163-X64 
Westnam Church, X73 
Westminster Chapter House, 79 ; Poets' 

Comer, X37-139 



West Tump Barrow Excavations, 133 
Wheatley, H. B., on the SymMUhetic 

Telegranh, 68-64 ; on Butler's unpaid 

lished Remains, X3^x49, 353-954 
Whitsuntide, Decorating Houses at, 338 
Whitsome, Berwickshire, Archaic Land 

Customs in, xox 
Wickham, W., on Stories and Chrooides 

of Craven Ihdes, 135 
Wills, of Sir Walter Hungerford, of Faxley, 

343 ; Index to Lancasmre and Cheduce, 

xa5 ; of Sir Tohn Webster, 350 
Wilts Ardueological Soder^, Meetings xaG 
Wilverton, B., on Cromwell Family, 56 
Window, Remains ofl discovered at St. 

Andrew's. AuckIan(L x8i 
Window Frame, Oak, discovered at 

Shrewsbury, 333-334 
Wine discoveried at Pompeii, 374 
Wingham, Kent, Roman Villa at, 337-338 
>^tchcraft at Baknoral, 374-5 '* in Com* 

wall, 9x6 
Wollen, G., on a Painting, 135 
Wood Carvbg, discovered at Shrewsburyi 

333-994 
Wooden's or Edin's Hall, Tumulus, 3x9 
Woodspring Priory, Qevedon, sx, 55 
' Discovery at, 317 

Wool, Quantity Exported, Edw. III., 165 
Woollen Trade in Yorkshire in x8oo, 150 
Woollen, G., on a Painting, X3s 
WoolloyeFamily, Inscriptions to, in Lutton 

Church, X53 
Worcester. Battle of. Letter of Oliver 

Cromwell's relating to, X54 
Worcester China, 4 
Wordsworth; Letter of, xa8-i39 
Wotton Church History, X34 
Wraxhall Church and Tower House, 3x8 
Wrekin, ye Legend of ye, x 35, 339 
Wrexham Church, Building Tradition, 34 
Wright, W. H. K., ThTWesUm Antf. 

Wptary, Review of, 365-266 
riting, Indo-Pali, 71 
Writtlc Church, Brasses in, X53 
Yatton Church, Description of, 3x7-3x8 
Yeardlcy, Captain, Governor of Viiginia, 

8, xo 
Yorkshire Archseological and Topographi- 
cal Society^ Meetings of, X74 ; Ruloco- 
phical Society, Meetings of, 75 
Yorkshire Wolas Barrows, 334-335 
Yule liOg, Burning of the» 344-345 




J) 







4 J"">^^i ^